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Effects of ingesting highly branched cyclic dextrin

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during endurance exercise on rating of perceived
exertion and blood components associated with
energy metabolism
a b c d
Takashi Furuyashiki , Hidenori Tanimoto , Yasuhiro Yokoyama , Yasuyuki Kitaura , Takashi
a d
Kuriki & Yoshiharu Shimomura
a
Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Co. Ltd, Osaka, Japan
b
Fine Chemicals Sales Department, Glico Nutrition, Ltd, Osaka, Japan
c
Life Science Products Department, Mitsubishi Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
d
Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences,
Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Published online: 31 Jul 2014.

To cite this article: Takashi Furuyashiki, Hidenori Tanimoto, Yasuhiro Yokoyama, Yasuyuki Kitaura, Takashi Kuriki &
Yoshiharu Shimomura (2014) Effects of ingesting highly branched cyclic dextrin during endurance exercise on rating
of perceived exertion and blood components associated with energy metabolism, Bioscience, Biotechnology, and
Biochemistry, 78:12, 2117-2119, DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.943654

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2014.943654

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 Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 2014
Vol. 78, No. 12, 2117–2119

Note
Effects of ingesting highly branched cyclic dextrin during endurance exercise
on rating of perceived exertion and blood components associated with energy
metabolism
Takashi Furuyashiki1, Hidenori Tanimoto2, Yasuhiro Yokoyama3, Yasuyuki Kitaura4,
Takashi Kuriki1 and Yoshiharu Shimomura4,*
1
Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Co. Ltd, Osaka, Japan; 2Fine Chemicals Sales Department, Glico
Nutrition, Ltd, Osaka, Japan; 3Life Science Products Department, Mitsubishi Corporation, Tokyo, Japan;
4
Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of
Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Received May 15, 2014; accepted July 2, 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2014.943654
Downloaded by [Michigan State University] at 21:32 27 February 2015

We compared the effect of relatively low doses
(15 g) of highly branched cyclic dextrin (HBCD)
with that of maltodextrin during endurance exercise
on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in a cross-
over, double-blind study of healthy volunteers. The
RPE increased during exercise and its increase was
significantly less at 30 and 60 min after ingesting
HBCD than maltodextrin.
Key words: highly branched cyclic dextrin; endur-
ance exercise; rating of perceived exer-
tion; blood glucose; humans
Novel, highly branched cyclic dextrin (HBCD) pro-
duced from waxy corn starch using a branching
enzyme has an average molecular weight of 400,000
with a narrow size distribution.1) Sports drinks include
HBCD as a carbohydrate component because it has
high solubility, low viscosity, and is tolerant to retro-
gradation.1) Gastric emptying time is shorter for drinks
containing HBCD compared with glucose and standard
dextrin due to having a much lower osmotic pressure2)
and this also results in less gastrointestinal disorders
developing in humans during exercise.3) In addition,
administering 0.5 g/kg body weight (BW) of HBCD to
mice4) and 1.5 g/kg BW to humans reportedly increases
exercise endurance.1) However, the concentration of
carbohydrate in sports drinks is relatively low (<10%)
to promote gastric emptying,2,5) and thus, only a lim-
ited amount of carbohydrate is consumed during exer-
cise. The present study compares the effects of a
relatively low dose (15 g) of HBCD with those of mal-
todextrin during endurance exercise on the rating of
perceived exertion (RPE) and blood components asso-
ciated with energy metabolism.
Soiken Inc. (Osaka, Japan) recruited 24 healthy male
volunteers aged between 25 and 39 (average, 34.8 ±
4.0) years and a body mass index of 23.7 ± 2.7 (mean
± S.E.). The exclusion criteria comprised food allergies,
blood donation (≥200 or ≥400 mL within 1 or 3
months, respectively), or previously diagnosed with
cardiovascular, endocrine, metabolic, respiratory, liver,
or renal disorders requiring treatment. The Ethics Com-
mittee of Fukuda Internal Medicine Clinic approved the
study protocol. Physicians provided the volunteers with
a description of the study and all of them provided
written informed consent to participate in compliance
with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Two test drinks were prepared by dissolving 15 g of
HBCD (Ezaki Glico Co. Osaka, Japan) or maltodextrin
(average molecular weight of 23,600, Glucidex 19D;
Roquette Frères, Lestrem, France) in 200-mL distilled
water. The sweetness of the drinks was adjusted with
sucralose, and we confirmed that they were indistin-
guishable for taste.
All participants in this double-blind, randomized,
crossover consumed one test drink, then the other
2 weeks later. We randomly assigned the participants to
two groups. The VO _ 2max was measured at least 2
weeks before the first experiment. The average
_ 2max for 24 subjects was 37.0 ± 1.2 mL/kg BW/
VO
min. All participants refrained from vigorous physical
exercise on the day before and during the experiments
and maintained their regular dietary habits. The partici-
pants consumed the same meal on the day before the
experiment by 21:00, and ingested only water thereaf-
ter. After an overnight fast, the participants reported to
the clinical laboratory at around 09:00 am They con-
sumed plain bread (2 kcal/kg BW) to avoid becoming
hypoglycemic during the exercise, rested for 60 min,
and then started exercise using an Aerobike 75XL-II
bicycle ergometer (Konami Sports & Life Co. Tokyo,
Japan) at 40% VO _ 2max for 30 min and then at 60%
_VO2max for 90 min (total 2 h of exercise). The partici-
pants consumed one of the drinks at 1 h after starting

