Methodology for considering climatic

information during the analysis of the air

conditioning systems energy efficiency
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2486, 020017 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0105521
Published Online: 15 November 2022

A. S. Salman, N. V. Kochenkov, A. B. Sulin, et al.

AIP Conference Proceedings 2486, 020017 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0105521 2486, 020017

© 2022 Author(s).
 Methodology for Considering Climatic Information During
the Analysis of the Air Conditioning Systems Energy
Efficiency

A. S. Salman1, N. V. Kochenkov1, A. B. Sulin1, S. I. Arendateleva2, a) and

V. I. Lysev1
1
ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
2
Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, Veliky Novgorod, Russia
a)
Corresponding author: Svetlana.Arendateleva@novsu.ru

Abstract.The article presents the analysis of normative information about external climate given in the form of estimated
parameters of external air for warm and cold periods of the year. The requirements to the form of climatic information
presentation and to its content are formulated. The information in the form of given tables can be used for solving the
indicated tasks during the conceptual design of the air conditioning system. The article shows the approbation results of the
considered form of climate information acquired while solving the practical tasks. Among these results, special attention is
given to dependence of installation capacities of subsystems in the time of unavailability of the estimated parameters of the
air environment in a premise. Besides, the described case proves that information about heat, cold, air, and water
consumption during heat and humidity treatment of air in conditioning systems can be determined for various estimated
periods of time. The results were obtained with an applied software that uses the recommended form of climate information
presentation for the design of air conditioning systems.

INTRODUCTION
To implement the method of energy-saving modes of air conditioning systems (hereinafter - ACS) functioning [1],
information about the external climate is required, based on statistical data on climatic parameters over a long period
of time, including the characteristics of climate regions by combinations of climatic factors. Climatic conditions
determine the need for energy costs; therefore, the form of their presentation should reflect the actual and current
probability of observing meteorological parameters and should be convenient for use while calculating the
consumption of heat, cold, and water, determining the total energy consumption of ACS [2].
Normative information on the external climate, presented in the form of design parameters for the warm and cold
periods of the year, does not provide a solution to the problem of optimal control of the ACS operation [3]. The method
of ACS energy-saving modes, implemented in the form of the corresponding software, allows organizing the operation
control during the air conditioning systems work.
The purpose of this research is to define the requirements for the content and form of climatic information for the
preliminary design stage (draft design), based on the need to ensure optimal (energy-saving) control of the ACS
operation.

RESEARCH OBJECT
First of all, the information about the external climate is necessary to substantiate the energy-saving technology of
heat and humidity treatment of air in ACS [1]. Information about the external climate is also necessary to solve the

IV International Scientific and Practical Conference on Innovations in Engineering and Technology (ISPCIET 2021)
AIP Conf. Proc. 2486, 020017-1–020017-7; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0105521
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-4269-6/$30.00

020017-1
problem of determining the installation performance of the ACS subsystems. Generally speaking, these are heating,
cooling, humidification, first and second recirculation subsystems [4].
With a justified value of the installation performance of the ACS subsystem equipment, the time of “unavailability”
௣௘௥௠
ૌ௨௡௔௩௔௜௟ , i.e., “violation” of the parameters of the air in the premise should not exceed its permissible value ૌ௨௡௔௩௔௜௟ .
௣௘௥௠
ૌ௨௡௔௩௔௜௟ is the continuous time of air parameters “violation” in the premise. This value is accepted taking into account
the peculiarities of the premise’s purpose. The absence of data on unavailability for the values of the estimated external
air enthalpies in the set of rules for building climatology does not allow establishing the relationship between the time
of unavailability ૌ௨௡௔௩௔௜௟ of standardized air parameters in the premise and the installation capacities of the ACS
subsystems.
Estimation of consumed resources amount (technological parameters), namely, the consumption of heat, cold, air,
and water for the assumed estimated period of time of the system functioning also requires information about the
external climate [1]. Thus, the normative information on the climate, presented in the set of rules on building
climatology, does not provide a solution to the above problems. To solve them, the information including the
characteristics of climate regions by climatic factors combinations is required [5].
This information is present in various sources (including reference ones) [6] in the form of (t-ij-tables, which
SURYLGHGDWDRQWKHGXUDWLRQQRWFRQWLQXRXVRIFRPELQDWLRQRIWHPSHUDWXUHZLWKDQLQWHUYDOǻt equal to 5° C and
relative humidity with interval ǻij equal to 5% per year according to the results of long-term observations in various
geographical points. In the climate reference book [7] there are (t-ij-tables with smaller temperature intervals (ǻW =
2°C); the values of the frequency of temperature and relative humidity combinations are given both for the year and
for months. Information about the climate given in the form of (t-ij-tables allows solving the above problems in
general.
The (I-d)-diagram of humid air graphically represents the area of external climate parameters by “elementary
DUHDV´ZLWKLQWHUYDOVRIVSHFLILFHQWKDOSLHVǻI anGPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWRIH[WHUQDODLUǻd [1].
The elementary areas of external climate can be represented by the values of two temperatures: dry bulb
temperature t and wet bulb temperature tM in (t – tM) tables [8, 9]. For automatic calculations, information about the
climate from the table version of (t-d)-tables is converted into electronic format, where each table is presented in the
Notepad editor as a separate file.
The operation of energy-saving ACSs should not be limited only to information on the estimated parameters of
the external air for the warm and cold periods of the year, but it should also include data on the climate for the entire
estimated period of time. When assessing the energy efficiency of a building, the consumption of heat, cold, and water
for the external air treatment plays an important role; it can be calculated only on the basis of the probabilistic
distribution of the parameters of the external climate in the construction area [10].
An example of a climate map in the form of temperatures of dry and wet bulb thermometer is shown in Fig. 1 [7].
Information given in the form of these tables can be used to solve the above problems at the stage of the preliminary
design of the ACS. However, these tables have certain drawbacks that can be eliminated using the recommended
format for presenting climate information in the form of electronic format (t-d)-tables. Such information is given
according to climate statistics based on actual measurements of the thermodynamic parameters of the external air in
real time in the form of tables with “cells” containing the repeatability of the external air temperature with a step of
5° C, relative humidity with a step of 5% and moisture content with a step of 1 g/kg (table 11). The columns show the
average values of the humidity intervals dav, the rows show the average values of the temperature intervals tav. Formula
tables of a text file (t-d) consist of 45 columns and 20 lines of five zero digits; the temperature range is from - ƒɋ
WRƒɋZLWKWRWDOLQWHUYDOVu 45) = 225.

