BUILDING SERVICES - 1

(18ARC43 ; CBSC-2018 scheme) THEORY MARKS: 100

PROGRESSIVE MARKS: 50

WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture

 BUILDING SERVICES
WHAT IS A BUILDING?
• A structure that has a roof and walls and stands permanently in one place.
• The primary function of buildings is to provide shelter to its occupants.

WHAT ARE BUILDING SERVICES?

Building function cannot be limited to provide shelter only.

For examples imagine yourself in your dream house or shopping mall now take away the lighting, air-
conditioning and ventilation, the lifts and escalators, acoustics, plumbing, power supply and energy
management systems, the security and safety systems...

How do you feel?

Basically “BUILDING SERVICES” is what make the building comes to life i.e. what makes the building
work.
Building should be designed in such a way to provide an environment where people can feel comfortable, work,
live and achieve.

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture

 BUILDING SERVICES
Building Services are the electrical, plumbing, and mechanical systems in a building. For this reason they are
also called MEP services, for mechanical, electrical, and plumbing.

SERVICES

M E P
Mechanical Electrical Plumbing

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture

 TOPIC:-INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT
AND HEALTH ASPECT

HISTORY
The history of water supply and sanitation is one of a logistical challenge to provide clean
water and sanitation systems since the dawn of civilization. Where water resources, infrastructure or sanitation
systems were insufficient, diseases spread and people fell sick or died prematurely.

Major human settlements could initially develop only where fresh surface water was plentiful, such as near
rivers or natural springs. Throughout history, people have devised systems to make getting water into their
communities and households and disposing of (and later also treating) wastewater more convenient.

The historical focus of sewage treatment was on the conveyance of raw sewage to a natural body of water, e.g.
a river or ocean, where it would be diluted and dissipated. Early human habitations were often built next to water
sources. Rivers would often serve as a crude form of natural sewage disposal.

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture

 N
E
O
Skara Brae, a Neolithic village in Orkney, Scotland (UK) with home
furnishings including water-flushing toilets 3180 BC–2500 BC
History of modern sanitation started with the
development of the protected water wells in the
Neolithic times ( or New Stone Age, final stage of
cultural evolution or technological development
among prehistoric humans). Creation of these wells
enabled humans to always have clear water
available to them.
A primitive indoor, tree bark lined, two-channel,
stone, fresh and wastewater system appears to The largest advance of early sanitation happened
have featured in the houses of Skara Brae, and in Ancient Rome, where semi-successfully used
the Barnhouse Settlement, from around 3000 BCE, latrines and sewage drains to divert the flow of
along with a cell-like enclave in a number of houses, sewage water from major cities.
of Skara Brae, that it has been suggested may have Sadly, they were not used by majority of the
functioned as an early indoor Latrine. Roman population, who continued throwing feces
Others civilizations of that time also started noticing on city streets through entire reign of this
the harmful impact of waste water on human health, civilization and majority of European dark and
most notably Babylonians and Ancient Greeks. middle ages.

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture

 Spreading of epidemics, diseases, tuberculosis,
cholera, smallpox, and yellow fever caused rapid
decline in life expectancy of Europeans (average
lifespan was under 30 years!), and all of this
culminated in the disastrous epidemic of Black
Death plague between 1438-1441 which killed
Europeans, or around one fourth of the total
population of the entire world.

Lack of sanitation in European Dark Ages (which lasted between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and
the early European Renaissance, 5th – 15th century AD) forced medical and scientific community to truly start
combating this dangerous health issue. During this time towns all across the Europe were dirty, crowded, full
of feces, contaminated water.

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

Removal of waste water arrived with the exploits of Indus Valley Civilization who were the first to introduce
public water supply and sanitation.

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture

 A typical example is the Indus city of Lothal (c. 2350 BCE). In Lothal all houses had their own private toilet
which was connected to a covered[sewer network constructed of brickwork held together with a gypsum-based
mortar that emptied either into the surrounding water bodies or alternatively into cesspits, the latter of which
were regularly emptied and cleaned.
The urban areas of the Indus Valley civilization included public and private baths. Sewage was disposed
through underground drains built with precisely laid bricks, and a sophisticated water management system
with numerous reservoirs was established. Many of the buildings at Mohenjo-Daro had two or more stories.
Water from the roof and upper storey bathrooms was carried through enclosed terracotta pipes or open chutes
that emptied out onto the street drains.

