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Mathematics
Quarter 3 – Module 1:
Describe Mathematical system
and its axiomatic structure in
general, and in Geometry in
particular:
(a) defined terms; (b) undefined terms;
(c) postulates; and (d) theorems.
Mathematics – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 1: Describe mathematical system and its axiomatic structure in
general, and in Geometry in particular: (a) defined terms; (b) undefined terms; (c)
postulates; and (d) theorems.

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Mathematics
Quarter 3 – Module 1:
Describe Mathematical system
and its axiomatic structure in
general, and in Geometry in
particular: (a) defined terms; (b)
undefined terms; (c) postulates;
and (d) theorems.
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to
use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their own learning at home.
Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different
activities in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be
reminded of the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking
your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this
module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always
bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material,
you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding
of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 Let Us Learn

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the nature of Geometry. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is composed of one lesson:

Lesson 1 – Describing Mathematical System (M8GE-IIIa-1)
Axiomatic structure of a mathematical system in general, and in
Geometry in particular: (a) defined terms; (b) undefined terms; (c)
postulates; and (d) theorems (M8GE-IIIa-c-1)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

A. describe mathematical system

B. define the terms in axiomatic system and come up with a concept map to
show the interrelationship between the different terms;

C. differentiate axioms/postulates from theorems and provide at least three

examples for each of them;

D. construct/formulate real-life problems that may be solved through the use of

concepts on axiomatic system;

E. aspire to become a great thinker by seeking more knowledge in mathematics

particularly in geometry.

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 Let Us Try
Direction: Match the column A in column B. Put your right answer
beside the number.
A B
_____1. A statement that is proven using 1 or more of the a. Corollary
propositions. b. Axiom
_____2. A small or minor proof needed to support the c. Theorem
proof of the theorem. d. Lemma
_____3. A proposition that follows from a theorem already e. Definition
proven. f. Logic
_____4. A statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a g. Conjecture
premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments.
_____5. A suggest or assume the existence, fact, or truth of
(something) as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or belief.

Activity 1 “Give Me”

Refer to the figure below and give three (3) objects as examples for each of
the following:

1. Point: _____________________ 2. Line: _____________________

_____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________

3. Plane: _____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________

4. Solid figure: ___________________

_____________________
_____________________
_____________________

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 Activity 2

Axiomatic Structure of Geometry

Define the following terms inside the box and come up with a concept map to show
the interrelationship between the different terms.

Follow-up questions:

1. How did you find giving definitions to the terms you rarely
encountered? Why?

2. How did you come up with a certain concept map about the
relationship between different terms?

Let Us Study

Do you think it is possible to make a valid conclusion without even going

through the process of investigation? What would you do if you were asked to make
a decision that will affect many people? Many aspects in our life involve decisions.
In this lesson, you will be able to learn the foundations in basic terms in Geometry
and reasoning.

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 Is it possible to get the circumference of the orange in the picture based on
the dot which is on it? Have you ever wondered, that if you continuously put
altogether all small lemon just like a dot infinitely what will you form? Can you
form a line if you put two objects like fruits in a plane?

Do you still remember your geometry lessons in the previous year?

Let me ask you about this figure. What kind of solid figure is this?
What are the different parts of this solid figure that you can still
name? How many edges are in this solid figure? How many vertices
are there? What about the number of faces?

Try to compare the concept map that you’ve just created (Activity 2)
with this concept map below:

Now, let’s unlock the terms above.

• An axiom or postulate is a statement that is taken to be true, to serve as

a premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments. An axiom
is any mathematical statement that serves as a starting point from which
other statements are logically derived.

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 Example of postulates are:

1. A line contains at least two points

2. A plane contains at least 3 noncollinear points
3. Through any two points, there is exactly one line
4. Through any 3 noncollinear points, there is exactly one plane
5. If two points lie in a plane, then the line joining them lies in that plane
6. If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line
7. For triangles we have, SAS, SSS, ASA

• An axiomatic system consists of undefined terms (primitive terms). It is

any set of axioms from which some or all axioms can be used in
conjunction to logically derive theorems.

