REVIEWER GEC 104
987, 1597, …
WHAT IS SEQUENCE?
 According to Wolfram MathWorld, it is an
ordered set of mathematical objects. EX:
 In a general sense, according to the Oxford
Dictionary, it is “a set of events, actions,
numbers, etc. which have a particular order,
and which lead to a particular result”
 Humans, through the course of history, are very
fond of observing and understanding patterns
around him especially in nature as it is
beneficial and interesting to learn from it.
 And where would these patterns realized
before?
 As Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) stated in one of
his letters:
“I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God
who has endowed us with senses, reason, and
intellect has intended us to forgo their use and by
some other means to give us knowledge which we
can attain by them.”
 Mathematical concepts, before we know and
learn it as how we know it in class, started in
nature.
 One of most notable number sequence that is
observable in nature is the Fibonacci Sequence;
 Leonardo of Pisa introduced this number
sequence and also the Hindu-Arabic Numeral
System from India to the West in 1202 with his
book “Liber Abaci”.
Fibonacci Sequence
It is a number sequence defined by the recurrence
equation:
Fibonac
ci Sequence
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610,
Fibonacci Sequence
Aside from the visual representation, if we are going to
get the ratio of the smaller Fibonacci number to the
term next to it…
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233,
377, 610, 987, 1597, …… the computed value will be
closer and closer to:
This is called the Phi Coefficient or the Golden Ratio
LESSON 3: Mathematics for Our World
The Department of Education (DepEd) initialized to
reinvent our curriculum, now known as the Enhanced
Basic Education Curriculum or the so called K-12
Curriculum.
Its purpose is to add 2 more years on our education
system which will have relevance to the students
themselves answering to the needs of the people and
the society itself.
Enhanced Basic Mathematics Education has only two
things that should be inculcated with the students –
Critical Thinking and Problem Solving.
Math helps in Organizing so that:
 Problems will become more recognizable and
easier to be understood.
 By further analyzing data, we can actually
follow the roots of the problem itself.
 We can suggest more proper response on the
problem.
Math helps in Predicting so that:
 We can be aware of the possibility of future
events if a certain pattern is assumed to not
change over time.
 We can choose for the optimal/efficient
solution to deal with a problem.
 We may realize the risks and consequences of
every thing we choose to do.
Math helps in Controlling so that:
 We can avoid or alleviate possible negative
outcomes that would come our way if we
control our actions.
 We can choose to instead do more positive
things than before.
 Man will be more conscious, accountable and
responsible than ever before.
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE & SYMBOL
There are about 7,099 languages spoken in the world.
Language is a very important part of our civilization.
Without it, we cannot actually express what we feel or
what we learned throughout the entirety of our
existence.
Mathematics might not exist if we don’t understand the
concept of language itself. We are now going to realize
that learning the language of Mathematics is just the
phase of learning our own language.
ENGLISH vs. MATHEMATICS
Let us examine our learning curve for these 2
incoherent(?) subjects
ENGLISH
Alphabet, Words, Phrases, Sentences, Paragraphs,
Literature.
MATHEMATICS
Digits, Numbers, Expressions, Sentences, Solutions,
Proofs.
PRECISE
It only conveys one and only one thought. It is less
prone to misunderstanding.
CONCISE
It uses fewer symbols to convey a long narrative
sentence. Long paragraphs of explanation and narration
of a single situation can be organized and compacted
into a single number sentence so that we can easily
grasp the whole situation to be solved.
POWERFUL
It can describe very complex concepts and phenomenon
using simple equations and denotations.
MATHEMATICAL CONVENTIONS
For any language to become universally
understandable, it needs to establish arbitrations or set
of rules which should serve as guidelines in order to
fully deliver the intended message. This set of rules are
also called as conventions.
Conventions in language may include ,but not limited
to, subject-verb agreement, capitalization, proper usage
of punctuation marks, indentions and margins of a
block-type letter etc.
DIGITS AND NUMBERS
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
It is interesting to note that the ten basic digits that we
