2.

Bandpass Modulation

   
 
 Modulation

! Modulation
- Baseband Modulation
- Bandpass Modulation
! Baseband Modulation : pulse waveform
- Source coding
- Waveform coding
- Hybrid coding
! Bandpass Modulation : sinusoidal waveform
- Analog : AM, FM, PM
- Digital : M-ASK, M-PSK, M-FSK, Hybrid
! Way is it necessary to use a carrier for the radio transmission of baseband
signals ?
- To reduce the antenna size !

   
 
 Signals and Noise (1)

! Noises in radio communication systems

- Two primary causes for signal distortion
i) Filter effects of XMT + Ch + RCV " “ISI” 
(  ) : PSD of white noise
ii) AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise)



  


( ) =  −


σ π  σ 
{ } =
f

! A geometric view of signals and noises

- N-dimensional orthogonal space
- {ψ  ( )}: Basis function (
= 1, 2, … , N) " “N linearly independent functions”
- If
 =  for all
, then “orthonornal space”
Def
∫ ψ  ( )ψ  ( ) =   δ  (   = !  
<  <
)


Kronecker delta function

   
 
 Signals and Noise (2)

Signal space
ψ
( )
“Vectorial representation of  
the signal waveform  ( ) “
 ( )

ψ ( )


 
ψ  ( )

 =  !
 ( ) = ∑  ψ  ( ) for
 =
=  !  ( ≤ )

where 
∫  ( ) ψ  ( )

 =
≤ ≤



   
 
 Signals and Noise (3)

! Why do we care about the orthogonal space ?

- To use the Euclidean distance measurement
ψ
( )


+

 + 

ψ ( )

ψ  ( )

- Determine which one was sent by measuring the distance

   
 
 Signals and Noise (4)

! Waveform energy
-  = Normalized energy associated with  ( ) over a symbol interval T

= ∫  ( )



= ∑ 
 ( ≤  ≤ )
 =



- For the waveform of equal energy with orthogonal functions  = ∑ 
 =

! Representation of white noise with orthogonal waveforms

( ) = 
( ) +  ( )

Noise within Noise outside the signal space

the signal space (can be effectively removed by
the receiver)



( ) = ∑  ψ  ( )
 =

     ( )ψ ( ) =

   =

 ∫ ( )ψ  ( )  ≤
≤ 
 ∫  


   
 
 Digital Bandpass Modulation Techniques (1)

! Baseband Modulation :
Conversion of an information signal into a sinusoidal waveform

( ) = ( )(π  + φ ( ))

! Detection (or Demodulation)

- Coherent detection : requires exact knowledge of the carrier’s phase
- Noncoherent detection : does not require phase reference
" reduced complexity
" increased bit error probability (PE)

   
 
 Digital Bandpass Modulation Techniques (2)

   
 
 Digital Bandpass Modulation Techniques (3)
! M-ary PSK

 ( ) = (ω  + φ ( ))
≤ ≤  where φ ( ) = π ( =  !  )
 
- For BPSK ; M=2 and φ ( ) =
 π “antipodal”
π π
- For QPSK ; M=4 and φ ( ) =
  π 
 
! M-ary FSK

 ( ) = (ω  + φ )
≤ ≤    =  !

“Orthogonal Modulation”

"  ( ) is orthogonal   ( ) for  ≠

! M-ary ASK
  ( )
 ( ) = (ω  + φ )
≤ ≤    =  !

For BASK ; M=2, also called OOK (On-Off Keying)
" One of the earliest forms of digital modulation

   
 
 Coherent Detection (1)

! M-ary PSK
  π 
 ( ) =  ω  − 
  
  π    π 
= (ω  ) + 
(ω  )
 
     
 
Choose ψ
( ) =  (ω   ) ψ  ( ) =  (ω   )



 π   π 
Then  ( ) =   ψ
( ) +  
 ψ  ( )
   

Ex M=4 (QPSK)
ψ  (
) Distance = 

ψ
(
)
−

−

   
 
 Coherent Detection (2)

! Demodulator for M-ary PSK signals


ψ  (
) =
ω




  = ∫  ( )ψ
( )

∫

 φ Compute Choose
 ( )  

 ( )
 φ − φ smallest


∫ 
 = ∫  ( )ψ  ( )



ψ  (
) =  ω




   
 
 Noncoherent Detection

! DPSK (Differential PSK)

Sample
(index) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Binary (( )) 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
Seq.

DPSK (( )) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1

Phase
π π π

π π π
π
shift

( ) = ( − ) ⊕ ( ) Modulo-2 addition

( Recovery ; ( ) = ( − ) ⊕ ( ) )

- DPSK shows a degradation of approximately 3 dB when compared with PSK.

   
 
 Probability of Bit Error (Binary Case)

   
! Coherent PSK  =  

  
   
! Noncoherent DPSK  =  −  
   

! Coherent FSK   
 =  

Coherent ASK   

   
! Noncoherent FSK  =  −  
   

where  ∞   
 ( ) = ∫  − 
π  

∫ (−  ) 
  ∞
 ( ) =

 π 
 = Signal energy per bit

   
 
 Bit Error Prob. for several Types of Binary Systems