• A theorem, by definition, is a statement proven based on axioms, other

theorems, and some set of logical connectives.

Example of theorems:

1. If two lines intersect, then they intersect in exactly one point

2. If a point lies outside a line, then exactly one plane contains both
the line and the point
3. If 2 lines intersect, then exactly one plane contains both lines.

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• A corollary is a theorem that is usually considered an easy
consequence/results of another theorem.

• A lemma is generally used to describe an auxiliary fact that is used in the

proof of a more significant result (theorem)

Ø Example of corollary and lemma

Theorem: Angle at the Center Theorem

Corollary: Angles Subtended by the same Arc Theorem

Lemma: Angle in the semicircle Theorem

Have you caught up with the lesson so far? Let us Continue.

The Three Undefined Terms in Geometry

The three basic terms of Geometry are points, lines and planes.

Point
A point has no dimension, no width, no length and no thickness. It is
represented by a dot which is used to pinpoint a location. It is named by a
capital letter. In the coordinate plane, a point is named by an ordered pair,
(x,y).

Illustration:
A, B, C, and D are examples of points

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 Line
A line has no width and no thickness, but it has length since it
extends indefinitely in opposite directions. It is named by a single small
letter or by any two points on the line.

Illustration:
A B
l

or

Plane

A plane has no thickness, but it has length and width. It is represented

by any flat surface and named by any three points of the plane, which are not
on the same line, or simply by a single script letter. A floor tile suggests the
idea of a plane.
Illustration:

Plane ABCD or Plane ℝ

ℝ
The Defined Terms in Geometry
The defined terms in Geometry are the terms that can be defined using
point, line and plane.

Endpoints
Endpoints refer to the end of a segment or ray.

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 Illustration:

A B
● ●

Line Segment
A line segment is a subset or part of a line. It consists of two
endpoints.
Illustration:

A B AB or BA

Ray
A ray is a subset of a line, which has one endpoint and all points
from the endpoint on one side.
Illustration:

● Ray RS or RS
R S
Angles

An angle is a figure formed by two rays with a common endpoint, and

which are not on the same line.
Illustration:
T

O 1 P

The two rays extending indefinitely in space are the sides of the angle. OT and
OP are the two sides of angle TOP or ∠TOP.

The common endpoint of the sides of an angle is called the vertex. Point O is
the vertex of angle TOP.

An angle is named using a number, a vertex, or the vertex and two points on
each side of the angle.

The angle above can be named:

a. angle TOP or ∠TOP

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b. angle O or ∠O
c. angle 1 or ∠1

Opposite Rays
Opposite rays are rays that share a common endpoint and form a
line.
Illustration:
● ● ●
Y E S

Postulates
Postulate 1: A line contains at least two points.

Postulate 2: (Is left as an exercise.)

Postulate 3: Through any two points, there is exactly one line.

Postulate 4: Through any three noncollinear points, there is exactly one

plane.

Postulate 5: If two points lie in a plane, then the line joining them lies in
that plane.

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Postulate 6: If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

Theorems

Theorem 1: If two lines intersect, then they intersect in exactly one point.

Theorem 2: If a point lies outside a line, then exactly one plane contains
both the line and the point.

Theorem 3: If two lines intersect, then exactly one plane contains both lines.

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 Let Us Practice
Exercise 1: Use the Venn diagram below to compare and contrast
between axioms/postulates and theorems

Exercise 2:

A) Supply the table with the correct description of the following basic terms of
Geometry.

Undefined Represented Named by Number of Give 3 concrete

Terms by dimension(s) Examples
Tip of a pen
Point _________
_________

_________
Line _________
_________

_________
Plane _________
_________

B) Given their definition, illustrate the following additional terms:

1. Collinear Points are points that lie on the same line.

2. Coplanar Points are points that lie on the same plane.

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Let’s check your understanding by answering the exercise below:

Good job! You’ve done great! Now prepare yourself for an independent practice.

