Module 2

Module 2
About this module

Good Day SPIan! This module is specially written to help you get your better understanding
about our community.

Embracing and ushering the "new normal" learning approach in this time of pandemic aims to
provide modern and quality education for Filipino learners like you. At this moment, you will
study at your own pace and safety at home while your instructor takes responsibility of
monitoring your progress. This module hopes to respond to the needs of the learners by
highlighting its significance and connection to other fields of social sciences.

In order to assure your learning about the Community Engagement, Solidarity and
Citizenship, this module is undertaking all the necessary measures to ensure that your
expectation will be discussed within reasonable time without compromising anyone’s health
and safety.

I acknowledge the efforts and/or contributions of Senior High School Department to this work,
but I own all errors, if any. I hope that concepts and ideas of community engagement, solidarity
and citizenship learned from this module may enable you to face the challenges and issues of
the community that lie in the real world.

COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course focuses on the application of ideas and methods of the
social sciences to understand, investigate, and examine challenges of contemporary community
life. It focuses on community-action initiatives such as community engagement, solidarity, and
citizenship as guided by the core values of human rights, social justice, empowerment and
advocacy, gender equality, and participatory development. It aims at enhancing students’ sense
of shared identity and willingness to contribute to the pursuit of the common good of the
community. It enables students to integrate applied social sciences into community-action
initiatives.

Now, it's time to acquire new knowledge, meaning-making and transfer of ideas, SPians!
Padayon!

Features of this module?

It is our pleasure to engage and cater you in your journey as you explore this module's
content-stages.
WHAT I NEED TO This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you
KNOW? are expected to learn in the module.
WHAT I KNOW? This part incudes an activity that aims to check what you
already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the
answer correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
WHAT’S IN? This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current
lesson with the previous one.
WHAT’S NEW? In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in
various ways such as a story, song, poem, problem
opener, an activity or situation.
WHAT IS IT? This part discusses the content of the lesson.

WHAT’S MORE? In this portion, you are given a set of question to help you
digest the lesson you’ve read.
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WHAT I HAVE It helps you to generalize/summarize the topic you have
LEARNED? learned.
WHAT I CAN DO? This directs you to the Learners Activity Sheet to apply it
into your day-to-day basis.
ASSESSMENT Test your knowledge by taking this test. This will be
evaluated by your teacher.
ADDITIONAL This gives you extra homework to help you acquire
ACTIVITIES. additional learning.
GLOSSARY Look at this part to search the unfamiliar words and their
meanings
REFERENCES Otherwise called as bibliography is a list of resources used
by the author to help you understand the lesson.
SUGGESTEDREADINGS/ This provides a list of other books, published or
WEBSITES unpublished studies, journals, links, and website for your
references.

LESSON 2: Defining Community in Different Perspectives

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

Intended Learning Outcome
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
LO2: define using various perspectives, e.g., social sciences, institutions,
civil society, and local/grassroots level.
Performance Standards: The learners shall be able to synthesize the
integrative experience of implementing community-action initiatives applying
social sciences’ ideas and methods.

Learning Outcome 2: Defining of Community Using Various

Perspectives

The etymology of community was recorded in the 14th century. The word
community comes from the Latin communis, meaning "common, public, shared by all
or many." The Latin term "communitatus" from which the English word "community"
comes, comprises three elements, "Com" - a Latin prefix meaning with or together,
"Munis" - ultimately Proto Indo-European in origin, it has been suggested that it
means "the changes or exchanges of the link" (both municipal and monetary take their
meaning here), and "tatus" a Latin suffix suggesting diminutive, small, intimate or
local. Community is a fluid concept or very broad term to define group of people;
whether they are stakeholders, interest group or citizen group etc., A community may
be a geographic location (community of place), a community of similar interest
(community of practice), or a community of affiliation or identity (such as hospitality
industry or Directioner). 1

1
Also community is derived from the Latin word "communitas" which means "fellowship." Its Latin roots communis
means "shared" or "common." Com translate to "with or together" whereas "munire" translate to "to strengthen", "to
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WHAT I KNOW?
Let us determine how much you already know about the definition of
community in different perspectives. Read each statements carefully. Write T if the
statement is true and F if it is not.

_____ 1. Community is a collection of people in a particular territory.

_____ 2. Collection of people is always synonymous with community.
_____ 3.The daily operations in the community constitute to a feeling of
isolation.
_____ 4. Society is another term for community.
_____ 5. Being a part of a community develops a sense of belongingness among
individuals.
_____ 6. Community is a collection of people in a particular territory.
_____ 7. Collection of people is always synonymous with community.
_____ 8. The daily operations in the community constitute to a feeling of
isolation.
_____ 9. Society is another term for community.
_____ 10. Being a part of a community develops a sense of belongingness among
individuals.