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture

 Development of plumbing, latrines and personal
toilets by many inventors enabled organized
collection of human feces and their distribution to
sewage networks.
During the same time, the techniques of water
purification, creation of drinking water and its
transport to the human population started the era
where personal hygiene could be easily enforced by
everyone.
This all culminated with 19th and 20th century
“Sanitation Revolution” age in which governments
started enforcing strict hygiene rules, with organized
garbage collection, development of public health
departments, water treatment networks and more.
Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture
• In the 21st century, people got a more advanced
and safer sanitation system and source of water.
Now we have a better understanding of diseases
from human waste. There was a lot of changes
through the thousands of years.
• The conclusion is that the evolution of such a
tool that doesn't seem important is actually one
of the greatest inventions. This saved us from
lots of diseases and human waste in general this
really changed our lives to make it easier and
simpler to live life. The sanitation system seems
small but it has a huge impact to our lives. This
really changed our lives a lot.
HISTORY
HEALTH
Cleanliness is next to Godliness‘, is a
very famous saying. It instantly connects
the word cleanliness into something
religious, pure, sacred and divine. But it
is not so, in this modern era cleanliness
has got several different interpretations
to it.
It is not merely a religious deed anymore.
With the emergence of more and more
inventions and industrialization, there
has been a significant rise in germs,
diseases, and resultant deaths.
Cleanliness can be said as a state of
being free of dirt and germs. Although it
is impossible for one to get rid of the
germs entirely regardless of all the
techniques, as millions of germs roam
about in the air. The aim of cleanliness is
simply a healthy environment.
Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture
People having dirty habits also become
the reason of spreading dangerous and
fatal (life threatening) diseases. Infectious
diseases are spread to vast areas and
make people ill and sometimes death.
So, we should take care of our cleanliness
on regular basis. We should wash hands
thoroughly with soap whenever we eat
something.
Cleanliness is not the responsibility of only
one person however; it is the responsibility
of each and every individual living in the
home, society, community and country.
We should understand its multifarious
facets to fully get benefited. We all should
take a cleanliness oath that we never do
dirty and never see anyone doing dirty.
HYGIENE
WATER BORNE DISEASE
Transmission of Water-Borne Diseases
Water-borne diseases spread by contaminated drinking
water systems with feces and urine of infected animals or
people. The spread of contaminated water is likely to
happen where private and public drinking systems get their
water such as surface waters - creeks, rivers, lakes, and
rain. These sources of water may be contaminated by
infected animals or people. Runoff from:
• Landfills
• Sewer pipes
• Septic fields
• Industrial or residential developments
The one way to break continued transmission of water-
borne diseases is to improve the hygienic behaviour of
people and provide them with basic needs such as:
• Sanitation
• Drinking water
• Bathing facilities
• Washing facilities

Preventing Water-Borne Diseases

Clean water is a prerequisite for reducing the spread of water-borne diseases. It is well recognized that the prevalence of water-
borne diseases may be greatly reduced by providing people with safe, sanitary disposal of feces and provision of clean drinking
water. Water is disinfected to kill any pathogens that might be present in the water supply and to prevent them from growing again in
distribution systems.
Disinfection is then used in order to prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms and to protect people's health. People need clean
water and water supply systems. Without disinfection, the risk of water-borne disease increases.

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture DISEASE

WATER – BASED DISEASE

WATER BASED-DISEASES: Infections with

parasites, for which aquatic and semi-aquatic snails
function as intermediate hosts.

Schistosomiasis

There are two forms of the disease depending on the

parasite species involved; one affects mainly the
intestinal tract and the other affects the urinary
system. Schistosoma parasites are trematode worms,
or blood flukes, whose adult stage lives in specific veins
in its principal host. They have to spend part of their
lifecycle in certain species or species groups of snails.

To interrupt the life cycle of Schistosoma parasites,

the man-water contact has to be minimized, no
faeces or urine should enter the water, or the
number of snails has to be diminished.
Chemotherapy, which reduces or eliminates the parasite
in man, is another approach to interruption of the life
cycle.

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture DISEASE

WATER – RELATED DISEASE

VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES:
Transmission by insects having aquatic
immature stages

Malaria is a life-threatening disease. It's

typically transmitted through the bite of
an infected Anopheles mosquito.
Infected mosquitoes carry the
Plasmodium parasite. When this
mosquito bites you, the parasite is
released into your bloodstream.

