MAST20026 Real Analysis Semester 1, 2021

Assignment 1

Due: Monday, 15th March (3:00pm)

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Name:

Student ID:

The assignment begins on the next page.

Mathematics and Statistics 1 of 4 University of Melbourne

MAST20026 Real Analysis Semester 1, 2021

1. (4 marks) A treasure hunt on the Island of Knights and Knaves:

This problem is about the Island of Knights and Knaves: see Tutorial 1A Question 1.
A knight and a knave stand guard outside two doors. Behind one door is a treasure and behind
the other is nothing. The knight and the knave both know the following:
(i) the location of the treasure;
(ii) whether the other guardian is a knight or a knave;
(iii) that knights are always truthful and knaves always lie;
(iv) that their companion also knows the location of the treasure.
Seeking the treasure you arrive at the doors. You do not know which guardian is a knight and
which is a knave, but you can ask one question to one of the guardians, which they will answer.

(a) Write down a question which you can ask to either of the guardians that will allow you to find
the treasure.

Hint: Either you will ask your question to the knight, or you will ask it to the knave.
Consider the two possible cases separately. You must find a way for one question to involve
both guardians.
Remark: This question illustrates an important feature of humans and other animals: we
possess and can use knowledge, not just about the physical world, but also about the knowledge
and behaviours of other creatures. Solving this question requires you to use your knowledge
of what the knight and the knave know about the world and each other and how they will
each behave.
(b) Explain how your question will lead you to find the treasure.

Mathematics and Statistics 2 of 4 University of Melbourne

MAST20026 Real Analysis Semester 1, 2021

2. (4 marks) A useful property of the real number zero:

Let R denote the real numbers. At school we learn that zero is a special number, which we can use
to help solve equations by factorisation. Specifically, we learn the following statement:
P: If the product of two real numbers is zero, then one or other of the numbers is zero.

(a) Translate the statement P into a quantified, conditional statement in First Order Logic.

(b) Express the statement P in First Order Logic using the contrapositive to the conditional in
your answer to Part(b).

(c) In fact zero is the only number with the property identified in P . Express this fact in First
Order Logic.

(d) For your statement in Part (c), show how to provide examples which verify the statement for
each non-zero real number.

3. (4 marks) A tautology:
Prove that ((p ⇔ q) ⇔ r) ⇔ (p ⇔ (q ⇔ r)) is a tautology.

Mathematics and Statistics 3 of 4 University of Melbourne

MAST20026 Real Analysis Semester 1, 2021

4. Congruences and perfect squares:

This problem extends the ideas in the proof of Theorem 1.46 from lectures.
Definition: Let a ∈ N be a natural number and n ∈ Z an integer. For k ∈ {0, 1, . . . , a − 1}, we
say that n is congruent to k mod a if n = qa + k for some integer q. The number k is unique and
we write n ≡ k mod a.
(The notation n ≡ k should not be confused with the use of ≡ to denote the logical equivalence of
propositions).
Notation: Zodd := {n ∈ Z | n = 2k+1, k ∈ Z} denotes the set of odd integers.

(a) Translate the following statements into First Order Logic:

(i) The square of any odd integer is congruent to one 1 mod 4;
(ii) The square of no integer is congruent to 2 or 3 mod 4.

(b) Present detailed proofs of your translations of the statements from Part (a).

Mathematics and Statistics 4 of 4 University of Melbourne