are using can be used to represent different kinds of
things (like quantities, rankings, denominations, time
etc.)
This teaches us the concept that we have to be careful
on what we are dealing with. We need to confirm things
before settling on it. Confirmation is better than mere
assumption.
FOUR FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS
Seeing these four operations simultaneously should not
be a big deal for us now if we recall the MDAS rule or
more specifically, the PEMDAS(P- Parentheses, E-
Exponents, M- Multiplication, D- Division, A-
Addition, and S- Subtraction) rule. These
convention teaches us that we need to set priorities and
take proper process in order to achieve a desirable
outcome.
This teaches us that in order to understand something,
we need to extend an effort to learn how a thing works
or how something is used.
SETS
It is a well-defined collection of objects in no particular
order. Using it, we can easily identify which things
belongs or does not belong to a certain group.
ELEMENTS
These are the objects that belong to a certain set. A set
can have one, two, or more elements. Also, a set can be
empty or null.
HOW TO WRITE SETS
Roster Method – just list all the elements of the
described set.
Examples: A={1,2,3,4,5}
B={Mon., Tues., Wed., Thurs., Fri.}
Rule Method – as the name implies, we have to
construct a rule that will constitute all of the elements
of the given set.
Examples: A={k | k is the first 5 natural numbers}
B={w | w is a weekday}
Semantic Method – same idea with the rule method,
but delivered with a sentence structure.
Examples: Set A contains the first 5 non-negative
integers
Set B contains all the days in a week except Saturday
and Sunday.
TYPES OF SETS
Finite Sets – Sets that have a limited, countable number
of elements.
Infinite Sets – Sets that have unlimited number of
elements.
SUBSET
These are all the possible sets that can be formed in
other existing sets.
Example: Given that A={1,2,3}, its subsets are the
following:
{},{1},{2},{3},{1,2},{2,3},{1,3},{1,2,3}
UNIVERSAL SET
It is a set that contains all elements under
consideration. It changes depending on the given
problem or situation. It uses the symbol.
CARDINALITY OF SETS
This denotes the number of all possible subsets in a
given set. Its formula is n(A)=2^k where k is the number
of elements.
Example: Given that A={a,b,c}, we can know, without us
listing all possible subsets, that n(A)=2^3=8.
SET OPERATIONS
1. Intersection ( )
This operation considers all of the elements common or
shared by the two sets involved.
2. Union (U)
This just combines all of the elements of two sets,
disregarding the duplicates of the elements if they have
some elements which are the same.
3. Set Difference (-)
Also called as relative complement. This operation is the
same as arithmetic difference as it shows what
element/s are present in the first set but absent to the
2nd set.
4. Set Complement (‘)
Also called as absolute complement. This operation  UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM
talks about all the elements of the universal set which  DEVISE A PLAN
cannot be found in the chosen subset.  CARRY OUT YOUR PLAN
 CHECK YOUR ANSWER
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

RELATIONS

This is a set of ordered pairs, coming from two different

sets.

KINDS OF RELATIONS

one-to-one relation – each first element has exactly

one unique partner.

one-to-many-relation – at least one first component is

paired with more than one partner.

many-to-one relation – two or more first components

have at least a common second.

FUNCTIONS

Are relations in which no two ordered pairs have the

same first element. In a set of ordered pairs, no two
ordered pairs shares the same x-coordinate.

VERTICAL LINE TEST

Also called as the pencil test. This is done to know if a

certain graph can be considered a function or not a
function.

INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING

Reasoning

The action of thinking about something in a logical,

sensible way.

INDUCTIVE REASONING

This is a type of reasoning where we base our

conclusion on observations we collected.

DEDUCTIVE REASONING

This is a type of reasoning where we check if a specific

statement holds true based on existing rules or general
ideas.

Problem solving is a goal of learning mathematics and a

means of doing so. Problem solving allows students to
explore, develop, and apply their understanding of
mathematical concepts.

4 STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING

In his book entitled “How to Solve It?” (1945), Mr. Polya

shared that anyone can be better problem solvers by
systematically approaching any problems that we may
face. These are the 4 steps, namely: