Abstract fading #24 mechanism] 195047} 9674 Uol NS BE AAs oS a wale] Aue wale astsk= Sa AMO] ASH AIO, 3 - OMe high-fremency (HF) Wet Sea Selol ASSIST, 300MHe - IGHe ultera-high-frequencyst 3-30 GHe super-high-frequency Wo} we elo ABS1SIC, OE 2IC}o 4] Awol} fading SIV} ASM UBM AYA WS] 017} SOE BPSD gz] BYES OF UAW SUM fadng 2 SHE ESEC om esac Oo] EES BEL HKU SaA]AWCCHeE oF AAW gE SE VHF wise 42] Agel fedingS WEL Part (S 7472) fading2] manifestationst Zl aul use Bee aac Pathe 28 SOS Weel ade Be zolcy Rayleigh Fading Channels in Mobile Digital Communication Systems Part 1- Characterization EAMAMS Po HS7 ZAUSII] AGS WOH RES Bae Bal eas BEA ALA AS WA TSAWGN) AY APT Oratched-fiter) SAS. NR MS BAS os Hu 2] Waa 1a as Se azo @ Megas wis} es Bat SIS SEh49171 3 Bae ua ob m2 0 =the guice ¢ 3g2 daugol aaa Bet AeA Zero-mem MSA AP 38 UEESE THICOd) 2 Eto] 24S Sag JAS BEUE OS GAS UW Aifatmosphere)E Bas] Chelan sh 8) HS Ale} BeLONCY, SF Wee SASH ste, S719] SHE AMES AMS OF opt APE SH S(ES SAR Fe aH BR 205s WSs) Hat SLE ERIS OIE WERE FPWo qos Uae, BALE olattidealized a ARS BBL SAI 4.417] Ab] AF oa] Bale 4 7S wal (inverse-squere)o} U2} = 278iC} Sag deo] agol4 eae gee BEE oath losd EE ASE: space toss)12D HEE 7 L, (dol SHA BASIC, SAHILIE SY wy Sz Zo] Baad, Liha (Ae? w a7 Aa, AS ABSA BONE olagigl Aue ae + oat TS atCh, Ae Aaph wg 2A Baoiy Waste ueeo Yea Awe aA RST Aw BGS AY SAW Asses oLasizIol= Aas) Qh 24 OSE AAA A) Sally USARS Ba Aa71E ageth olagt Sag USA Aue ah, 2 awk sag deo a3, 4g Jaz EW2Kenge of arriving HES opie StCh Aen USAE SgoE Sow BES wo. SE MELA Tae scintillation ZT 1 DAMGF) ae SE We Aelsoly 1S wes) wel 22 Auge Belz was OP ste SSE fadingS SBSb7) Hey APSA} fading Z} scintitiation, 0] = SHE 2139) WE THE(cignal’s random fluctuation) EE USSE AaKmuttipath BSA lola de Sas HAApolg] ig dene iio propagation) B27/E fading eta Hct, Oo] = Pols] #2 Ao] S, scintillation BERU BA AS mechanism (AE SF 2S ZEUS ZO, fading®| BM}B 3017] Ae end-to-end Bega AAD BAS Bedag] Zl AWGN BUE 4 828Cy, MoesiLe Rapio PROPAGATION Larce-Scae Fanine ano SmALL-Scace Favine AVE dng WY BUA WIS LERCH az2 1S 5ae = due ee large-scale fading? BA Ue Ae BAS ERICH in i ia 3 fading £312] EE ae aus 2 Aaa Sa uy Z01Cy APIO large-scale fading manifestation= $31, 2, 12730] OAS BFALEGtn power low! eo Wet log-nomallys}7] BAtel B49) B28oe Beaty small-seale fading2 S274 22a Sala SAMO 4 WEQLEGUE Fe EASE Aaa Asaso4 eek We + Teh. 2819) 4 52h6 S52 small-scalear | Seas] saaaas 1 ars Se] [os Se) [a] ls] le] WM Figure 1 Fading chamet manifestations fading®] = mechanismol Al AS aa} Neo] AZEAMES AES] BAh), Ae 4) B(time-varien) SS ENACT, S-sA7|Aolo] S42 APSE BS} SH0)7| WE Fa ABH4 ABS 4) 2} SK time-varient)O1Ct, Olea Az} 229] BSSS fading FE (dng 39 He8)e 22a, small-scale fading Ure} US etAba et BD AS 47 lA (ine-of-sight}S Az) SEG eis] Neo] BAAS SALES Agel pate SBs7] Heo 2] De] fading Rayleigh fading )0] 2a. a ABA FE Pals nonfading NE PARAM YS Mh small-scale fading BMS Rician pat BEST. [3) Be ASo4 OF FA roaming= large-scale fading ol] small-scaleS = fading SHH2] ASE Ae] S|OjOF Sc, ole Bal Awol A eaiajol 44 2FA| 21% mechanism 3H}, 2g, Erol B] 9 WiReflection= AHH AAT RFA BHM ada wma we 2 Wag JH) BEE Bel eee a wepecy © 12 Ditfraction)S $1719 #27019 BI LASIE MH BA al agele 25 UE BECUuE WH BAS UDA We 2 82s 7H) pas SAo} os wars of waste Age & 014 THE A BE SAA SAIS AF OAS AVE Boley 12a (tration tid S BS 4 GE WeHBoL 1H JAS BARE F171 a O18 + 9171 WiEo} Shadowingol2}DE aa. # 8eGcattering)S FA BY} ee! HAS BE WYSE scatieEE J olso] FS 2E OW BBO Aes a off 2 AA BML eee ml LICE 20th EXSS 14 8A Vs WBS sade ASSIS, VES, UEP} gic sue stt)o] 2 AVE US YEO BEY Sag Hole, 7 2S small-scale fading®] = 7171 manifestation, YE AHA SBN Aid AWW ABS RAH Hotty, ogame olmg = ZS2 Ie S87, 10, an largeseale fading 132 160A] LEAR 213 Zo] |Z BS U4 = aed Bae Aor, US BUS Ae SS 9 112 120 ee: WENA AAR 4ih4 Ba] IL sate ees 4] AMAlfat) Oe fading 2A HSS | feels Rath smal fading Scraltsle AUS] manifestation®l $2]= 1, 15, 172 | tower eee Lol} WERE ZANE] fast ES bent Bc slow-fading® 244 fading 2a) SHES Bead, I Figure 2, Link-buoyer consiieratons for Belo] Vol UEHYE label ZF dual 2 fading channel Fol BBE AIG. Bee I Bas pasa AWE Bee S804 wa dese AG SESUs Bl GW DA Hors ra = 8) * AD (2) O14 IH) Jee gaecy O18 IE Sat Bt, aa 6 4 ch o 7849 Ba AE STS erg-ccle | FE VUE MS Eee. fadingol 71912} motile radios] 34 r( US2 Zo] o BEASEU TEAS S 5-8eB)OIA WE Ws F AY] RAE UDO 4 a3] 298 Dat we EE 20, large-scale fading O15. # necr-worst-case AYZ Rayleigh) FE m(Q=m(d x rad @ small-scalel fading ©] 5 (ABASS D308), m(WE large-scale fading 7322012, vq(O% small-scale tading?l2h2 $1Ct, Poa w1-2%" BALE BASE EA 2 wens Lee BS ASR EN m(0 m(t}2] 371 tong-normat pat petal Bo 2 oe res & Oe (EE WA Bo 48g) 3717) BS 12 BS Bel OSS fading Gaussian pat JHICh)o leh BBB 4 Bel Af Bat ot sere] +8 S1LEE local mean EE tog-normatfading BE + SIC, r= Multipath EE Rayleigh Fadingo| 2h Sct, 1 32 large-scab fading} small-scale fading BAS SBC, AB@we 1S 4 ae ade AZAY rod CHL Bs(AsAce nae] US ER Sach, small-scale fading large-scale fading sol ASS Ag al Hols 4 ach, small-scaledz 34 Ab|o] AHA SreILE BAS WEF BF DHE SEO, 283 (b)OA large-scale fading O1Lb ASIA mB=S AW Bs SH Deol AR small-scale fading rg()3 AAS) AaHM AA SI SAC, Us ¥£045 BAAoe WM Figure 3. Large-scale fading and smat-scale facing ‘QB large-scale Z small-scale fading2) mechanisms $4 Ett, Lance-Scace Faowne : Patu-Loss MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION 0] EFA (mobile radio) SBS Aah Okumura YAO] Seu} sole} EE 7a) BAZ Bel7] At aad ae WSR] 23 aa] Be Ep(d), SAAS #271 Aho1e] d= BA al este If TE (ratio), Ext es one @ Ep(de oH Foizl alah Bol WAS BoC Ed (4B) = LC dy) (aB) + Wakes @ PDA dg AU] Ae Aol 2 ao eee. ASALE 2,9 WS 2 IS Km, DOSE BS 100m, WY ALS ime 24a0U, Ep Oe dz F014 Bl Be Be: ole Minimum Mean-Squared estimate (VMSE)S A AS HY Linear Regression} 10n dB/decade2] 7]3713 Jal WAS BSE ( dy BUh At Z AS ) log-log sale A Ey(d Hh ce UEMEE Aesic, ASB n= 24, GIy Zo), T2ID Au} B20) aera. AKSUoA WHA iof BE A nz ork Qe deg ae a 2 oe (EA) AzoAW