WHAT’S IN?
One useful way to describe the community and its sectors
is through a technique known as mapping (Kretzmann et al.
1993). As shown in the diagram, someone interested in
describing the bounds of a community can map it by
identifying primary, secondary, and potential building
blocks, or human and material resources. Each of these
resources has assets that can be identified, mobilized, and
used to address issues of concern and bring about change. If
you had a basis for knowing about your community was the
mapping, will you discuss and describe it. Explain your
answer in at least two paragraphs.

WHAT'S NEW?
Processing questions:
1. What is your most learning about the geographic location of your
community?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

fortify", or "to defend."

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2. In looking at the map, you saw your community as representing group
of people because?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

WHAT IS IT?

DEFINING COMMUNITY IN DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES

Nowadays, community is defined as social unit or group of people united

by at least one common characteristic such as geography, shared interests,
values, experiences or traditions. It is also a feeling or sense of belonging, a
relationship, a place, or an institution like local government, health team or
other community-based organization such as religious or civil society groups.

Community may be formed into two ways:

a. Geographical - the members of the community share the same

geographical vicinity, such as village, province or neighborhood.
b. Non-Geographical - there are communities formed based on needs ideas,
interest, identity, practices and roles in social institutions such as at
home, at work in government, society or the community at large.

Community Diagnosis

1. Social System - A community is social system where basic units and

roles is formed like family structure, institution and association.
Communities are built in social capital as social networks have value. It
is similar to physical capital which is "pay off."

2. Political System - Community includes power relations, leadership

structure, subgroups, disenfranchised group, formal and informal
leadership. It focuses on decision making processes, participatiob,
constraint, control and accountability in the community.

3. Cultural System - Community has basic beliefs system and ways of life
including the use of technologies in the community.
4. Economic System - Community manages resource base, ways of earning
a living and distriubution of resources.

5. Geographic System - Community use a space, location of valued

resources in that place. It is divided into formal, functional and
administrative. In geographic system, location of resources, distribution
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of population and prevalence if health problems are maps used to help
diagnose a community.

a. Formal has presence or absence of specific characteristic

b. Functional has flows and interactions of people, goods and
information
c. Administrative is mostly refers to town, zone, or other boundaries.

CONCEPTS OF COMMUNITY

Social Science Perspective

The conceptualization of
community in social science perspective
began in the 19th century. This was the
time when the effects of social cohesion
related to the social displacement
following industrialization took place.
Sociology, Anthropology and Social
Psychology were among the field of social
sciences that ventured on debates about
the usage of the term and pondered on
movements from geographical locations
where kinship ties keep together, through
symbolic ties that bind them and more recently to the interest ties that bring
people together even if geographically distant. Moreover, school of thoughts
from Chicago School, Structural Functionalism, traditional Liberalism and
Marxism into the 1980's notion of imagine communities Benedict Anderson
and symbolic domain of community of Cohen, was resulted into vast array of
applied and conceptual work on defining community.

In understanding the significance of disciplines and fields within the

social sciences on the concepts of community , anthropology, economics,
political science, psychology and sociology offered meanings derived from their
applied work. Social Science perceive community as composed of people
interacting with one another, sensitive to each other's emotion as well as
interest and subjective point of view.
1. In Anthropology, it determines ways to help a community solve health
related concerns. they can addressed by understanding the situation
through interacting with people in the community connecting its history
with its present conditions.
2. Economics improves the lives of people such that their needs are
satisfied.
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3. Political Science allocates power, influence and decision making in
government and management system. Informal groups decide when they
have no recognized leader. All communities have form of political system,
the members of the community should understand how is political
system works and how power and influence are distributed and what
changes occur.

4. Psychology status human mind, brain and social behavior. This extends
to interactions between people and interpersonal relationships.

5. Sociology introduced the concept of "social capital" and

"communitarianism." Social capital is defined as the networks of relations
among people who live and work in particular society for the effective
functioning of the community. On the other hand, communitarianism
explains the connection between the individual and the community.
Every person has a special role in one society and it is part if human
nature to relate with other people in various conditions or situations.

The following are some definition of community in social science perspective:

1. An informally organized social entity, characterized by a sense of

identity.
2. A group of people living in the same defined area, sharing common basic
values and interest.
3. A group of people whose connections and relations are formed by their
shares experiences, geographies, and identities.
4. The community as a “sociological construct."

Civil Society Perspective

Civil society sometimes called the "third sector." It is the wide-array of

organizations community groups, non-governmental organizations, labor
unions, indigenious groups, charitable organizations, faith-based organization,
professional associations, and foundations. In this perspective, community is
built in pusuit of advocacies, causes and goals.

Institutional Perspective

Institution has established rules that ensure the regular and predictable
behavior in the community. Communities have a mechanism for coordinating
values, goals and actions of its members. Social institutions perform this
function. It is composed of Public Sector and Private Sector that joined together
to make the community works. Community can be described through
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institutions such marriage or friendship; roles; status or class; and other
patterns of human behavior.