Let Us Practice More

Exercise 3: Use the figure below to answer the following:

a) Give the five other names for CG.

b) Give three points that are collinear.
c) Give two names for the plane shown.

d) Name the intersection of the plane and line f.

Let’s study more about examples of postulates and theorems together

with their respective illustrations.

A) In your own idea and understanding, illustrate the 2nd postulate using your
pencil and ruler.

Postulate 2: A plane contains at least three noncollinear points.

Your illustration:

B) Are any of the following situations with 3 planes possible? Justify your
answer by providing at least one (1) concrete example.

1. None of the 3 planes intersect.

2. The 3 planes intersect at one line.
3. The 3 planes intersect at one point.
4. Two planes do not intersect and a 3rd plane intersects the other two.
5. Only 2 of the 3 planes intersect.

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 Let Us Remember
An Axiom or Postulate is a statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a
premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments. An Axiom is a
mathematical statement that serves as starting point from which other statements
are logically derived

1. A line contains at least two points

2. A plane contains at least 3 noncollinear points
3. Through any two points, there is exactly one line
4. Through any 3 noncollinear points, there is exactly one plane
5. If two points lie in a plane, then the line joining them lies in that
plane
6. If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line
7. For triangles we have, SAS, SSS, ASA

An Axiomatic System is any set of axioms from which some or all axioms can be
used in conjunction to logically derived theorems.

A theorem, by definition, is a statement proven based on axioms, other theorems,

and some set of logical connectives.
Corollary is a result in which the (usually short) proof relies heavily on a given
theorem.

Lemma is a minor result whose sole purpose is to help in proving a theorem. It is

a stepping stone on the path to proving a theorem.
A Point in geometry is a location. It has no size i.e. no width, no length and no
depth. A point is shown by a dot.
A Line is defined as a line of points that extends infinitely in two directions. It has
one dimension, length. Points that are on the same line are called collinear points.
A Plane is a flat, two-dimensional surface that extends infinitely far. A plane is the
two-dimensional analogue of a point (zero dimensions), a line (one dimension) and
three-dimensional space.

Memorizing all the postulates and theorems in Geometry is not bad at all, that
is if you can memorize them all. But I do suggest that you need to enthusiastically
familiarize each of them, keenly observe their respective illustration and deeply
understand their logical reasoning for in this way you can also comprehend the whole
context or the axiomatic structure of geometry most especially in investigating
argumentative statements that need your proving ability.

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 Let Us Assess

1. It is a statement proven based on axioms, other theorems, and some set of

logical connectives.
A. postulate B. axiom C. proof D. theorem

2. It is the set of axioms from which some or all axioms can be used in conjunction
to logically derive theorems.
A. counterexample B. example
C. axiomatic system D. postulate

3. It is a theorem that is usually considered an easy consequence/results of

another theorem.
A. corollary B. lemma C. postulate D. theorem

4. Given the following axiomatic system, which is assumed to be true without

proof?
A. corollary B. definition C. postulate D. theorem

5. This statement refers to the meaning of a word, term, and phrase which makes
use of previously defined terms. What do you call this statement?
A. corollary B. definition C. postulate D. theorem

6. An undefined term with no width, thickness and dimension and represented by a

dot is ____.
A. line B. point C. plane D. segment

7. Which of the following statements is false?

A. Any four non-collinear points lie in a distinct plane.
B. A plane contains at least 3 non-collinear points.
C. Any two lines intersect at a point.
D. Through two given points we can draw three lines.