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne

tropical disease caused by the dengue
virus. Symptoms typically begin three to
fourteen days after infection. This may
include a high fever, headache, vomiting,
muscle and joint pains, and a
characteristic skin rash.

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture DISEASE

WATER – WASHED DISEASE
Water-washed diseases are infections that are caused by
poor personal hygiene resulting from inadequate water
availability. ... Typical water-washed diseases include
Shigella, which causes dysentery, scabies, trachoma, yaws,
leprosy, conjunctivitis, skin infections and ulcers. Scabies is a
highly contagious skin infection.
Trachoma is an eye infection and the world’s foremost cause of
preventable blindness. It is caused by a pathogenic bacterium
and spreads easily from person-to-person through fluids
discharged from infected eyes.
The disease typically infects children. It progresses over the
years, often supplemented through frequent reinfections, until
blindness or other severe symptoms appear later in life.
Trachoma scars the inside of a victim’s eyelids and causes the
eyelashes to turn in. The lashes rub and scar the cornea,
eventually causing severe vision loss and blindness.
Water-washed diseases are sometimes called ‘water-scarce’
diseases because they are a problem if water supply is limited.

Water-related illnesses fall into four major categories:

Waterborne diseases, including cholera, typhoid, and dysentery, are caused by drinking water containing infectious viruses or bacteria, which
often come from human or animal waste.

Water-washed diseases, such as skin and eye infections, are caused by lack of clean water for washing.

Water-based diseases, such as schistosomiasis, are spread by organisms that develop in water and then become human parasites. They are
spread by contaminated water and by eating insufficiently cooked fish.

Water-related insect vectors, such as mosquitoes, breed in or near water and spread diseases, including dengue and malaria. This category is
not directly related to water supply or quality

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture DISEASE

EPIDEMIC DISEASES

An epidemic is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a

large number of people in a given population within a short
period of time, usually two weeks or less.

Epidemics of infectious disease are generally caused by

several factors including a change in the ecology of the
host population (e.g. increased stress or increase in the
density of a vector species), a genetic change in the
pathogen reservoir or the introduction of an emerging
pathogen to a host population (by movement of pathogen
or host). Generally, an epidemic occurs when host
immunity to either an established pathogen or newly
emerging novel pathogen is suddenly reduced below that
found in the endemic equilibrium and the transmission
threshold is exceeded.
Transmission
Airborne transmission: Airborne transmission is the spread of infection by droplet nuclei or dust in the air. Without the intervention of winds or
drafts the distance over which airborne infection takes place is short, say 10 to 20 feet.
Biological transmission: Involving a biological process, e.g. passing a stage of development of the infecting agent in an intermediate host.
Opposite to mechanical transmission.
Fecal-oral transmission: The infectious agent is shed by the infected host in feces and acquired by the susceptible host through ingestion of
contaminated material.
Horizontal transmission: Lateral spread to others in the same group and at the same time; spread to contemporaries.
Mechanical transmission: The transmitter is not infected in that tissues are not invaded and the agent does not multiply.
Propagative transmission: The agent multiplies in the transmission vehicle.
Vertical transmission: From one generation to the next, perhaps transovarially or by intrauterine infection of the fetus. Some retroviruses are
transmitted in the germ line, i.e. their genetic material is integrated into the DNA of either the ovum or sperm.

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture DISEASE

CONSERVANCY SYSTEM
In this system various types of refuse and storm water are
collected, conveyed and disposed off separately by different
methods . This method is also called dry system and is in
practice from very ancient times. This method is adopting in
small towns, villages and undeveloped portions of large city
even it is out of date system.

In this method garbage or dry refuse is collected from the dustbins

and conveyed by trucks or covered carts once or twice in a day.
All the incombustible portions such as sand, dust, clay, ashes etc
are used for filling low lying areas and combustible portions such
as dry leaves, waste paper, broken furniture etc… are burnt. The
decaying fruits, vegetables, grass are first dried and then
disposed of by burning or in the manufacture of manure.

