ELECTRON iG MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION We have designed the complete ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND arn ccue qestaral in. sccoréance. wth new 20 changed filabus under ‘WBSCTE. The syllabus of this subject |S almost same 28 MSTUMENTATION AND CONTROL from 4” semester Hence 2T° providing fi university solutions and some model questions & answers for newly Ie t2hkcs, s0 that students can get an idea about WASCTE questions rn,ae i AE ECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENT AT} 9 mn EL \ Unit 1: Basics of Measurements Rr S| Unit at a glance: Perea dives for determining the value or snide ee Guantty or ray Range: The scale range ofan instrument is defined asthe diference heyy th and the smallest reading of the instrument. ee Accuracy: Accuracy refers'to the degree of cl ec Pi Ich an instrumerg mal approaches to the true value of the variable quantity under measurement 2 Precision: It is a measure of the reproducibility of the measurements, ha iS te fixed value of a quantity. Precision is a measure of the degree of Agreement wigs! group of measurement. Precision means clearly or sharply. : 2) Instr Sensitivity: The sensitivity of an instrument or an instrumentation system js the ra i) the magnitude of the output signal or response to the magnitude of input signa oie cores quantity being measured, Its units are millimeter per micro-ampere, depending upon type of input and output, : : Resolution = Resolution or discrimination of any instrument is the smallest ch Eaaauted value of input signal which can be detected or respond by the instrument Error: Deviation from the true value of the measured variable. Threshold: The minimum value of input below which no output could be detected Counts per vol eg 1.2 Errors in Measurement & Statistical Analysis: Any measurement can not be perfectly accurate. There must be some errors and we lite {0 find the ways to reduce them, Sot there are different sources of errors and geet) © crn, sified under the following three main groups: (i) Gross errors (ii) Systematic errors (ii) Random or accidental errors, ing and : ay read 2 calculating measurement value, like one mY en 270s in cottesponding calculation and therefore ma" sa *; following are the reasons of envors in readings Of and record 27.3°C and analysis is impossible, g, Of indicating instruments, Construction of Scale, Finesses & straightness of Pointer. tieBasics of Measuremen manent magnet (magnetic « yo re Bee aiGet Amiveral in indi Po sfiet in ay to ie the first two methods of obtaining sc ail os given below. yn Short Answer Type Questions se the correct answer from the given altematives in each of the er ee aah ot the iaowins: EMIS control system), cating instruments. Gravit i v i 'Y control is few cases, notably in special laboratory types, and magnetic control is galvanometers and certain moving iron instruments (the polarized form), he controlling torque ina measuring i in portable instrument is provided by — (WBSCTE 2007, 2010} 1, Conrlling ora tn Po (b) gravity (©) either (a) or (b) @spring : (a) : = torque of induction type instrument is ~ [WBSCTE 2007, 2010] smal (b) large Answer: (a) is called — 4. The difference between the true value and measured value pall ott, 2015, 2016] (@) sensitivity (b) precision (c) correction (@) accuracy (a) sensi . ; [WBSCTE 2011] 4 Apotentiometer is basically a — Gallop: wre ae Oe fe (d) digital instrument (©) both of (a) a loading errors which § Inc circuits the connection of measuring instruments cause octet ircui 1 may affect — Bc ity bel red (@) Only the magnitude of quantity being ae (b) Only the phase of quantity being mea ity being measured ein te ga mm (@)magnitude, phase, and also the waveform o! ms . 196 of fll eae deftestion, The Bac.’ ») ter has a guaranteed accuracy of 1% ws ~ 10 A) ammeter i limiting error while reading 2.4A is - Nhe 1 pus (b) 2% cf yLY-EMI 2 eenecrmONIC MEASUREMENTS INSTRUMENTA TIN tas the highest quency ange with actus wig, Oy ni 4.- Whih instru te @)eerodmaonne ESS Onemocsnle (@) rectifier type i Answer: ©) 4. pty metal instaents eamnt be 35d fr AAMC MSS, 2 es (large time constane E85 ‘ (Shih respons time @allotthese Ansner:() r wided with gravity control system must be 4, Indcting instruments provided wit md IWESCTE 214, ag (@Vericaly (0) Horizontally (In any position Answer: (b) 1 Asetofreadings has a wide range and therefore thas (WBSCTE at wGlepean (b) High precision hee {@ Lawecoracy (@) High accuracy Answer: (a) 11. In the indicating instrument the electrical energy input to the instrument is coment o [wascTE ang (@) Mechanical energy (©) magnetic energy (©)Chemical energy (@) heat energy Answer: (a) 12, Which ofthe following are integrating instruments? [wesc 2018, 218 @Ammetes sh vslinslets Siete (4) Ampere-hour and watt-hour mates Answer: (4) 13, The pointe of an indicating instrument sbould be — wascTe mi (2) very ight ae (either () oF pitt ea (4) neither (a) or (b) 14, Anammeteris a wescre 8 (@) secondary instrument (© recording instrument Answer: (a) (b) absolute instrument (@ integrating instrument i) ala 76 Range of an instrument is defined asthe largest andthe smalls Basics of m Basics of Measurements ihe sensitivity inaccuracy ofan instrument does ot depend eMi7 Hy equeey response eink om: mscre a {Gampliude distortion eee ansner: (0) gue instruments electrical energy isco 6. In analog energy is converted to He Light enerey Oren (sere ze) (@) mechanical energy (@ ceric energy Answer: (9) . 1, Opefating lorques in analogue instruments are MY) efeting and contol (© detecting ad damping {@deflecting-coniol and damping (8) vaton an taaring ‘Answer: (©) 18, Anohmmeter is a (@) moving iron instrument {6} dynamometer instrument “Answer: (b) wascrE 20191 (@) one ofthe abov B.Fillin the blanks in the following statements: 19. The ratio of the magnitude of the output signal to the magnitude ofthe input signal is ‘lled the efficiency of me instrument or instrumentation system. [waSCTE 2009) 2, Accuracy measures how deviation the measurement is to the actual measured quantity (wascTE 2003) 21, Errors of unexplainable origin are classified as systematic erors. (WBSCTE 2009), 22 Sensitivity of a voltmeter is essentially the less than of the full scale deflection eurrent ofthe basic movement kpc or 2B, Deflecting torque of induetion type insrument is proportional to freguency TWBSCTE 2009, 2013) 44. To receive the deflection of the coil of a D’ Arsonval galvanometer the suspension Stem caries a small zee wesc ms] 8. The enor ofan electrical measur ese asthe ference between ofan cecal measuring instrament is Measuted value andthe tue value oe qui. iwascre 20) ding of the WASTE 2010] instrument, rour-eMtie Pte este ec sLPCTRONIC MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION erento gravity controlled indicating instrument yu yt nic 27, For a corect measure eet ascre gt Janse abanometer en absolute instrument cry ion of oscillation of & pointer in le for eedetion of Pulm ian ecg 1 The force responsi o wesc easuring is damping fre. i suring instrument is phosphor bronze est materia used for spring of measuring ist BSCTE ang State whether the following statements are True or False: ‘3. Precision isthe consistency of measurements. DWESCTE 2008 29 ‘Answer: True 432, Secondary instruments are provided with calibrated scale (WBSCTE 200,219 “Answer: True 133, A method of expressing an errr is to refer to it in parts per million relative to he total quantity IWBSCTE 2000, 213 Answer: False D. Answer the following questions: 34, What isthe difference between absolut instrument and secondary instrament? I[WBSCTE 2006, 2016 Answer: ‘isolate These intraments give he magnitude of the quai by thei dimension and measured Secondary ‘Measurement can be done by obsenina output indicated by the instrument effe. i They donot equire any comparson during |) Daring calibration of scale compart measurement should be require. i) nhs es opaon eqs _specialize knowledge. a 1) Working wit tess sane i) Here maintenance is very 35, Name one instrument where ing i 35 Nan trument where eddy current damping is used. Eddy current damping is used in PMMC instrument. a ems econ fr change ty of the instrument ae meter shows a change of § my ano! im. in mace under measurement. Calculate sen al 4 TWascre 2014) answer: sensitivity ofthe instrument Bes : lution of an instrument a Z wescre 2014) Sr = : 38 Which type of instruments ean be used for both AC and DC? wESCTE 204) Herodynamometer type instruments canbe used for both A.C and D.C 3, Whats accuracy of a measurement? wescte 2077 Answer: ‘Actraty refers tothe degsee of closeness with which an nsirunent reading aproaches {othe te value ofthe variable quantity under measurement. 40, Whats absolute instrument? iwasere 2077 Answer: “These instruments give the vale ofthe electrical quantity in terms of absolte quate (Grsome constants) ofthe instruments and their defections. Se In this type of instruments no calibration or comparison with other insu necessary, SL What islonding effect? wascre 2017) ‘Wien an instrument of lower sensitivity is used with a heavier loed the messrement is erroneous, this effect is known as loading effect i wescre 2017) ‘2 Whats the use of neutral grounding? a sng sytem or transformer is + feutal grounding system, the neta of the system Froud se poet se ese pa Tics pours nee ce To a, "Sign because the performance of the system 7 aeEES Types of DC & AC Bridges gait at @ glance: sification of resistances 5 esistance sista of the order of lohm and under. ods of measurements of low resistance: ;) ammeter voltmeter method i) Kelvin double bridge method {i)Potentiometer method 4.4.4 Kelvin Doul le Bridge ‘he Kelvin Bridge is a modification of the Wheatstone bridge and provides greatly increased accuracy in measurement of low value 4 clas resistances. Consider the bridge circuit shown in fig (a). ‘rsistance of the lead that connects the unknown resistance R to ‘endard resistance S. Two galvanometer connections are indicated ty dated lines. The connections may be either to point ‘m’ or to point‘n’. ae When the galvanometer is connected to point m, the resistance r of 2 ‘ he gp the connecting leads is added to the standard resistance S resulting unknown resistance R. ~~ aH sistance r is added too high a value in indication of too low an indication for When the connection is made to point n, the re a resistance resulting in indication 0} Fig: @) Suppose that instead of using point m, which gives a low result 6r n, which makes the or fon to any intermediate point'd’ as shew Tsult high, we make the ti galvanometer conn y byflline in fig. Ifa point‘ the resistance ris divided imo Ov pats and such that a P 5 Q causes no error in the result, we pence of r the resistance of connectivity leadsTypes of DC & AC Bridge 8 EMI Short Answer Type Questions Zi noose the correct answer from the yoo ven alternatives in each of the one ‘of shunt resistance is ___than instrument coil r : il resistance faless (b) greater WBSCTE 2007, 2010) answers @) 4, The valu of swamping resistance is __than instrument coil resistance (ores ney aere [WBSCTE 2007, 2010), answers) 4, Therang ofthe scale ina Megger is eee @-<0+e (b) Oto +e (©)0 to 500 Megohm 2 Answer: (D) 4. Anac. bridge used for measuring dielectric loss and capacitance [WBSCTE 2008] (@)Schering bridge (b) Maxwell’s bridge (c) Kelvin bridge Answer: (a) Abridge suitable for measuring dielectric loss of capacitance is __ (WBSCTE 2009) {@) Schering bridge (b) Maxwell bridge (o) Wein’s bridge Answer: (a) 6 A resistance of value 10 ohms approximately is to be measured by ammeter- voltmeter method with ammeter of 0.02 © resisiance and voltmeter of 50000 tesistnce. The resistance should be measured ei {wascTE 2011] (@)By connecting the ammeter on the side of unknown resistance (b) By connecting the voltmeter on the side of unknown resistance (©) By any of the two connections (@ None of the above Answer: () 2 ue bridge cannot be used introduced into an account of — fs, (@)Resistance of connecting leads (0) Thermo elestte om (©) Contact resistances @ et oft Answer: (b) ors are cron measurements Because erTOTS 8 for precision me wescTE 201%, 2015]Tunes of DC & AC Bridges EM.27 TK ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION My can be measured by using — wesc dng avery high resistance we shuld we : Ber mates (2) Seesing bridge T= 7g Og Fo ig (2) Whexsone edge ™PSTE HM (9 Wes ee (@) Heaviside Campbell bridge 0 eae (€)None ofthe aboes Answer (0) oe Bet ee race te aro ee Eee thao scherng bride the potential fhe dex sve cr pat (a) changing the vale of series resistance 1 ene re (8) hg esha sans comes 0 te Me a, patwvatsonly §— OI sty ae (By tage relsthesnt resstince cos changing the ater volage 8 ag (by voles veatimeter ee ee a wascre zo sees (@ obser and resistance bridges Week ansner: (0) (b) Weights atached tothe moving system (6) ledoes not need any controlling torque (@ None ofthe above Answer: (2) 1. Maxwel'sindutancecapacitance bridge is used for measurement of inductance ot- IWBSCTE 2041, 2016 sty Y Rist ‘to earth and one another ~ |(wascTE 2018) eee ieee eae Bh ate Answer: (b) (@ Low Qeoils (b) medium Q ents flan swe canse (HithQcoits (@low and medium Q coils 29, To avoid the effect of stay magnetic field in AC. brides rested Answer: (@) on (Wane cing vie 12 Shunt generals made of - [escrE 2015 (wave filters matt (@)Nichrome ——(b) copper (@) manganin (@)steslallow Answer (a) Answers (6) BLFilinthe bianks in the folowing statements, The basic DC bridge is used for acsuate mesemen of rssins ad SOt Wheatstone bridge. en wascre 2008 22 Insulation resistance heater has no damping 5 wascre 208 lun Double bridge is used to measure very low ress 2. Kelvin Double bridge is used ae 44. Kelvin Double Bridge i use to measure low sistance ya measurerent of WRESSIORE oa 13; In order to reduce skin effect in resistance standards when they are used on high frequency ac~ : wascTe 21 (2) The diameter ofthe resistance wire should be small (©) Adjacent tums of the resistance col should carry currents in opposite direction (€) They shouldbe providedwth four terminals (@) Allof the above Answer: (a) "4 When te meager isnt use the pointer ofthe megger normally stay at positon [DwescTE 2015, 2011 2S. The basic DC bridge is used forthe precisi Ci atin EE = ao finity’s (@) Any of the above accion aa 1s Siegen tnasstinmengnly mateot- wae B. Meese an controlled incruent rs “Answer: (b) ene (©)Nichrome (@) Alum oe pour estELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTAT;oy ae bridge is used for the precision measurement ra a ~ 29, Insulation resistance is measured by Megger. ts a 30, Resistance up to one ohm is generally called low resistance. esere a 31, Resistance above 0.1 M@ is called high resistance. ie a 32, Earth tester is used for measurement of earth resistance, ose, 33. Loss angle of capacitor is measured by Schering bridge. scan C. State whether the following statements are True or False: 34. AC bridges are similar to DC bridges except that the bridge arms are impedance, BSCE aot ng Answer: True 35. Maxwell bridge is particularly suited for inductance measurement. DWBSCTE 2008, 209, a Answer: True 2 37, A multimeter can measure power of a circuit SCTE 20 Answer: False = " 38. A phosphor bronze spring is used to Provide controlling force in a Megeer. Answer: False - "i Bec ae wescTe 24Speer Unit 3: Transducer & Potentiomete, Unit at a glance: 3.4 Principle of operation of transducer and Sensor 2 st instrumentation system, the input quantity is a non-electrical Wantity, whe te converted faithfully into a presentable electrical signal. A deyic: to be ducet” does this conversion process. In broad sense, a transducer < Brorincsaecits ‘energy from one form to another (Fig 1). Converted to an lent another form equi A form of energy ae Fig: 1 Transducer converting energy But taking into considerations of the modern instrumentation, a transducer is deel a device, which converts the energy from one form to an equivalent electrical in, Fig. 2). ee Converted to an A form of ene ‘equivalent electrical form " ee ‘Transducer Fig: 2 Transducer giving electrical form -&: physical parameters in the form heat, light, mechanical, humidity, pH, conduc in the form of presentable and equivalent electrical energy. It is to be noted that an electrical signal should be in the form of a voltage or curreat frequency and those signals are based upon the electrical effects, which may'be resist capacitive and inductive in nature. Looking into the precise definition, a transducer may be defined as a device Ue : Physical parameter or a physical condition into an analogous elect Signal may be in the form of voltage or current or frequency. Pe ti iter . The original meaning of the term Potentiometer, which is still in use, is an ay vera metsure the potential (oc voltage) ina encan by tapping off a portion of 8k, voltage from a resistive slide wire and comparing it with the unknown voltage bY ™ of a voltmeter or a galvanometer, bes The Present popular usage of the term Potentiometer (or ‘pot’ for shor) minal ceneroent, which has'a useradiaacnn resistance, Usually, tice . : ve Potetiometer fore, Cotes bed nietiescare. tho eredoie? in elec Pe _ Potentiometer becomes a variable voltage divider, when all the three termina!MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION, m¢ ELECTRO" tary ‘Short Answer Type Questions a gum bec en mate Aces he ae ane oy = following: oe a Be eeteai vaeacer (@) Active rtradicer MO! Ott eco Saceat ao 2 witb tii Say (neon — (©) Velocity. (a) Flow ae ee ee ; ees, (tens oe ther pt Ore Orme aoa 4 Fe gs yan eu mae i (@) temperature () velocity (6)celeration (@flow Answer: (©) 8. Bourdon tubes are used for measurement of — {Model aves (tow (O)premue (temperature (@ vee Answer: (b) : Desons} : 5 Pisa measure of - Model ese (a)acidity (b) basicity (©) solubility, ((d) density. Answer: (a) & (0) 6 A potentiometer tansduce used for — [Mode esr (@ac-sigmals () de. signals (©) both (a) and) (@) harmonies Answer: (c) 7. ‘A tachometer measures ~ Model Questor) ae (@) linear speed Sreee: (d) revolutions per minute ‘Answer: (b) @ ES rors ‘Transducer & Potentiometor serena "S15" mo routs pen © a0 oias einen Cie eee ca es pret é (Medel cues reas, (0) Conan el Gre P(e) a ee 5 presnure ‘lode Question ie 5 ich ofthe followings the dynamic characters of anise? exe ‘(Mode Question) 7 (b) Sensitivity (OReproduiiliy (Q)Fideiy © (@) Dead zone “Aner: (@) Banc oft falling is desl caster ofan ise? AS . ‘Model Question), (a) High dit () High measuring ag fe) High fidelity (@ Poor reproducibility “Anse: (6) (ode! seston “14, The function ofa transducer is x (@) conver the primary signal into» more useful quantity, usally an lees impulse (@) amplify the input signal | (©) modify the input signal |G) codify /decodiy the input signal Asner: (a) sytem the 1S. Theterm analogous to the electrical current na thermal aso (eat content inthe system @)heat ow rate : {) noe ofthese {©)temperature diterence “Anower: (a) ing cement Te Whit ofthe followings nota mechaical pesie 55 caegton cura (slows (Diaphragm «UKE Bo (9 pouren!InBG._ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION, Ar Fa etcive operon te stings material shoud VE oy vay MN the temperature sensi (b) temps ivity Mag 0) gauge factor eee, (@) yield point and endurs (nominal resistance Answer: (0) vet 18 Which athe following is active transducer? (a) Photolecie (6) Photoconductive Answer: (0) ()Photovoraic Meng () Photoemissive 19, Themecoupletransdce fused 10 measure — go (semper (b velocity and vibrant MO @pesure (@accleeton Answer (2) 20, A thermistor exibits~ {only # negative change of resistance with inereae in temperature (only positive change of resistance with increas in tempersture (6) cither a negative or postive change of resistance with increase int spending upon the type of material used Bee (Gone ofthe above Answer: () (Mode ues 21, Thermocouples ae (@)aciveransducer {both ative and passive transducer Answer: (3) (ode! Que (b) passive transducer " (@) nottansducer 22. The etal