WASTE MANAGEMENT

 Waste is rubbish or anything we no longer want that we throw away

IMPACT OF WASTE ON THE ENVIRONEMENT

 Makes the environment untidy

 Makes the environment dirty
 Waste water from factories can flow into rivers and dams killing animals and plants
 Smoke or fumes can make plants to grow poorly and pose health risks to people such as
breathing problems.

1.1.1.2 LAND FILL

 A land fill is a big pit or an area below ground level where waste is dumped.
 At a land fill waste is sorted before being dumped
 It is located away from our houses
 It is always fenced
 Once its full the waste is covered with soil

DUMPING SITE

 Dumping site is an area where waste is dumped

 Waste is not sorted
 It is always fenced
 Once full it is covered with soil

1.1.1.3 HOW LAND FILLS AND DUMPING SITE ARE USED TO MANAGE WASTE

LANDFILL DUMPING SITE

Waste is sorted Waste is not sorted
Recyclable waste is sent for recycling When it is full it is closed
When full it is covered with soil and then levelled Soil is used to cover to reduce bad smell from
waste
Closed landfill can be used as sports grounds and
parks

 Without landfills and dumping site waste would be scattered all over our surroundings

1.1.1.4 HOUSEHOLD ITEMS FROM WASTE

 Toys
 Wire cars
 Catapult
 Plant pots
 Rubbish bins
 Plastic flowers
  Mats
 Swings
 Shoes
 Musical instruments

1.1.1.5 CAMPAING TO MANAGE WASTE

 You can embark on cleaning the school through collecting papers and making paper
products such as paper mash , paper bricks

2..1.1.1 INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING RAINFALL

 Rain gauge
 Rainfall is measured in millimetres (mm)


 It is place in an open area above the ground level

2.1.1.2 SIMPLE RAINGAUGE

2.1.1.3 USING RAINGAUGE

 Demonstrate to learners where and how it should be place and it a practical activity
2.1.1.4 EFFECTS OF RAIN ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Rain has both negative and positive effects on the environment

Positive effects Negative effects

Grass grow tall and green
Plants produce flowers and fruits
Animals grow fat and produce young ones
The environment becomes beautiful
People start ploughing
Too much rain causes floods
Flood waters damage buildings and kill animals
No rain plants grow poorly and others dies
Soil becomes bare and is easily blown away by
wind
Without rain animals grow thin and die since
there is no water for them to drink
Lightning can kill people and animals or destroy
property

2.1.2.1 PLANETS OF THE UNIVERSE

 Planet is a large body that moves around the sun

 Planets are part of the solar system
 There are 9 (nine) planets

 -
 Remember nowadays Pluto is regarded as a dwarf they have derecognised it as a planet

2.1.2.2 PLANETS ACCORDING TO DISTANCE FROM THE SUN

PLANET DESCRIPTION DISTANCE FROM THE SUN

Mercury Very hot, rocky, closest to the sun 58 million km
Venus Closest to Earth, hot and rocky 108 million km
Earth We live in this planet, living things are found here 150 million km
Mars Has red rocky surface 228 million km
Jupiter It’s the largest planet, it’s a gas planet, no sign of living 778 million km
things
Saturn Has rings around it , a gas planet, second largest 1427 million km
Uranus Cold gas planets 2870 million km
Neptune Very cold gas planet, second furthest from the sun 4500 million km
Pluto It is the furthest from the sun, the smallest of all, the 6000 million km
coldest

WATER
 Water is very important in our lives, without water people, animals and plants cannot live.
We get our water from
 Taps, boreholes, dams, storage tanks and rivers

2.2.1.1 WHY WATER MAY BE UNSAFE TO DRINK

 Water may be unsafe to drink because it is contaminated or it contain germs which can
cause illness or even death when consumed

Reasons why water may be unsafe

 People throw waste in rivers
 People wash in rivers
 Running water carries a lot of waste into rivers
 Waste from pit latrines seeps into the soil making underground unsafe
 Broken toilet pipes can release waste into rivers
 Poisonous waste from factories released into rivers kill fish and other animals

2.2..1.4 WAYS OF MAKING WATER SAFE TO DRINK

 Boiling –fastest method of making water safe to drink. Boil water free of solid
particles for 10-15 minutes. Boiling kills germs
 Filtration- a method of removing solid particles from water either with sand, cloth or
filter paper

after filtration boil the water

 Sedimentation-allowing water to settle in a container and solid particles will
settle at the bottom. Collect clear water and boil it
 Chlorine treatment – Jik is added to clear water to make it safe to drink. Add
a teaspoon to 20 litres of water and allow to stand over night

2.2.1.3 SIMPLE WATER PURIFICATION

 Make filtration or sedimentation method and then boil the water

2.2.1.4 INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY IN USING WATER

 Repair leaking taps

 Close taps tightly after use
  Brush teeth using a cup or glass
 Do not overfill a bath when bathing
 Use a shower instead of a bath
 Water plants using watering can instead of horse pipe
 Collect and store rain water in buckets and tanks

SOIL

2.2.2.1 PROPERTIES OF SOIL(CONSTITUENTS)

 Inorganic/mineral matter- made up of broken stones/rocks and has fertile soil

 Organic matter –made up of dead animals and plants which rot and become part of top soil
 Water- soil contains water whether wet or dry
 Air – the spaces between soil particles contains air
 NB: do experiments to show learners all the properties

2.2.2.2 SUITABILITY OF SOIL TO PLANTS

Most plants grow best or well in loam soil

Types of soils

Clay soil- soft when wet, has fine particles, not good for plant growth
Sandy soil – it is rough, does not hold water , not good for plant growth
Loam soil- made of sandy and clay soil, very fertile and good for plants

2.2.3.1 ENERGY SOURCES

Energy is the ability to do work

Sources of energy mean where the energy comes from

 Fuels- any substance that can be burned such as wood, matches candle, gas, paraffin, petro
 Electrical – is energy from the electricity
 Solar energy- is energy from the sun
 Wind energy – is energy from the wind

2.2.3.2 ENERGY SOURCES USED IN DIFFERENT AREAS IN BOTSWANA

PLACE IN BOTSWANA SOURCE OF ENERGY USED
Villages  Electricity, wood, paraffin, gas for
cooking and providing light
 Petrol and diesel for cars, tractors,
generators
Towns and cities  Electricity, paraffin, gas for cooking and
providing light
 Petrol and diesel to power vehicles and
other machines
 Solar power to warm water
Cattle posts  Paraffin and wood used for cooking,
heating and lighting
 Petrol and diesel to power boreholes
 Wind to power windmills
lands  Paraffin and wood used for cooking ,
heating and lighting
 Petrol and diesel are used to power
tractors

2.2.3.3 WHY CERTAIN FUEL IS COMMON IN YOUR AREA

 Easy to get
 Very cheap
 Easy to use and not dangerous
 Easy to transport
 Not taken far
 Easy to store

2.2.3.4 METHODS OF CONSERVING ENERGY

Conserving energy means saving energy or using as little as possible

 Switch off lights in empty rooms

 Not using a lot of firewood when not necessary
 Switching electrical appliances when necessary
 Keeping windows closed in winter so that the house remain warm
 Riding bicycle to school or work instead of using a car
 Dressing warmly in water