Categories:
a. Formal Institution - explicitly communicated, embodied in legally codified
documents or artifacts. Examples are laws and policies that are
implemented by government agency or office.

b. Informal Institution - practices, norms, tradition, culture, conduct and

belief systems of a community. This are not codified or written, but are
nonetheless embedded in communities, operating due to the interactive
process of preference exchange and social expectations that occur
therein.

Organic Perspective

An organic perspective of community refers to local or grassroot groups within a

particular locale that are driven and organized because of community issues
and concern. It address particular issues such as crime prevention,
environmental protection or waste management.

Other Concepts of Community

1. System Perspective -- a community is associated to a living creature,

comprising different parts that represent specialized functions, activities,
or interests, each operating within specific boundaries to meet
community needs.
2. Social Perspective - It is also a social science approach. In this
perspective, community can be described through social and political
networks that link individuals, community organizations, and leaders.
3. Virtual Perspective - this perspective viewed and considered computer-
mediated communications as social group in the "virtual community" to
access information, meet people, and make decisions that affect their
lives.
4. Individual perspective - this perspective believed that an individual has
their own sense of community membership. They may also have a sense
of belonging to more than one community and their sense of membership
can change over time and may affect their participation in community
activities.
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WHAT’S MORE?

PICTURE ANALYIS. Analyze the picture and answer the following question:
1. What do picture imply to you?
2. What are posssible factors why shoud and individual be a member of a
community? Why?
3. What would be an individual's role for community to belong to?

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?

IDENTIFICATION. Identify what is being asked in each statement. Write your

answer on the space provided.
_________________ 1. It is defined as collection of people in a geographical
area.
_________________ 2. It is the study of society and social interactions.
_________________ 3. An element of a community which pertains to a
geographical area which
pertains to a geographical area which can be under the jurisdiction of the
government.
_________________ 4. It is the study of man.
_________________ 5. It is defined as an established organization

WHAT I CAN DO?

SKETCH: Make an illustrative map that describes your community, include in

your map the photos and figures/images that represent the people in your
community. Draw arrows, lines and symbols to show the relations bet the
people in your community. Explain.

Rubrics:
Content 10 pts
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Creativity 5 pts
TOTAL 15 pts

ASSESSMENT

DIAGRAM: Conceptualize a diagram that shows necessary information about

the definition of community in different perspective.

Rubrics:
Content 10 pts
Creativity 5 pts
TOTAL 15 pts

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES
List down the different disciplines or field of social sciences. Look for a
definition of community stated by a particular scholar. Jot down his/her
definition and make a infographic material. You may also research on the
definition of community in organic, civil society and institutional perspective.

Rubrics:
Content 10 pts
Creativity 5 pts
Technical Quality 5 pts
TOTAL 20 pts

GLOSSARY

Perspective - a particular attitude toward or way of regarding something; a

point of view.
Social capital - refers to social network or connection among individuals
System - the prevailing political or social order, especially when regarded as
oppressive and intransigent.

REFERENCES

_____,(2017). A Compendium of Daily Lesson Plans and Resource Materials in

Community Engagement, Solidarity and Citizenship. San Fernando,
Pampanga: Departmenr of Education Region I.
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Ariola, M. (2017). Community Engagement, Solidarity and Citizenship.
Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.

Brieger. William R. (2016). Definitons of Community. Johns Hopskin University.

Elepaño, Leonor Petra. (2014). Community Engagement. Philippine Women's
University, 4-8
McCloske, Donna Jo et. al. (2011). "Community Engagement: Definitions and
Organization Concepts from the Literature." Principles of Community
Engagement Second Edition. NIH Publications. (June), 5-7
Walker, Martha A. (n.d.) Community Engagement. Virginia Cooperative
Extension. 1
Walkerdine Valerie and David Studdert.(n.d.) Connected Communities:
Concepts and Meanings of Community in the Social Science: Discussion
Paper. 1,6

SUGGESTED READINGS/WEBSITES
.
Bartle, Phil. (n.d.) "What is Community? A Sociological
Perspective."Retrieved from http://bartle.disted.camosun.bc.ca/soc-
wha.htm
Flora, Cornelia Butler.(n.d.) Community, Dynamics and Social Capital.
Iowa State University.
McCloske, Donna Jo et. al. (2011). "Community Engagement: Definitions and
Organization Concepts from the Literature." Principles of Community
Engagement Second Edition. NIH Publications. (June),
Palispis, Epitascko. Introduction to Sociology and Anthropology, Elements and
Functions of Society. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=xVO0cWlbCOc
Walker, Martha A. (n.d.) Community Engagement. Virginia Cooperative
Extension
Walkerdine Valerie and David Studdert. (n.d.) Connected Communities:
Concepts and Meanings of Community in the Social Science: Discussion
Paper.