WORLD BREASTFEEDING WEEK

BY BATCH 2019-20
Guided by : Dr. Soumyaneel Das,
Dept. of Community Medicine, MJNMCH
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• World Breastfeeding Week is celebrated every year from 1 to 7 August to
encourage breastfeeding and improve the health of babies around the
world, providing critical nutrients, protection from
deadly diseases such as pneumonia and fostering growth and
development.
• It commemorates the Innocenti Declaration signed in August 1990 by
government policymakers, WHO, UNICEF and other organizations to
protect, promote and support breastfeeding.
• WORLD ALLIANCE FOR BREASTFEEDING ACTION (WABA) is a global
network of individuals and organisations dedicated to the protection,
promotion and support of breastfeeding worldwide.
• Annually, WABA coordinates and organizes the World Breastfeeding Week
(WBW) between Aug 1-7. Since 2016, we have aligned our WBW campaign
to United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): WBW-SDGS
CAMPAIGN.
 • 2019:Empower parents ,enable breastfeeding
• 2020 Support breastfeeding for a healthier planet
• 2021 Protect Breastfeeding: A Shared
Responsibility
 THEME OF 2022
•
1. Strengthening capacity of actors that have to
across different levels of
protect
Society

support promote
2. Target audience includes

Health
government
system

To provide and
To strengthen their For post pandemic
sustain breastfeeding
capacity world
friendly environment

workplaces communities
 inform

engage objectives anchor

galvanize
• Breastfeeding, or nursing, is the process by which human breast milk is fed to a
child. Breast milk may be from the breast, or may be expressed by hand or
pumped and fed to the infant.

• Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is the situation in which an infant receives only

breast milk from his/her mother or a wet nurse for the first 6 months and no
other solids or liquids with the exception of drops or syrups consisting of
vitamins, minerals, supplements, or medicines.
• Breast feeding vs nursing - Nursing is feeding a baby directly from your breasts.
Breastfeeding can refer to feeding a baby either directly and indirectly from your
breasts.
• Newborns often want to feed every 2-3 hours. By 2 months, feeding every
3-4 hours is common, and by six months, most babies feed every 4-5
hours.
• Colostrum –First stage of Milk
Colostrum occurs during pregnancy and last for several days after baby’s birth. This
yellowish sticky milk is thicker and is very important for protecting your baby. Colostrum is
very easy to digest.
After two to four days, Colostrum replaces with transitional milk.

• Transitional Milk – Second stage of Milk

Transition milk replaces Colostrum. It’s creamy and has high level of proteins, vitamins, fat
and lactose. The color of the milk slowly changes from yellow to white.

• Mature Milk – Third stage of Milk

After few weeks, your milk reaches mature milk. It is lighter in color and stays consistent.
But composition of your breast milk can still change from day-to-day and feed to feed.
Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) is a set of well-known and
common recommendations for appropriate feeding of new-born and
children under two years of age. IYCF actions are often implemented as
part of the priority child survival and development programs of UNICEF
and WHO, as well as the plans of many nations.
• With competing priorities, disease-specific interventions, and an interest in
technologies, campaigns and products, the health and nutrition impact
provided by good infant and young child feeding is often underestimated.

• Interventions to improve infant and young child feeding need increased

attention and commitment if sustainable achievements in child survival,
growth and development are to be attained.

• Successful IYCF interventions rely on behavior and social change

implemented at scale, which can only be reached through political
commitment, adequate resource allocation, capacity development and
effective communication.
 Contd......

1)It increases the risk of illnesses such as diarrhea,

other infections and allergies.

2)It also affects stimulation of breast milk

production, suckling and mother-baby bonding
1)Colostrum is highly nutritious. It is the first vaccine of infant.

2)Helps in expel the placenta more rapidly and reduce blood loss.

3) Keeps newborn warm d/t Skin to skin contact

4) Enhance bonding between mother and baby

For the first six months, only breast milk. Nothing else, no other milk, food
and water

The process of giving an infant other foods and liquids along with breast milk or non
human milk as breast milk alone is no longer sufficient to meet the nutritional
requirement after 6 months. So, winning(i.e., feeding semisolid food should be started)

• Continued Breast feeding up to the age of two years

• Active feeding for Children during and after illness.
• Prevents hypothermia, hypoglycemia and other metabolic
derangements

• Protects from sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis.

• Optimizes growth and development and reduces mortality

a) For the first few days the belly of the new born baby is tiny and
it doesn't require a lot of milk with each feeding.

b) The baby may require feeding as every 1 to 3 hours

c) Frequent feeding helps to increase the milk supply of the

mother and gives the baby practice on sucking and swallowing.
• As babies grow, their bellies also grow, and they will be gradually able to drink
more breast milk at each feeding.

• Over the first few weeks and months, the time between feedings will start to get
longer. On average, most exclusively breastfed babies will feed about every 2 to 4
hours. Some babies may feed as often as every hour at times, often called cluster
feeding.

• The baby can be breastfed as often as the baby wants, day and night, at least 8
times in 24 hours

• Any other type of foods or fluids including water should be avoided

• If the baby is sick breastfeeding should still be continued.

• Breastfeed as often as the child wants
• Give at least one katori serving at a time of:
- Mashed roti/rice/bread/biscuit mixed in sweetened undiluted milk OR
- Mashed roti/rice/bread mixed in thick dal with added ghee/oil
or khichdi with added oil/ghee. Add cooked vegetables also in the serving etc.
• 3 times per day if breastfed
• 5 times per day if not breastfed
• Remember:
- Keep the child in your lap and feed with your own hands
- Wash your own and child's hands with soap and water every time before feeding
• Breastfed as often as the child wants
• Offer food from the family pot
• Give atleast 1½ katori serving at a time of:
- Mashed roti/rice/bread mixed in thick dal with added ghee/oil or
khichri with added oil/ghee.
- Add cooked vegetables also in the serving etc.
• 5 times per day
• Remember:
- Sit by side of child and help him to finish the serving
- Wash your child's hands with soap and water every time before feeding
• Give family foods at 3 meals each day

• Also, twice daily, give nutritious food between meals, such as :

banana/biscuit/chickoo/mango/papaya as snacks

• Remember:
- Ensure that the child finishes the serving
- Teach your child to wash his hands with
soap and water very time before feeding
Exclusive breast-feeding means
feeding the baby with breast milk
soon after birth and continuing it
until 6 month of age without giving
baby any other food .The baby is
given only breast milk and nothing
else whenever the baby is hungry.
• Breast milk provides all nutrients in correct amount to satisfy hunger and thirst of
infant up to 6 months of age

• Exclusive breast-feeding results in a smaller number of diarrhea, respiratory

infection and ear infection

• Prolongs amenorrhea-fertility control

Health Benefits For The baby:- Health Benefits For The Mother:-
1. Ideal nutrition for the babies 1. Protection against:
2. Protection against allergies, infections , diabetes, • Breast Cancer
childhood leukaemia , sudden infant death • Osteoporosis
syndrome • Ovarian Cancer
3. Promotes growth and development • Cardiovascular disease
4. Promotes healthy weight gain and helps prevent • Obesity
childhood obesity 2. Helps to lose weight post-pregnancy
5. Easy to digest-does not cause diarrhoea or 3. Lowers risk of postpartum depression(PPD)
constipation 4. Natural method of contraception
6. Emotional bonding with mother. 5. Oxytocin-a. helps in involution of uterus
post-pregnancy and reduces bleeding
b. Helps in emotional bonding with the baby.
6. Saves time and money.
 Risk Of Not Breastfeeding

Health Risks For Mothers:-

Health Risks For Baby:- 1. Susceptible to:
1. Increased incidence and severity of infections • Breast Cancer
2. Elevated risks of childhood obesity,metabolic • Osteoporosis
syndromes,leukemia,sudden infant death syndrome • Diabetes mellitus
3. Allergies and respiratory ailments • Hyperlipidaemia
4. Retarded cognitive development • Hypertension
5. Dental malformation • Myocardial infarction
6. Increased risk of diarrhoea and malnutrition 2. Increased sleep disturbance
7. Risk of infant mortality 3. Decreased post partum weight loss
4. Lack of amenorrhea
5. Increased risk of anaemia
6. Increased stress and anxiety
The practices to be followed in breastfeeding a baby are
1.Human milk is preferred.
2.Breastfeeding should begin as soon as possible after birth.
3.Correct –Posioning
- Attachment
-Sucking
4.Use of both breasts.
• Head and body are straight and twisted or bend.
• Baby faces the breast .
• Baby’s whole body is supported.
• Mother should be relaxed and back supported.
• There are mainly 5 different positions:-
1.Laid back position: Mother moves into a 45 degree angle,bringing the baby straight onto the breast allowing for
deeper latch.
2.Cradle position :One of the easiest and most common position for mother and baby.
Baby’s head is supported in the crook of mother’s arm and other hand is used to support the breast.
3.Cross cradle position: Here the switch hand at base of neck and other hand to support the breast.
4.Football hold position: Here mother positions the baby under the arm with pillow support and get baby straight onto
the breast
5.Side lying position: Most difficult position but it is great for providing mother with extra rest.
 Cradle
Laid back
Position
position

Side lying

Cross cradle Football hold

Signs of good attachment.
1.Baby’s mouth is wide open.
2.Lower lip is curled outward.
3.Evert the baby’s mouth on areola and not on
nipple.
4.Chin touches the breast.
Good attachment is important as:
• Enable the baby to suck effectively.
• Remove milk efficiently.
• Stimulate adequate supply.
• Continue breast feeding from one breast till the baby release the
breast.
• Baby should not take off from the breast.
• Offer the second breast –let the baby decide.
• Never use bottle or pacifiers.
"Breast milk is an ideal food for neonates, and it is the best
gift that a mother can give to her baby"
 Only breast milk and nothing other than that ( vitamin
drops if indicated) which is initiated within an hour of birth
and continued through first 6 months after birth

It may be initiated for medical reasons i.e mother

should provided with appropriate support to
commence/continue with breast feeding , it is also started
for non-medical reason as per parent's request

Complementing solid/semi-solid food alongwith

breast milk after child attain 6 months of age which is
should be timely, adequate and safe
WHO recommends that infants start receiving complementary foods at 6
months of age in addition to breast milk. Initially, they should receive
complementary foods 2–3 times a day between 6–8 months which increases to
3–4 times daily between 9–11 months and 12–24 months.

The 7 food groups include the following:

•Grains, roots and tubers
•Legumes and nuts
•Dairy products (milk, yoghurt, cheese)
•Flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, liver)
•Eggs
•Vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables
•Other fruits and vegetables
 • it provide extra energy and nutrients when breast milk or infants formula are no longer
supplies them in sufficient amount to sustain normal growth and optimal health and
development

• it provide essential fatty acids and vitamins which is necessary for brain and visual
development

• it prevents deficiency diseases or malnutrition e.g.:- anaemia (as milk is poor source of
iron so, complementary food is needed to get the iron)

•it encourages the child in the development of vital motor abilities such as chewing

•it provides infants to learn to like the new taste and texture based on family foods
• it leads to reduce production of breast milk and
thereby the risk of insufficient energy and nutrients
intake by infants

• infants are exposed to microbial pathogens

present in food and fluids which are potentially
contaminated and thereby increase the risk of
diarrhoeal disease and consequently malnutrition

• the risk of diarrhoeal disease and food allergies

also increases because of intestinal immaturity

• it makes the mother fertile more quickly because

decreased suckling reduces the period during
which ovulation is suppressed
• it leads to reduce production of breast milk and
thereby the risk of insufficient energy and
nutrients intake by infants

• infants are exposed to microbial pathogens

present in food and fluids which are potentially
contaminated and thereby increase the risk of
diarrhoeal disease and consequently malnutrition

• the risk of diarrhoeal disease and food allergies

also increases because of intestinal immaturity

• it makes the mother fertile more quickly because

decreased suckling reduces the period during
which ovulation is suppressed
• inadequate provision of energy and nutrients
from breast milk alone may leads to growth
retardation and malnutrition

• causing micronutrients deficiency specially iron

and zinc

• the optimal development of motor skills such as

chewing and infant's acceptance of new taste
and texture may not develop
The Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding highlights the
difficult circumstances in which infants and young children and their
families require special attention regarding feeding.