ol SAG Ae nol woo aS AE oth waH7t LS wy ngh= AIC SAUTER AA aoQl e a = 100mo1 44 Sao Blan La iid rio Ho ob 08 po Uy ke A oR ap Hip flo rae pe 2 Hie sod 4 ae J kl ofl ef J ro ofl ott AW ARES LOE Ts 8a ws X21 FOE OSI Vo] UE + SAC [3] L n(4B)= L 9(4B) + W0atoe(—$-) + Xo(dB) (6) Xf ESMAMGBE EY) oF 721 zero-mean Gaussian random variableS UERECH Xo= sted Halo} IZeIC, XB At Bol BAS we O/H 6-10dB EE I 6] atyl Ao] geiaiel 2o1ch AU} HAT SBE large-ccaleol Jide aeeus Biase Bee ay BH S27] Bel EMTS Ua} 2h © 712A ay «© B22g Aan © XA o oils BE JHE, SmALL-Scace Favine STATISTICS AND MECHANISMS $28 a7} OSs da Sat la (fading HAGE ) BES Poe tye TH ZE9] AES Rician fading let ME Rician pot JAE small-scale fadingol] 7] 913#C} 8] WM Figure 4 Path loss versus aistence measured in several German cites fading]a] gS Bhat SB (specular componente} tC}, BASES AH] Alzero)ol 2 Hol, augHeyy 2H0]A]eh pat= Chea BO] 2 Ue](Fayleigh) patel S2EIct. eo ye oP ae forr2 a= 0 otherusse re #4 159 BSH US Tanz 267 YSAedeg Am RAO, 4 Wel Bal SUE random EE cnt, a gel ae NES BRYSON, AU} AAA So] Al DQ pate worst case fading SF 2 Vz BAAsa Bol ay fading = ae a geacsuRa & o|0| 8g age eee oHILt AAS ES = Se 2A OH Au Ag Sy28 By AZ manifestation®! ip be 2 ot ob an kt we 12 a of J ont rt a AS AlZHS fading #82) ¥) 2) 22(ronoptimm) YEA sea 4) 2134 manifestation ASS] AVE behavior Agae eae gage ote] SA ES SZ Ae} A gic, 28 So] 7S Ao ot Ale = tuys] a 4 BS] time -variant) eu ash EG ams de ultra-high-frequency(UHF) Was gece 22 1 abs} 2669) BB e}S} personal cormmunication service(PCS) # i} Bee aqiuD JHC AUD BS 4, 5 6014 LEME 212 omall-scale @ Antenna postion #1 RE lbehevion attire ty ~ Delay time ‘Antenna postion #2. ZED a(profile)s BOZC, lol tet Aa) Ato]g] 2S fadines F 72] Sey iner 0.4 a °1CHL2) mechanism? & 8233] encore AE UWS ZERO aa. A BEZOICH, i 22) a ae ous age |p wily sg eae uag gag Az 72 ASI 2a, #2ktime-speading) 22 deg 4,39, Eg & Deine’ | ayn aad Bat pltioom®= S301 gw igure § Resvonce of muta ZEUQOA IA 42) sae aa chanel to 9 narrow purse aay 7a behavior versus deay, a5 2 tneton of 120] SRSA AS antenna postion EthABS Ole | small-scale iading mechanismS( ZF EE AIF AS TaD i$ EE £3q O18) = 298} Zoid. 2210] mechanism} YH] Gals 271 aa AAR 4 Ch A1Z aol Ge See a mechanim 41+ $498 SSspl g SAG 2 4 SS S20812h ABBE Tea AZ sat mechansm= UE 2S A Bory AZ AGA ALS BI] OAT BThH aece S388 4 Le 201th 4B) Saal 212+ SEK time-variant) mechanism 43 $7]412Hchannel coherence time) © = 4) Al2F SA ofA} 22D AY Ole (channel-fading) ES Ez O|(Doppler-shit}24 ESA sso 543} 2 4 2d. 0/2 mechanism2} |g} SZ Zeal Baa US Eq 4 BE SBSA Wah 2A BOIL, Biock 7—THE MULTIPATH INTENSITY PROFILE fading BWS Ae VRE WHS Belbol S134 SABI SICH 3] LE wide-sense stationary uncorrelated scattering WSSUS)2] YS A NCH a age aes ge Ag soe JID EGS 1s 88s GEC. Awe ASE AZ ale aol WSS7} SEAMS 2S A S104, 181 fading W284 THe BES spay Belbt BE A113} #3}40) 321317] ag ee Jd B+ a. OS WAS AH DBS Oo] BSE, BE 74E WAI Use Ze Sale 187 @AM S¥IG AL wUYS TV] S4z ol Wee RARE AONE 2e7 @1 US8E VE ZEUS (multipath intensity 195340 Ich In profile) Str) wh AlZE Tregpaag re TEREST Sree anton Prana es en, nn ii eat [ ere oer | AG ch SPAT, S(c)al St AAS" a aes Aga Bt Fa) Sopp) EO] Ak AG ce EC] AAS ICH, Alo] 4 wal od reaaney ot ‘ie a een ae Hae &: ae aawnes a es Tees ae ee am ge — geal ane Mi Figure 6 Smat-seale facing mechanisms, degradation ‘pngersth MEE categories, and effects SOS Ae BAe SIGNAL TIME-SPREADING VIEWED IN THe Time-DeLay Doman : Fig.1,agony SS pean, 14, 16] US8z 2E Bema 49S Aa Bus YeS0] ABS) At 2st lie] = 2BACIZ, TJS AH ASD gf 2452 USSE VE 2 ot ato oN AwASS 2 (threshold vel) Ost= Boi 7S SUS] AW 2 AA (maximum excess delay) 2 LEHR, AMAZE AM thweshold level)S 7'T Se 225 ae oletel 10 EE awe 222 200, oO] 842] A)AW AAT (zero excess delay) S(o)9] Bee Aa Bz 4d A8a ee SAB JH) aad gear Pee Ae 25s, DEGRADATION CATEGORIES DUE TO Sienat Time-SpREADING VIEWED IN THe Time-DELay Domain fading AWOL AI] Aa} BAW Ty Ja #e 4K T, AbI BA = AS] ue 24 5 1uil #889 Jaa Ie bol VERE A Zo] Sahe ‘AWAY fadingtlrequency selective fading) AS 0] 44 fadinalhreauency nonselective fadng)2] BLE Bo + suck Ago Wee T> TA ae auaolin WE + Ich 0] AYE ¥e9 ee USaE 247 2 2718 am 2 mG Bee A189] Jat Usae Bde AA BEL aH ONISIE BS SH IST a2 adc. AHA fading 2A BRS EOE OBS charnel-induced ISI O|Th, 3E4 82) fading? B20 SAE 2450] +2710) ey Hae + 9171 Zo1 |B] BSE SSI, Oo] EES) Part TAS O24 A] BS lee Seach HO] Wt Ta < TyQ B+ flat-fading EE S5}4 uy] Pezioleia sey 0] 39 4a RE sae USaE RASS PE A127 B|(symbol time duration) Gol ESI ABE YE A Bebo] RSE 225 Zo] S23 Bo] gaa channel-induced ISIE Tt. OIE O18] BS VAI ge IEE Ae Aa 2450] SNRWA BI DAS ReeHE ate lO] sich Et AA flat-fadngot BRE ul WEE Fie dyy yzoe By 3h ge sia flet-fadingol 7108t= SURO 28S au 28 Jeo ze eae 4 AOI dale aad ae T}O| HAE] (diversity) 2} of AES OH ule] AME ote AS 72 aBe wpyoiny. aa 428 cial SIGNAL TIME-SPREADING VIEWED IN THE TiME-DELAY DOMAIN Fis. 1, Block 10—THe MuttiratH Intensrry ProriLe ge Sah t r itr pay ie Bik i tae a Aq Al (bool Sais] Szt Rape 14: (designated spaced-correlation 7h Ae of a2 iu Kw re oft Et feb 5 32 i ® ftfunction)® [R(ANIG+E BAEC. O1AE 8(e)2 Hele VOI. IRCADIE = ME AO] HaHa Gees = ded ay sum gee EHEC, Ole sale ad AwESe Be 4 SU. TEES 12 42 mantecttion’ BAS Hao] 20 B 4 0, [RCaplol Bet AAS * Foto] BT A= f\- AB FUG 4a Te sols] HRW? YE Sgol ut gol zee @ ert, |R(4|2 46 = Bale] dq 77] Be U2 ever-larger 22] 4f S KI aS OF Bol ESE Sasol Bao e Bas] N& Bol olsH AHEE ACAD & Wag 7ENSE ate IEE UE 4 Skt. EI] WSS (coherence bancioidt) fy AGO] Ae] SSH OST Ae aS JH] RE AWEG 248 BIKE ay] Bae 2 28. Wao] SAA SBolch AU S71 Wass 4 2e gad eB as wae Edad. ARE AS SO} fading JAD a] fading SUSE 2h SAKE WY ago lai FS BE Yeo Ae AMEY 2450]C, fot Ty2 TEASE GEIS AS Azshe, WeAoe Ie USE Ql Ve + Shh for Pw @) QUST AS Ted UE AOA BE HS WE Tat AS Zola NSCEN HS UE BeWIs avsy) =o] HBA FA AAW] ABA S22 Aaa 2 UEMEd Best] on YS S88 AG Ba S22 root men cquaretmsIG BY 0,5] BASE SS Sagat (3) @*= 8zq As, , AAD 9/E (=) 2a SY BSWE | Tals) 13] 571 ASR 7 Baiel Be BE Sash GD 58 aol