020017-2
 FIGURE 1. Initial climatic thermodynamic scheme
TABLE 1. External climate information for the month
July Average values of moisture content dav in each of the intervals, g/(kg dry. air.)

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Sum. h
6 1 1
9 2 6 2 10
Average temperature values tav
in each of the intervals, ºɋ

12 4 12 13 2 31
15 5 13 26 30 8 82
18 4 12 25 43 42 15 141
21 1 5 10 20 30 34 35 14 1 150
24 3 11 16 23 23 25 17 11 2 131
27 1 2 7 11 15 18 13 11 8 3 89
30 1 4 6 11 10 9 7 6 3 57
33 1 3 5 5 4 6 4 3 31
36 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 16
39 1 1 1 1 1 5
™7KHWRWDO
for month, 2 27 77 123 162 144 104 58 33 13 1 744
h

020017-3
 RESULTS
On the I-d diagram of humid air, climatic information for the selected estimated time period is graphically
represented by points with coordinates tav and dav. For each estimated climatic “point”, the time of full repeatability of
combinations of temperature and relative air humidity within the elementary areas is calculated. Climate information
in the form of (t-d)-tables was made for four Russian cities: Arkhangelsk, St. Petersburg, Moscow and Rostov-on-
Don (based on statistical data for the period from 1966 to 2000). The estimated values of the technological parameters
are given in table 2. The numerator shows the ACS values for adiabatic humidification, the denominator shows the
values for humidification with saturated steam; the numbers without brackets indicate the cost of heat or cold; numbers
in brackets - duration of modes in a percentage of a year.
Analysis of the data in table 2 and Fig. 2 shows that the heat consumption during humidification with steam is
increased by 1.5 times in Arkhangelsk. In St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Rostov-on-Don it is increased by 2.1 times.
The excess of cold consumption in Moscow was 2.1 times; in Rostov-on-Don – 1.8 times; in St. Petersburg – 2.4
times; in Arkhangelsk – 1.7 times. The duration of operation without heat and cold consumption decreased 1.6–1.9
times.
TABLE 2. The value of the technological parameters of the annual cycle for the second class of loads
Climate region
Mode Groups
Arkhangelsk St. Petersburg Moscow Rostov-on-Don
Heat ™Th 233.6 (13 %) 237 (12.4 %) 291.13 (14.8 %) 86.8 (6.3 %)
consumption
qh ™IJh 363.6 (31 %) 388 (31.7 %) 464.7 (34%) 242.7 (22 %)
Cold ™ qc 547 (11,3 %) 274.3 (7.2 %) 430.7 (9.7 %) 1301 (21.1 %)
consumption
qc ™IJc 912.3 (21,1 %) 642 (16.8 %) 898.2 (20.4 %) 2455 (40.2 %)
Without ™w 0 (75.7 %) 0 (80.4 %) 0 (75.5 %) 0 (72.6 %)
consumption
qh and qc ™IJw 0 (48.9 %) 0 (51.5 %) 0 (45.6 %) 0 (37.8 %)

The data in Fig. 2 show that in the second class of loads, the periods without heat and cold consumption increase
due to the reduction in the periods with heat consumption. The rest of the changes are not obvious, since they require
calculations taking into account the standing time of the external air parameters at elementary areas (I–d) of the
diagram.
The analysis of the submitted materials results in the following:
1) Heat consumption for all cities is practically the same for the second class of loads (with the exception of
Rostov-on-Don); with the first class of loads in Arkhangelsk, St. Petersburg and Moscow, heat consumption increases
25-30 times, in Rostov-on-Don – 50 times
2) Consumption of cold for the first and second classes of loads is almost the same: in Arkhangelsk these figures
are higher than in Moscow and St. Petersburg, but half as much as in Rostov-on-Don.
3) The duration of periods without heat and cold consumption is as follows: for the second class of loads it reaches
7,000 hours per year; for the first class of loads it falls within the limits of up to 2,000 hours, i.e. with a difference of
almost 4 times in three cities, and 2.7 times in Rostov-on-Don.
There are similar calculation results for humidification water consumption, air consumption in the air conditioner
at the inflow and at the first and second recirculation.