Human excreta or night soil is collected in separate liquid and semi-liquid wastes by animal drawn carts, trucks or tractor trailors and
buried in trenches. After 2-3 years the buried night soil is converted into an excellent manure which can be used for growing crops. In this
system sullage and storm water are also carried separately in closed or open drains up to the point of disposal, where they are allowed to mix up
with streams, rivers or sea
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
1.Possibility of storm water may mix with sewers causing heavy load on treatment plant.
ADVANTAGES: 2.In crowded lanes it is difficult lay two sewers or construct drains roadside
1.Initial cost is low, because storm water can causing great inconvenience to the traffic.
pass through open drains. 3.More land is required for human excreta.
2.The quantity of sewage reaching at the 4.Liquid refuse may get on access in the sub soil and pollute the underground water.
treatment plant before disposal is low. 5.Aesthetic appearance of city cannot be increased.
3.The sewer section is small and no deposit of 6.Decomposition of sewage causes insanitary conditions which are dangerous to
silting because storm water goes in open drains the public health.
7.This system is completely depends upon the mercy of sweepers at every time
and may possibility of spreading of diseases in the town if they are on

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture COLLECTION SYSTEM

WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM
In this system, the excremental matters are mixed up in the large quantity of water and are taken out from the city through properly designed
sewerage systems where they are disposed off after necessary treatment in a satisfactory manner. The sewage so formed in water carriage
system consists of 99.9 percentage of water and 0.1 percentage of solid matters. All the solid matters remain in suspension in the sewage and
don't change the specific gravity of water. So all the hydraulic formulae can be directly used in the design of sewerage system and treatment
plants.
This system is universally used nowadays because of the following advantages.

MERITS AND DEMERITS OF WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM:

DEMERITS
The main disadvantage of this system is the wastage of water (99.9%
of water).
1.This system is very costly in initial cost.
2.The maintenance of this system is also costly.
3.During monsoon large volume of sewage is to be treated
compared to remaining period of year.

MERITS
1.It is hygienic method because all the excremental matters are
collected and conveyed by water only.
2.There is no nuisance in the streets of town and risk of
epidemics reduced because of underground sewerage system.
3.Less space is occupied in crowded lane as only one sewer is laid
4.Self cleaning velocity can be obtained even at less gradients due to more quantity of sewage.
5.The land required for the disposal work is less as compared to conservancy system.
6.This system doesn't depend on manual labor at every time except when sewers get choked.
7.The usual water supply is sufficient and no additional water is required in water carriage system.

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture COLLECTION SYSTEM

COMPARISION CHART
CONSERVANCY SYSTEM WATER-CARRIAGE SYSTEM

1. Very cheap in initial Cost 1. It involves high initial cost

2. Due to foul smell from latrines, they are to be 2. As there is no foul smell, latrines remain
constructed away from the living room clean and neat and hence are constructed with
room.

3. The aesthetic appearance of the city cannot be 3. Good aesthetic appearance of the city can
increased be obtained.

4. Storm water is carried in usually surface drains, 4. Sewage is treated before disposing of ,it
hence no problem of pumping may or may not require pumping it depends
the storm water on the topography of the town.

5. The quantity of waste liquid reaching the 5. Large quantity of sewage highly polluted in
disposed point is less, hence it can be disposed of nature, it requires its treatment before disposal
without any treatment. so it is costly process.

6. This system is fully dependent on the human 6. This system is not dependent on the
agency human agency

7. As sewage is disposed of without any treatment 7. Sewage is treated upto required degree of
it may pollute the natural water courses sanitation.

8. For burying of excremental matter, large area is
required.
9. Old method of collection of sewage where
instead of water; humans are responsible for its
collection, conveyance and disposal
8. Less area is required as compared to
conservancy system.
9. Water closets are used where human
excreta is removed by the flushing 5-10 litres
of water by each person.

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture COLLECTION SYSTEM

RURAL SANITATION

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture SANITATION

RURAL SANITATION

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture SANITATION

RURAL SANITATION
Open Defecation is a huge problem in rural areas.
Though it has reduced but the practice has not completely vanished.
Lack of priority to safe confinement and disposal of human excreta poses
significant health risks manifest in the sanitation challenge facing the nation today.
It is estimated that 1 in every 10 deaths in India in villages, is linked to poor
sanitation and hygiene.
Diarrhoea, a preventable disease, is the largest killer and accounts for every 20th
death.
Around 4,50,000 deaths were linked to diarrhoea alone in 2006, of which 88%
were deaths of children below five (WSP Economics of Sanitation Initiative 2010).
Prevalence of child under-nutrition in India (47 % according to National Family
Health Survey III, 2005-06) is among the highest in the world.
Studies shown that the education of children, especially the girl child, is also
significantly impacted by poor sanitation.
Girls are often forced to miss school or even drop out of education due to lack of
sanitation facilities in their schools.
Another impact of poor sanitation and the resultant illnesses is the loss of
productivity of the family members
It is also known that lack of adequate sanitation leads to significant losses for the
country.