mostly wed in RTD is — (copper (silver Answer: (8) (Mode! Gus (iron (@) platinum 23. The wo windings of scondary side ofthe LVDT are connected in (@) series in adition (Mos! aot (© series in opposition Answer: (0) (parallel in adit (parallel in opposition 24. Their mami on (a) oxides of metal ae Onte Anse 0&6) [Model avs (platinum (@) semiconductor pours! Transducer Potention pa tzoosnl clement het ey 46 lt Meicl eneay by eons ek TY Wane to the ot ur (©) Faraday’ (4) all efecs measure pressure ising VT. The aon deve ede iiss reqieed ode eaten) pilot tbe oy sin 080 . (@roaneter {@pbourdon tube purer (0 core of LVDT i made of Bas (@cston anne (0 Mode una) (© s0Rtion (pain Gps nensivecnt sytem which of he loving ai his we dint ‘Mode Geen (eyaccuracy (0) sensitivity (oyrerodciiity "(allot tae jaoner (0) 49, Pilisameastre of Mes! sston (acidity Answer: (2) & (0) (basicity (sensi “0. The repeatability of an instrument is expressed as Medel Questor] (@)percent ofthe accurate value (@)percentofibe tue value (6 percent of fll sate reading Anse: (b) Mate! aeston 3. The metal mostly used in RTD is sliver (9) copper () platinum Asner: (0) Ee (©iron “2 Pirselecic transducer responds to mecha inp ty Fes 3 Feel ducer responds tomechanicl mtb PE iy onesie (@)curent (9 cage @volage Answer: (b) |S Themocoupes are eee (@) passive ransducer IG) borh active and passive transducer ®) (itive eansdoner poureMtMQ HLECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION “4. The dynamic caractrinies of capacitive transducers are similar 0 the gM (a) low pass iter (b) high pass filter Mod esa {@ note ter {band sop ier Answer: (0) __ 38, Resolution of transducer depends on — (@) Material of wire (6) diameter of wie Answer: () oytength of wire MOM mtg (@ excitation voltage 36. The sensitivity factor of strain gauge is normally ofthe order of — {Mode esti (05-10 ‘sn @i-15 Answer: (b) 15-20 37, Piezoelectric erystal can produce an emf— (2) When external mechanical force applied t it (b) when radiant energy stimulates the crystal (©) when extemal magnetic fel i applied toi (@) when the junction oftwo such crystals are heated, Answer: (a) {Model Question 38. In LVDT, the two secondary voltages — (a) Are independent ofthe core position (0) vary unequally depending on the core position (6) vary equally depending on the core position (@) are always inthe phase quadrature Answer: (b) [Modot auestn| 39. Which of the following should be incorporated in the RTD to make a tempest sensing bridge ow setsitve fo empertre? apes (Pian i i oa Asser: (@) Oui (6) thermistor (Gh core 40. In chen applications a pieocecrc crystal is used for— ode! ested (@) skimming milk (©) grinding Answer: (b) (b) lighting gas stove (@) mixing B. State whether the folowing statements are True or False: 4. State tre o false An acid has higher pH number than base. cS most une! ‘Transducer & & Potentionete Transcend seo ar nea emir Mott aston 6 ae Sos Mot! anton ‘ ders lira sero eae ster has lower sensitivity than RTDs. pact ‘¢. Answer the following questions: eerie Deco tt at "7. Which the main circuit element used to construct LYDT. ods austen rimary col and two secondary cil Answer: 48, Which physical quantity is measured with the help of piezoelectric erst? [Mocs Questo Answer: Electricity "9. Which physical quantity is measured with the help of tachogeserator? Mode! Question) Answer: Voltage. 50, Write the unit of sensitivity of a voltmeter. [Model ueston Answer: chin/vol [Mosel Queston S1. How many significant figure is therein the value 4.19 ohm Answer: 4 significant figure. tothe trae vale ‘2 Which term is referred tothe degree of clsenes or conformity he Ye of the quantity under measurement? er: TWo, so ‘. Give an example of passive transducer. ma Answer: LDR: ae iol Sk Give era $4 Givean example of active transducer insWer: Photovoltaic cells. pour-eMST Tran IC MEASUREMENTS é INSTRUMENTATION, ial Bare M7, Meal exaniple ofan actin EMLT8 ple ap ive transducer ig. 2) are indicated by PH scale? jen ions ae indicated by Mode ny