8. It is a statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a premise or starting point

for further reasoning and arguments.
A. Theorem B. Axiom C. Lemma D. Corollary

9. It is a theorem that is usually considered an easy consequence/results of

another theorem.
A. Theorem B. Axiom C. Lemma D. Corollary

10. It is generally used to describe an auxiliary fact that is used in the proof of a
more significant result.
A. Theorem B. Axiom C. Lemma D. Corollary

11. Which of the following objects represents a point?

A. curtain rod B. star in the sky C. top of a box D. edge of a table

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12. Which of the following objects represents a line?
A. curtain rod B. star in the sky C. top of a box D. edge of a table

13. Which of the following objects represents a plane?

A. curtain rod B. star in the sky C. top of a box D. edge of a table

14. At least how many distinct points do you need to determine a line?
A. two B. three C. four D. none

15. It is a flat, two-dimensional surface with length and width.

A. point B. plane C. line D. angle

Let Us Enhance
“I AM AN ASTRONAUT”

Direction: A constellation is a group of stars that appears to form a pattern or

picture like Orion the Great Hunter, Leo the Lion, or Taurus the Bull. Constellations
are easily recognizable patterns that help people orient themselves using the night
sky. As an enthusiastic astronaut, in a short bond paper make your own
constellation using the THREE UNDEFINED TERMS such as point, line and plane to
make your own constellation. Explain your work in 2 to 3 sentences.

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 Rubrics for Scoring
CRITERIA OUTSTANDING SATISFACTORY DEVELOPING BEGINNING
4 POINTS 3 POINTS 2 POINTS 1 POINT
Explanation Explanation Explanation Explanation
shows shows shows gaps shows illogical
Mathematical thorough substantial in reasoning reasoning
Reasoning reasoning and reasoning
insightful
justification
The output are The output are Most part of Some of the
Accuracy correct and correct the output details are
shown in are correct correct
detail
The The The The
presentation is presentation is presentation presentation is
delivered in a delivered in a is delivered delivered in a
very clear manner. in a clear manner.
Presentation convincing Appropriate disorganized It does not use
manner. visual materials manner. any visual
Appropriate used. Some visual materials.
and creative materials are
visual used.
materials
used.

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 Let Us Reflect

Like, Heart and Sad Reacts

On the Like React, write three things that you have learned about the lesson.
On the Heart React, write two real-life situations where you can apply the concept
of sequence.
On the Sad React, write one question that you want to ask about the topic.

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 18
Let Us Pract ice
For Exercise 1:
Let Us T ry
For Act ivit y 2:
(The definition is
already given above)
Let Us T ry
For Act ivit y 1:
1. Point: t ip of the clock
hand, handle of t he
dr awer, eye of the
piggybank
2. Line: edge of the t able,
spear, edge of t he map
3. Plane: top of t he table,
surface of the book ,
floor sur face
Let Us T ry
4. Solid figure: book , clock, 1. A
2. A
lamp
3. B
4. B
5. C
Follow up Questions
1. Answer may vary
2. Answers may vary
Answer Key
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Let US Assess
1. D
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. B
7. D
8. B
9. C
10. D
11. B
12. A
13. C
14. A
15. B
Let Us Pr actice Mor e Let Us Pract ice
For Exer ci se 3: For Exercise 2:
A. A) Post ulat e 2: A plane
contains at least three
noncollinear points.
Illustration:
B)
1) Yes, all 3 planes parallel (e.g.
B. 3 floors in a building)
2) Yes, such as paddle wheel
3) Yes, 2 walls and floor
intersect at corner
4) Yes, floor parallel to ceiling
and vertical wall intersects
both
5) No, planes extend without
end so eventually the 2
planes intersect the 3rd plane
 References

Emmanuel P. Abuso, et.al., Mathematics Grade 8 Learner`s Module,

Department of Education- Bureau of learning Resources 2013, 333-337

David S. Gunderson, Handbook of Mathematical Induction: CRC press,2016,

27-39

Badripatro. (2016, August 8). Retrieved from badripatro.wordpress.com:

https://badripatro.wordpress.com/2016/08/08/lemma-theorem-

axi0m-statements/

CliffsNotes. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.cliffsnotes.com/

School District of Lacrosse. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.lacrosseschools.org/

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Davao City Division
Elpidio Quirino Ave., Poblacion District, Davao City, 8000 Davao del Sur

Telefax: (082) 224-3274, (082) 222-1672

E-mail Address: davao.city@deped.gov.ph

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