National Level Sanitation Performance

India has shown high country commitment to sanitation with increased support to India’s rural sanitation flagship programm Total Sanitation
Campaign (TCS).
The national Five-year Plan Documents and Annual Plans and Budgets at the national and state levels recognize the rural sanitation vision
and plans; and allocate considerable resources toward their achievement.
After sluggish progress throughout the eighties and nineties, rural sanitation coverage received a boost with the implementation of the TSC.
The individual household latrine coverage has nearly tripled from just 21.9% at national level as reported by the Census in 2001 to around 68%
in 2010, according to the latest data reported by districts to the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation through on line monitoring
system.

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture SANITATION

URBAN SANITATION – Residential representation

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture SANITATION

URBAN SANITATION – City schematic representation

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture SANITATION

URBAN SANITATION
The JMP(Joint monitoring program) 2010 revised estimates for 2008 were 18% urban Indian population defecating in the open and 7% using
unimproved toilets i.e. about 75% population having access to sanitation – 51% individual toilets and 24% sharing toilets.
About 30 million urban residents (base population from Census 2001) were without access to toilets, and another 7 million using service and
other (unimproved) toilets.
Accounting for population growth, about 40 million urban residents are likely to be without access to toilets in 2011. The proportion of
households without access to any toilets has declined to 11%, although a high proportion of households are dependant on shared and
community/ public latrines.
The situation in urban slums is worrisome – non-notified slums bearing the brunt of neglect. The percentage of notified and non-notified slums
without latrines was 17% and 51% respectively.
In respect of septic latrines, the availability was 66% and 35%, and for underground sewerage, the availability was 30% and 15% respectively.
In urban India, safe disposal of human excreta is the biggest challenge. In order to promote urban sanitation and recognize excellence in
performance in this area, Government of India has instituted the “Nirmal Shahar Puraskar” a bi-annual exercise that recognizes sanitation
initiatives of cities.
The award is based on the premise that improved public health and environmental standards are the two outcomes that cities must seek to
ensure quality of life for urban citizens, and that a periodic assessment of performance of cities that is made public will lead to greater public
awareness and competition amongst cities.
The award scheme is recognition of the city for the management of human excreta, treatment and recycle of wastewater, solid waste
management, storm water drainage, operation and maintenance of the sanitation and storm water infrastructure and improvements in water
quality

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture SANITATION

URBAN SANITATION
The Ministry of Drinking Water and
Sanitation-(MDWS)

The Ministry of Drinking Water and

Sanitation, Government of India, is headed
by the Cabinet Minister, Drinking Water &
Sanitation. It is the Nodal Ministry for the
overall policy, planning, funding and
coordination of two flagship programmes of
the Government of India, namely, the
National Rural Drinking Water Programme
(NRDWP) for rural drinking water supply and
the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) [SBM
(G)] for sanitation in the country.
Swachh Bharat Mission

To accelerate the efforts to achieve universal sanitation coverage and to put focus on safe sanitation, the Prime Minister of India launched the
Swachh Bharat Mission on 2nd October, 2014. The Mission aims to achieve a Swachh Bharat by 2nd October, 2019, as a fitting tribute to
Mahatma Gandhi on his 150h birth anniversary. Swachh Bharat, in rural areas shall mean improving the levels of cleanliness through Solid and
Liquid Waste Management activities and making Gram Panchayats Open Defecation Free (ODF), clean and sanitised. ODF would mean the
termination of faecal-oral transmission, defined by,
• no visible faeces found in the environment/village and,
• every household as well as public/community institution(s) using safe technology option for disposal of faeces, as defined by the Ministry.

National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP)

The National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme aimed at providing every person in rural India with
adequate safe water for drinking, cooking and other domestic basic needs on a sustainable basis. Safe water is to be readily and conveniently
accessible at all times and in all situations and therefore, the scheme focuses on the creation of the infrastructure. This has resulted in in the
provision of significant additional resources to the sector and for the development of infrastructure and capacities for the successful operation of
drinking water supply schemes in rural areas.

Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture SANITATION

 THANK YOU
Ar. Nandini HM| M.arch | Aditya academy of architecture