These include 1) exposure to HIV,

2)emergencies,
3)severe malnutrition,
4)low birth weight and
5)other social circumstances
 • For all infants born to HIV-infected women, refrain from breastfeeding is logical but
breastfeeding is strongly recommended as the feeding option of choice despite the chances of
transmission.
• Maternal antiretroviral therapy significantly reduces the HIV transmission through breast
feeding.

Child born to HIV positive mother should be given Nevirapine 10 mg once daily for 6
weeks to prevent mother to child transmission

•After 6 weeks early infant diagnosis is done

√ if positive :- start anti-retroviral therapy
√ if negative:- follow up every 6 months
upto 2 years with the continuation
Of breastmilk
 These risks are amplified in emergency situations
when the situation with hygiene and water is often
infinitely worse than usual and disease outbreaks are can
be widespread exclusive breastfeeding is a life-saving
practice with the highest potential preventive impact for
survival of infants less than six months during an
emergency
 a) incase of maternal sickness
-->Painful or infective breast conditions like breast abscess and mastitis etc which pose a
danger to the child's life in danger e.g., postpartum psychosis schizophrenia may need a
temporary cessation of breastfeeding. Treatmentt of primary condition should be done and
breastfeeding should be started as soon as possible after completion of treatment

b) incase of conditions related to Infants

√low birth weight ,sick or depressed

baby
√Gastro-Oesophageal reflux disease
√Diarrhoea :- primary or secondary
lactose intolerance
An act to provide for regulation of production, supply and distribution of
infant milk substitutes, feeding bottles and infant foods with a view to
protection and promotion of breast feeding.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
Government of India enacted this act in 1992 and it came into force on
1st August 1993.

This act passed in parliament in June 2003 and came into force from 1st
January.
• Protect,promote and support the breast feeding.
• Prohibit any kind of promotion.
• Restrict and control use of infant milk substitute and infant food.
• Control marketing and promotional activity of baby food
manufactures.
• All form of promotion of infant milk substitute
,feeding bottles and infant food under 2years of age.
• The act bans advertisement and promotion of infant
milk substitute and feeding bottles to the public in
any media.
• Gift and free samples to mother,Doctors,Nurses etc of
any kind whatsoever to promote the use of sale of
infant milk substitute and feeding bottles.
• Donation of educational material or equipment
related to infant milk substitute and infant foods.
• Pictures of mother or baby on the label of every
container of infant milk substitute and infant foods
for its promotion is banned.
• Breast feeding promotion • Imprisonment:-Not less than 6
network of India (BPNI). months,
• Association of consumer action up to 3 years.
on safety and health(ACASH). • Fine:-Not less than Rs 2000/-
• Indian council for child up to Rs 5000/-
welfare(ICCW).
• Central social welfare board.
• Start breastfeeding within half an hour of birth

• Practice exclusive breastfeeding from birth to 6 months

• Introduce appropriate complementary feeding after 6 months of age.

• Sustain breastfeeding for 2 years and beyond

• Counsel HIV +ve mothers to choose infant feeding option most

suitable to them and support their decision.

• Integrate infant and young child feeding with other health and
nutrition services.
We would like to express our special thanks and gratitude of our group to Head of
department professor Dr. Romy Biswas and Dr. Soumyaneel Das for the able guidance and
motivation in completing this project. We would also like to extend our gratitude to the
whole community medicine department who also helped us to complete this work by
giving us the necessary support. Furthermore, we are also very grateful to our respected
Principal (professor) Dr. Nirmal Kumar Mandal sir, and respected MSVP (professor) Dr.
Rajeev Prasad sir, for giving us the permission for doing the study. Finally, yet important, we
would also like to thank our fellow groupmates for helping us.