020017-4
 (a)

(b)
FIGURE 2. Annual values of technological parameters for various load classes: (a) – energy consumption, (b) –
duration of energy consumption

Fig. 3 shows the specific annual expenditures of ACS for various load classes by months of the year. There are
peculiarities of the ACS functioning in separate months for each city, in particular:
 there are significant differences in heat consumption for the first and second classes of loads, and in some
cities heat is consumed in the warm season, when the centralized heat supply is turned off;
 with similar values of the average annual cold consumption, its consumption in different cities in the cold
period differs by 3–4 times. In Arkhangelsk, the consumption of cold is higher than in St. Petersburg and Moscow,
but less than in Rostov-on-Don, 2 times less in July, and 1.5 times less in June.

020017-5
 (a)

(b)
FIGURE 3. Annual energy consumption by months of the year: (a) – for the first class of loads; (b) – for the second
class of loads

RESULTS
The purpose of the climate model is to substantiate the requirements for the content of climatic information for the
stage of preliminary ACS design; it is based on the task of ensuring energy efficient control of the ACS operation, as
well as considering the presentation of such information and demonstration of its testing results.
The t-d-table climate model provides information on the repeatability of external temperature and relative humidity
combinations for different time intervals of the day and, depending on its basis, gives the quantitative assessment of
heat, cold, and water consumption.
The probabilistic-statistical climate model is the basis for a more accurate assessment of the average long-term
consumption of heat, cold, and water by various ACSs.

020017-6
 An economic assessment of various ACSs performance in the current economic environment using discounted
cumulative costs indicates that capital expenditure consideration can change the system ranking for heat, cold, and
water operating costs.
Experimental studies have shown that the calculations of energy consumption according to the developed model
provide a sufficient degree of the results convergence.

CONCLUSION
As a research result, the proposed method for presenting climatic information combined with the methodology for
substantiating energy-saving modes allows selecting a technological scheme for heat and humidity treatment of air,
choosing the installation capacities of equipment for ACS subsystems, calculating the consumption of heat, cold, and
water at different periods of time.
Based on the results of the ACS operation of various preparation schemes of air supply, it will be possible to
determine the rational volume for each of these schemes and adopt an energy-efficient composition, as well as to
define a program for automating its operation depending on the current weather in the climatic conditions of the
facility construction area.
The research revealed the relevant problems necessitating a change in the traditional approaches to designing ACS
for premises with different types of loads. The development of appropriate methods deserves serious attention, since
their application allows achieving not only a decrease in capital costs due to the centralization of external air
processing, but also a significant increase in the efficiency of energy resources consumption.
Thus, the proposed form of climate information presentation makes it possible to implement three interrelated
problems. First, to choose optimal solutions for technological schemes and the operation modes of air conditioning
systems. Secondly, to determine the installation performances of the subsystems, taking into account the varying
degrees of unavailability of the standardized air parameters in the premises. Thirdly, to calculate the technological
parameters: the consumption of heat, cold, air, and water for various estimated time periods.

REFERENCES
1. A. A. Rymkevich, in System analysis of optimization of general ventilation and air conditioning (AVOK S-Z,
SPb, 2003), p. 272.
2. Y. J. Kuvshinov, “Calculation of annual energy consumption by ventilation and air conditioning systems”, in
AVOK 7 15–18 (2006).
3. I. V. Shvetsov, Yu. V. Vankov, and A. R. Zagretdinov, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 441 012051(2018).
4. “Wirtschaftlichkeit gebäudetechnischer Anlagen. Energieaufwand der Nutzenübergabe” in Raumlufttechnik.
Technische Regel. VDI 2067 Blatt 21:2003-05.l.
5. N. V. Kochenkov, J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 55(5) 767–776 (2016).
6. E. G. ɆDO\DYLQDD. S. Ivanov, and A. A. Industrial and Civil Engineering 9 26–29 (2013).
7. WMO No. 722116. Dry-Bulb Temperature Hours for An Average Year July-ST. PETERSBURG. (Sheet 2 of
5). Period of Record = 1973 to 1996.
8. E. Malyavina, and O. Malikova, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 46 022065 (2018).
9. A. Gvozdkov, and O. Suslova, “Some Aspects of Improving the Efficiency of Air Treatment in the Contact Units
of HVAC Systems”, in Environmental Engineering, 10th International Conference Lithuania (2017).
10. O. D. Samarin, J. Civil Eng. 5(73) 62–69 (2017).

020017-7