anata ale Bd 4959 os ea(geace al Te BF amg, 72s VE)LESY FA 7] Wael ch, 19) dense-scatterer 13 2BO]2a -410-any £21 / 7, Je We wet DAC LS Ts Wee AS Bu AwAoletD sch, SHE WE AAW filtering EE ole WZ BU(CPSK | quatemary phase shift keying, MSK : minimum shift keying) “ino, (2) ops 1 f T,CHS Bolt, #ij- FHA fading A azo) fl 1 Bor ARSE ABBAS AREW ¥0] Ago] Sey SS sta ) wag IE age AA ge oy eaetc, qoute 7VIS MSS BAR copetence bendwidth®] IPE WOE as AWEG g¥o @¥e se a coherence bandwidth U4 oj ae 2¥2 elms GEA @eg Ug old. oon . | We Aw 2 UK} Basa ~—— ee 6% | aes Gol aaso at. Try Maxi excess delay 1 Spxctralbrondening 2) Mapeth ircanattyprofie eal 1) Spaced requency orreution funeon © Seria 9 Doppler power spectnim Tox Ur, Coherence ene frequency-nonselective EE flt fading AS > W IATL waded, aaBe BE AS AMeg SARE Weeding EE no fading OLA Ao] oly Bars Ue 201ch, Ole Te 8 (byl BAO} ach. Flat-fading= chamnel-induced IST Ae UEM Z| 22 3s 2aS ASI} fading] SBS WS OI SNRS] £8 plein @ 4 Sieh channel-induced ISI 3S Hs}?] a ro I Figure 7 Relationships among the ctannel comelaton funetions and power density tuncton bar a3) DEGRADATION CATEGORIES DUE TO SIGNAL TIME-SPREADING VIEWED IN THE FREQUENCY DoMAIN “1 asa ASS OSI Vo] 27SICh, fy > We 4 wa) LA chamnel coherence bandwidth fy= PAIAA equalizers A}SS}7] SD ABE transmission rate®] upper limit? 7-32Ch, fo > WEE Tus TQ Zola flat-fading? 320] Us WE aia flt-fadnee THOS LENE 2oIC. agevy Soe cnity bh yn im Spetralcenty Space density +#— 5 ——_+4| ‘@)Typies nactocing case (f, > 9 + an (0 Mul of cherna requeney-trarter funtion seeursor signal band cater (y= Wh fle-fadng 2S VIE ALE BRE o1S Ba AES SH tht-fedings UE # @th ft WHO Ba FAEET OL TBO 82 ASDA eet Tye ©] two rpc requneyecie teangeme = | x) 2I0] @ Aug ZOTCh ee Bio} 2H 2s (a)2] fading SES) At SUAS ol Pash ad. 271 irequency-selective fading a1Zo ay aha SiC Typical EXamPLe oF FLAT FADING AND FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE FADING 18 9E Ds/ss 4148 Eels] flat-fadngit #2}+ 2-3 fading 2] 87/2 84 34, I Figure 8. Rektinships between the channel frequency-transter function and 2 signal oanowioth W— ya}2)2¥]9) 3] 0] Ch, AU mobile radio A AaB RHE qh sag dee ane 4a 22 Boldt, 1S fy > W U7 452 28S GW A2b) ORE 228 (col BH SC, ane ane a Bese de waz SUA BR, ol zi] Pasta JA DC Seo] ey) 2010 Jo 13H 28 9444 PN ZE Aeb)9] S59] 4 AS ABD ARS (AS ES as WASPS 287 Bay 22714 eels UEPACL, amy SH Bee ae ges 10] OW2} 27H] BA Sy 2 FI (chip duration) BAZ UlchiplS BA ABEDS ala 37] DC £2] Aa zero-mean value2 keying EA TEU, Bust Hole BIE B42] He BA auate] S401, 197] Yoo EMSS] SHA vSmo] = DBI HII Bea El ASE BAlie] A Mia EBC, eA u]S YO] Hat-fadingtrms Hafoq] |= SARKE TASC. ABS LEA BEEAGE WS The SH tadngS BAe] S 2 22 Be AS aE a AI Bol Wal #4e AS BE SC, scintillation®] Ws AS-AFF2 Bal 2895 OE FH Hol ABS 4 VE 4 24 OS Aeaeol gee we BS At Se ep oSste OS -42-SE Heo] et ABalad dees Sasol ch geaia Ds/ssAlanola St Je 2u. wy 12 s@)2] Hee Seal Aqe SAE fy Pat S71 W880] 7] Bs AMER ae USED Ve Ae ACh, Ol8S aol Fale Bl aa AUS GUM0RD ¥E 4 IGE Ae UERECH AWS WMA fy T=0.25014 TE #2 2 uMZgE JH) dos EBSD WG TB USS ge Agee 1 19] 25%9) BC, AUS CMA fy T= 0.1014 de Bae Y 2 2 uewe 208 7K) ASE BUS WY vests Be AUAuHYS THIEN BRE 4 0] EE] Part TAME chip ABA Sus Auael ayo BA SapstS Ds/ss NAGS ¥F AA(ymba level 42] Rr} AYA AZo] ee 4) Sexe AS MUGS AS BAS, Time VARIANCE VIEWED IN THE Time Doma : Fig. 1, Block 13-THE Spacep-T ime CORRELATION FUNCTION As Fe Jeet lel we 2 Bnew S-sa Apo] S22e] AHASE ov 213171 EO} AZ BSOICE ula] DHS 1S] SILA radio SQ1E Yeo Vso a] Hae aSth. ASS ORE cratterer $0] stationay2D FPSstH, UWA motiono] Rea ila so ASM ave VAsh| ID motion®| 87] CHA] time-variant} IC. R(4)( A2] A12F 2-2 2E correlations ASCE 2esol ae ad gol autocorrelation +S 4 spaced-time correlation function 9|Tt, coherence time( Ty) HS] SEO) AZALE veins AIS time duration 2150144 StolAE wideband signal 018-8194 signal dispersion Z} coherence B.W Hg 91 time-variant arrowband signal?) aHCh R(4S SBsh) sei ste] Aa0e wud sae aso awl fading rapicity®] JRE BASIch 142191 time-invariant aol HAHA mobile radio7} 114! motion LEENA) 8 RL ape a -43-2S Wh), WSIS BE 4 Yor aay — FU EI AH at Batol Zee UAID RUS YF B+ (constant SAS THIGE Aol wet AZ Bolol function)®] Ch, ust ie 2c. dense stattererIAU Ua See gg FE TG F ABA Ee a uw] ES ummodulated CW signal wh, Bags ERR, nomalized RAGE RAB = CIRS BS 10g shell Sak Ss Biol UE RD, 25+ aetoH 4 ACAVAHOS FA ASMA AS AVISBHES OIC mechanisma LES THe Concert oF DuaLiry ZBL mechanioma AZ Y xo} AT Alaa BUSS Tae DEGRADATION CATEGORES DUE TO. 212e B18 FA Ctime or time-deley)O1A) #}L7F sag = @tKfunction, elements or eystems)= Sho} Balt Fal trequency or Doppler shitt)ol4| CHE Sai} galae. awa see WEY HAR UEME gee 3th = a +b awe iW ofp 2 wk Se ct a oe B40 on 2 ayOtithe 2 bfgn Ot ete ewni in qn Ml Figure 9 05/55 matcheo-tter ouput Hine-histeey for three level for channel conation, where Teg ise tine duration of & on oo ar sia 8 2 opp + tt Se x2 ajo Le 2 RIVE S Al -414- TIME VARIANCE VIEWED IN THE TIME DoMAIN APSOIL fading 491 mechaniem®] WBS Ie 60H UE = aio] 2a ae WERE 4 Ich fast-fadng 0121 301E Tos TAA AS BAP 125210), Tye A BB AOD AS A AZ F701 fest-fadng? AE Bue aul al awl 2122 B21 BA BLDS]E 212b 4719] AWE BARICE AMEE AES fading SBS awo] AGE g A1zHeF 01D 71 ae BA Yo] GRo] WYICE q2o] Ye AAE Ol ASA ISLA, BANS] Th, O17] G32 448 ESB A AUS Ba We Baye 2 OWT, dA iast-fadmg? AE * ae oes 75 Baste SNREBO OIE Aa pd S32SVBE (metched-filter)o] ABH BAdefining)o] HSI S7SA (synchronization problem + failure of phase-locked-loop #4171) OF 1SICt, ANSE Geos T> 7,21 241A = fadingS UENZ Wh ASS] SC, S| time 2b 21S Bl det ‘Typical srmulated Rayleigh fading o the carrer YP Sere pees = aay Bt 3-0 bs a 7 * Bipred time (ins) Figure 10. 