Geechee subject vat obect ‘Active: (@) ‘Mary Teiped? The boy. subject 0 Passive: (b) The boy’ washelped’ by Mary. “agent.” In (b): Mary is the agent Sentences (a) and (2) have the same meaning. Passive: be + past participle ‘Form ofthe passive: be + past particiols (He is | hoped byher. He was helped = by her, He willbe helped by her. ‘Active: (€) An accident happened fre are some common Passive: (e) (none) Intranstive verbs; they are never passive: appear, anv, ‘bolong, come, de, fal happen, 100k ik, occur resemble, 11-2 Tense Forms of the Passive Active Passive (a) simplepresent Mary habs the boy. The boy hreloed by Mary | (0) present progressive | Mary is hebing the boy, Theboy isbeing hheloed by Mary (o) present perfect” Mary has heiped theboy, Theboy hasbeen helped _ by Mary. (6) simple past Mary helped the boy. Theboy was hreloed by Mary (e) past progressive Mary was elping the boy. Theboy wasbeing helped _ by Mary. (1) past perfect” Mary hadhelbed —theboy.-—‘Theboy hadbeen helped by Mary. (9) simple tute Mary withelp the boy. Theboy willbe hheloed by Mary {n) Be going to Mary isgoing tohelp theboy. ‘They is going tobe helped by Mary (i) futurepertect” Mary wilhavehebed the boy. ‘The boy wilhave been helped by Mary. | 0) questions Js Mary helping the boy? ls theboy being helped by Mary? Did Mary help the boy? Was the boy hreloed by Mary? | Has Mary helped the boy? Has theboy been helped by Mary? | wil Mary hep the boy? Wit theboy be helped by Mary?Gee suri na) (a) Rice is grown in India Usually the passive i used without a by-phrase. The passive is most (©) Our house was dul in 1980. frequenty used when itis not known ornot important to know exactly, (6) This live oil wos imported from Crete. In (@: Rice is grown n india by people, by farmers, by someone. It is ‘ot known or impertant © know exactly who grows re in Indi. ‘Examples (a, (), and (c) ilustrate the mast common use ofthe passive, Le. without the éy-phrase, (8) My aunt made this rug. (active) I the speaker knows who performs an action, usually the active is used, asin(d {@) This rug was made by my aunt. Sometimes, even when speakers know who performs an action, they, ‘That rug was made by my mother. _cheose to use the passive with the by-phrase in order to focus attention (1) Huckleberry Finn was writen by L eEREPEREEEEENT Mark Twain. In (@): The focus of attention ison two rugs. In(f}; The focus is onthe book, but the by-phrase is included because | {it contains important information. Se Be aha Als Ee ee EL Passive form: modalt + be + past participle (3) Tom vt to inated tothe perc. {0} The window cant te cvenee | (©) Chicron shoud © {Bight torespec thle @ ‘ay! te crewed fromease? | (©) This book aa eter te feiuned tothe ibrar belore Fray. | {1} Ths eter ugh be font etore Jone tot aso te io Sout a rangein plans. | i spposedto te toa Stout he meeting. | Past-passive form: modal + havebeen + past participle | | (i) The eter should have boon sont last woek (i) Ths house ‘must-have Been bat over sODyeas age, | | tk) Ere couidt hav boon oifered thei, | ) ugh to _have been Invited to the partySeen ols {a) The door is oid (0) The door is groen {€) The door is fockec. (@) locked the door fve minutes ago. {(e) The door was locked by me five minutes ago, (4) Now the door is locked la) Ann broke the window yesterday. {8} The window was brexen by Am (0) Now he windows rote (J) |.am intorestd in Chinese art (k)_Ho is satistioa with bis job. (1) Ana is married to Alex. () | don't know where | am. 1am os. (n) ant find my purse. tis gone. (0) Lam finished with my work. {(®) am done with my work. ee locked sa past participle. tis used as an ‘Sentences (r)-p) are examples of idiomatic usage of the passive form in common, everyday English. These ‘sentences have no equivalent active sentences, BNA Cc uurouce Cok cum Lees (2) interest in Grook cule. (©) He swerved aboutlosing his job. ‘be concerned ‘be composed be excited about be made be worried be tired bedisciminated against be frightened be scared beknown |] be teniied be prepared be qualified for ‘be accustomed ‘be remembered ‘be addicted bbe wellknown ‘be committed ‘be connected be divorced ‘be dedicated beexhausted | ja, be devoted begone ‘be engaged be protected bbe exposed belied be crossed be married be interested io ‘be opposed belocated be rolated be disappointed | jn wien be involved san Gu ealat tons Many stative verbs are folowed by prepositions other than by bbe acquainted ‘be assoclatod ‘be cluttered ‘be crowded ‘be done ‘be equipped be fled bb fnihed be pleased ‘be provided bo satisfied wth ‘be annoyed ‘be bored with ‘be covered11-7 The Passive with Get Got + Adjective (2) 1m getting hungry. Let's eat soon, Get may be folowed by certain ajecves. Get gives the idea of change ~ the idea of becoming, beginning to (©) | stopped working because | got sleepy. = In (a: Pm geting hungry = | wasnt hungry before, but row I'm beginning to be hungry. ‘Common adjectives that follow get angry ‘old tat unary uiet ta ancious ‘comfortable ‘ull late ready thirsty bas ark ‘good light rich warn Detter zy hard mad ‘pe wal big easy healthy nervous ‘serious wet busy empty heavy ‘noisy sick worse chilly tarnous hot old sleepy Get + Past Participle (©) 1 stopped working because got ted. {@) They are getting married next month (0) You drt wash the shes. (1) The dishes air get washed ‘Common past participles with get ‘get accepted (fr into) ‘gt dressed (in) ‘get invited (to) ‘et accustomed to {96 drunk on) ‘et involved (with) {get acquainted (with) (get elected (1) {get kale (by, with) (get arested (or) {get engaged (to) {et lst (n) ‘0tbored (wth. {get excited (about) ‘et married (0) ‘et confused fabout) ‘get fnished (with), ‘get prepared fo) ‘get crowded (with) ‘gat xed (oy) ‘get Scared (of) ‘get divorced (rom) ‘get hut fy) (get sunburmed ‘et done (with) 96t intrested fo) {et worted fabout)phe Be Aue In (a): The noun problem does something; &contuses. Thus, |S deserbed as a “confusing problem” The students are contused by the problem, ‘They are contuse students In (B) The students are confused by something. Thus, they ‘ae described as confused students.” — The story amuses the chidron, In (@): The noun story performs the action, isan smusing = The children are amused by the story They are amused chilcren In (4 The noun eitdren receives the action,