*Corresponding author. Email: shimo@agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp

Abbreviations: HBCD, highly branched cyclic dextrin; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acid; RPE, rating of perceived exertion.

© 2014 Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry

 2118 T. Furuyashiki et al.
Downloaded by [Michigan State University] at 21:32 27 February 2015
Fig. 1. RPE measured using Borg scale before and after ingesting
HBCD and maltodextrin. (A) RPE; and (B) changes in RPE after
ingestion.
Note: Values are presented as means ± SE *p < 0.05 and †p < 0.01
vs. maltodextrin at same time point. HBCD, highly branched cyclic
dextrin.
exercise. The RPE was measured and blood was col-
lected from the brachial vein immediately before and at
15, 30, and 60 min after ingesting a test drink. We then
determined values for plasma glucose, lactic acid, and
ketone bodies (3-hydroxybutyric acid + acetoacetate), as
well as serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and
Fig. 2. Concentrations of blood glucose, lactic acid, NEFA, and ketone bodies before and after ingesting HBCD and maltodextrin.
Note: Values are presented as means ± SE HBCD, highly branched cyclic dextrin.
insulin using conventional clinical methods: plasma
glucose and insulin by BML Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) and
lactic acid, ketone bodies, and NEFA by Oriental Yeast
Co. Ltd, (Tokyo, Japan). Data were statistically ana-
lyzed using Stat Mate III 3.14 software (ATMS Co.
Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). Differences in RPE between trials
of the two test drinks were assessed using a two-tailed
Wilcoxon signed-rank test and differences in blood
components were analyzed using a two-tailed paired
Student’s t-test. Values with p < 0.05 were accepted as
indicating statistically significant differences.
The values of RPE measured during exercise (before
and 15, 30, and 60 min after ingestion) were not signif-
icantly different between HBCD and maltodextrin
ingestion but tended to be lower after consuming
HBCD than maltodextrin (Fig. 1(A)). Therefore, we
calculated changes in RPE after ingestion of the test
drinks, and the results showed that the increase in RPE
at 30 and 60 min after ingestion was significantly lower
after consuming HBCD than maltodextrin (Fig. 1(B)).
Both drinks increased blood glucose concentrations,
which showed a peak at 15 min after ingesting both
drinks, and the blood glucose concentrations at time
measured point were not significantly different between
two drinks (Fig. 2). We further calculated the increase
in the blood glucose concentration after ingestion of
the drinks, and the level of the increase at 15 and 60
min after ingestion was same between two drinks, but
that at 30 min after ingestion tended to be higher in
ingesting HBCD than maltodextrin (5.1 ± 2.1 vs. 2.0 ±
1.8 mg/dL, p < 0.1). Fig. 2 shows that concentrations
of blood lactic acid, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA),
and ketone bodies after ingesting both drinks did not
differ at any time measured point and neither did
changes in blood insulin concentrations (data not
shown). The mechanism responsible for suppressing
 Branched cyclic dextrin effects on RPE
RPE elevation during exercise after ingesting HBCD
was not clear, but it might be associated with the abil-
ity of HBCD to supply glucose energy for a longer per-
iod and its shorter gastric emptying time.1,2,4) Further
study is required to clarify the detailed mechanism
responsible for lower RPE after ingesting HBCD than
maltodextrin during exercise.
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