4 pica! Reylegh facing envenp at SoOMHE AUF} REI} ASH ON] AALS B27] Ba SUE We + sich propagating symbol gtall4] BAMFo] oleh UME g Time-VARIANT VIEWED IN THE Doppter-Suirt Doman : Fic.1, Biock 16 - THE DorPLen Power SPECTRUM aS] A181 + oPsE I Sas Doppler (frequency) SSoi4] Sezetch, E M= Dopplr fequency shiit, v2] Bee 343 A Doppler power spectral density S(o) 3 24 2U, dense-scatterer BBO] BZ 2 KI $2] aaa, , Esto SHE Neo] Xdistribution) T2]Z 8 Z5]] CWicontinuous wave)IES2] US ARES Usa 2U.19) gat a ea Sia z us) vo] Su}p HO YOu Ane fol ual +f, Sol SSCS erin 2 YS BOLL cero7t B AOIch Al 16el4 S25) RP Doppkr AMEUEQS AUACE TB7 @olH O42] 31M bow!-shapsd0ICt, 462 24 SASS Hal wo ge HOS 2881 Aad woiztc. pa] 2#U 48 age Ae UE Boa AMEGS te6] BCh o]2 S38 dense-scatterer model WF Sa Mee Ssh] BSL BES] AE BBS Sw)? flat spectrum 0] @ 20ICH [2d] 197 @)2 doppler AMER BABA sharpness 2} steepness = dense-scatterer modl2] 2 0]7| YS scatterer 440] OSs 4A UA IH BYE! doppler shift®] sharp upper limit 0}7781C4 9] 72 2 BIAS FEHOVE scattorer7t S201E QU platom YY ES 1221 yo] leq YgeCh O18 AS frequency shit] 37S tSah Bo] ROvIEH fay + an = SHSE, AE VEY Deol, -415-fa = Su AN NE WOR S70012 positivela AZ Bors we negetive FSU E¥Mangk of anivad? GALS BEUD Bgsh lF Ao] Eeste BB FBS cor00l71 Bol Pot ere EAISHE Doppler comporent® 38414 2] power spectral densityS 7HICGHE APS EM OLICLE, 19] S(y HE R(499] Feo} BAO]CH, 212F AH] II Gea well VAS aa 212 BH) Fela Bze 3719] aso ddasede Woe 4 Ue Huol Wag WSHOEA 4 IC HG] Ae AMES Doppler shift @eol4 ASE sin FA) AVES 14 # 2th. 7 Shh O1AE SS 7a 18 Holo] FaOEM Ae lof UE D, 2 ool AZ Ae @ Soo} AZ Bat FHS I Doppler shift E4oIxo] 218 wIFS 2F012] o1S82 LEHA SIC, 9] AAS SO BE AMER Bato] aie Sao] Bae Gea Veoh ea HE 2g FOES op, Eee AY AMEG Se fol oH Uso Agee sea sea gaee adaslg io 16 Doppler shift #213 UEHAC, Bad USAE S204 sie a A= U2 as Ags} GE &e2henge of arrival) JHE B Ae] shbel ASSee EatsyD 2 bap Bel Doppler shift: ekio2 TE Jeo] Doppler shift 2} C2Ct., #208] YES BIE shite OHE Doppler SA0| ASE Ae sueo] Age Bae2R yolZit, Doprler S42 fy} coherence tine ThE AZ BARS QCh AMEE = HEWES 2g aA ga 2u. nk (18) LAY £U yA Dopwer BIS ABA AMS fading rete ZA 251 Ich, 010] HE sn Fae] aR Seo] BIA 23 time-veriame2te olate A1Z+ EA Ses sUh, 05 BO of 2 YB BIS BE sn Bao aeSyo 212 27124 Jaa DAA sad Tak 491 =e Sab 2h S00H 1 FAT - 16 -ASE AAS YA (207 MASI) AGI} 28 102} A 17 BHUA SE v8 202 28 Oa Aes e271 Hs Wash 212 coherence tine)= Usa 2th. -34 2 3 ae (21) HEE 2B WH ol taderbola] 220] AnaD Soa UAT A BME a 200144 BO}a thumbs] FAL WS 7H 2. AZ 10} Bol BAHOTESE-1200/hs, BS FUE =GOMw)S IH A 21S AbSstH coherence time HS Sus0]D, Dorpler #}2Mchannel feding rate)2 742] LOO BER AY ALE 4 ach ABBE Bt ol AE 10%ymbol/s2] BA ASSS IAI voice-grade WEE adie aa) fading tate= symbd rate t} z @ 4 Qh = sloe-fading SS wee Lm eo 32 a Anacocy Between SPECTRAL BROADENING IN FADING CHANNELS AND SPECTRAL BROADENING IN Dierat SienaL KeyInG BH AMER] Ato] ABS] fading rate el] Bea) lat | eo] Rs, 18 NE analog2] 2S3 8Beb) Aa digital 1 (amplituce shift keying and frequency shift keying)9| keying Abe at, Agi ab RE Alztol Za SBA fol Bes, Fae sso Sasso cosd w ftl-s < t | WEI, 28 ASAe multi-path BAS 884 (hase-continuous) RDS of? ] SC, DEGRADATION CATEGORES DUE TO. -47-Time VARIANCE VIEWED IN THE Doppter SHiFt-DOMAIN Ure} BES (symbol rate) 1/ TTF signaling rateL} WSS West VCh)7+ fading rate 1/ Ty BU UR I AS fast fadng®|2}2 SIC}, fast fading? Usa} 20] 5 -2S}S1c, We ty (2a) gE Ts iT (22) SHWE Ut} signaling rate7} fading rate BU} SUM 1 AWS she fading 2D ech ALC} jast fading? OP IEE VE HFS Pst] AeA MBE signaling rate= ¥HEA) fading rate BC} SAlS]E slow fading2 2 P2E|O} OOF SIC}, W> fy (23a) gE hh (23b) WA MoLAE AZo §zZo) wa 2 BASU. coherence bandwidth f= frequency-selective AE Was WA oa AEE + GLE signaling rate 9] uprer limit 2420 B]S8b 4 23S Doppler spreading, channel fading rete fy7t fast fading AZo Was W]e ve" 4 VE signaling rate2] lower imit? 788U5 ag oz. HF S41 24JAWoA tebtype EE Morse code message7} WE deta wie ZS @ T 2 WS fast fading?) SICH. aU Sse 1784 O18 Sa AS slow fadng2= 5 22}5|0} 2Uh 4132 Sait ase a sol Suse ach fast fading 27S Que asH 7S 2201Ch 6] 20] HSA) SE CHE Doppler shifi2] H2}8 223] random frequency modilation (M2 S281 NAW BSS MBS Old. S07] At at = BS Wotyt S Eyl Noo S18 4GE Se DYAID SIC 25] oe Sus ge ase AX cartier phese) switching? E AB Wzo] Gas aye ges sict, scatterer} AE HY AMER SEY A=lsingle specular Doppler path), =A) 34 HOl(instantancous trequency shith2] WHE f= V/A AeIS] tc, uu AMEGD USE go] 2a SU Sale YS] (H AB BAO aH Aes” Wa] +/,¥y ay Ba 2 TES OSE S27 23149 complex time dependence ©F?]$#Ct, [26] OeASe BE MSS SAshD ozo BSNE S27] ¥57\ (coherent demodulator) O18 FM G82] SIE AVE A0]D, ACV Doppkr shift?) SAS Qa ore. au WS 2 BAA we recevery= OF BIE HAS] phase -locked-loop7} BRs}] HES BA} SU. 107 ES 102) HE ofB (bit error rate) 2K] SASF (woice-grade) ABoLA OF 2 FE] Doppler shift 0.01xWSt ERED U4 HU, - 4B -©) Digital signal <) Faster keying MMM a e) Digital —fAAA— e signal ME Figure 11. Anabgy bemeen spectral broadening in facing and spectral broaciening in keying ofgitel siznal HEH fast fading 93 I} Doppler? opel Aa 4+ AE TASS Yet) SHA signeling rate 100-200 A) al 1% fading rateS 2 DeHOFe Sth, [27] Bet WAS As WZ, $47] Ba, Aan ard qasol AES [3, 6-29) Davarin #2}¢ $4) 25 (freouency -tracking loop)7t 1S 4] ABH A differential mininum-shift keyed(DMSK) WE AS gol oleh S017] HE WABS OS 4b GU AM S45 UE AS BOSAL IZ9) SUMMARY o] £29) Part roll Bal aawolal fading S2S 45 42 74 248 Sec, 2W 12 fadng G8 S4S 228 YERAG. fading®] = 74%] @t large-scaled} small-scale] 325] 0, small-scale] = 7+] manifestation7t BASMAD 2 BASE 5 Me, F Al2ah FES Sh, BAY F BRE frequency sekctive fading} flat fading 2] Bakdispersion)o = BIs8T, U2 = g4] BRE fastgh slow] iading E(apidity)= 3215] AU. BRE 1B ool small-scale $] fading 24] BEI 220) A Us AS Awol UERAT. 0] BYE taling BOR duality] BAS 2 Heal Ege 27] 48 a4 % a PartnoiA 2249] 2a) Ysio] ST HSES 2a B A01U. AIA BOA APES SLE 201. REFERENCES -419-[1] 8. Sklar. Digital Communications Fundamental and Appications, Ch.4, Englewood Cliffs, Nj : Prentice Hal, 1998. [2] H.Lvan Trees, Detection, and Estimation, and Moculation Theory, Part 1, Ch4, New York: Wiey, 1968, [a] 7. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, Oh. 3 And 4, Upper Saddle River, Nj: Prantics Hall, 1996 i - 20 -