ian £55, Concentration of wh ‘Answer: Mot Ove i stapncice_/ ca 7 Differentiate between sensor and transducer, etc < Answer: atmos lvays transducers but transducers are not necessarily sen et ‘Sensors are lst slvay Wy sensors | ‘sinals fom one form to anothe transducer ia device which convert sin nother. This canny Fig: 2 Themocoop nd linear postions are well a8 physical quantity to elec St ¥ came Toadspeakers and linear posi ¥ 10 clectcal sip = Bro json (2 1) ew die tempest hemostei flows whose magnitude depends on the “Amount of temperature difference between the junctions “Types of materials forming the junctions. rocoupte does not need of any extemal power source ‘58. What is piezoresstive effect? [Model esi Answer: Ba The piezresisive elect isa change inthe electrical resistivity of a semiconducar ‘real when mechaniel sain is applied. In contrast to the: piezoelectric ef, st piezoresisive effect causes a change only in electrical resistance, not in electric press ‘How linear potentiometer is used for measurement of displacement? Model Question] 459, Define passive and active transducer with one example of each. (Model Qusso Answer: A passive transducer is a device that derives power ffom an rifometer transducers are used to convert displacement linear, angular, of spiral) ' proportional voltage signal. Thus the potentiometer traniucers can be used 10 displacement. fenemal source in onder to eee rte tore clctical a |. What isthe Full form of LVDT? (Model Queson} auaniy into an” equivalent is er Linear Variable Displacement Trensiucer 4 clecrical quay. pcm (cil Model Question] i. stead gonty| | Whereas an active ransducers a device that does not require an Saemal power in over io trast a physical non-electrical i sey, imo an equivalent ean, Fig: | Potentiometer a passive tarsiow : What is piezo-electric effect? lezoclectric effect refers to a change in elec polation tht roid 8 in materials when they are subjected to mechanical sreses. This phenomenon GBstrvable in many naturally available crystalline materials, icing quartz, Roselle and even human bone. ‘eal power Phone A passive ansdicer is known as Fs oe ‘2 tema powered wanscer and an active transducer is known sa sleet Sive tree basic requirements of transduce 4 rotenionsier (Fig) iss typical example ofa passive transducer which desi basic requirements ofa transducer ees The qualiyof ouput signal shoul bese } Blah output signal quali : Fea: Ie sboud give minim oxi Powe fiom an extemal source (vp) to translate the displacement (4) a now Beem omeanca Coe cee does ; High reliabitity and stabi temperature variations dynamic respon tion of time. + ts output shouldbe faithful inpue when taken 252 pourEMtee ee Unit 4: Measuring Instruments pnit at a glance: 4A Types of Ammeters and Voltmeters J. Moving Coil type see (@) Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) (for DC only) ) Electro-dynamometer Type (for DC/AC) Moving Iron (MI) Type (for DC/AC) (@) Attraction type, (b) Repulsion type ‘i Induction type instruments (for AC), 4. Electrostatic instruments (for AC) {Hot wire instruments (for DC/AC), 6. Thermocouple (for DC/AC) 7 Rectifier (for DC/AC) 4.2 Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) Instruments 4.24 Construction: PMMC Instruments consists of following parts- Pivot and jewel bearing . Pointer Derieg: Scale Balancing weight Mirror ) | ermanganate | Coil and former eee | Pivot and jewel bearing | we Permanganate +4 magnet Moving coil ne s Balancing weight Fig; Permanent magnet moving coil instrument————— ‘Measuring Instruments energy mete is An negating tpe of instrument Ltt er inden Pe of nstumer {LECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENT ATI; ni Hl ea a ‘But from Equaién (1), we see that TyeN 5 iment se die is ead psd when te 90S TAT a6 poorer T=Ts 7 ovcions of he brake Mat ascii an in Hence, pine boon pe ee meter Necpower W fy braking action on the rotting disc. ‘wesctezonq, controlling action on the rotating disc {@)two functions simultaneously of (2 and b) oar cor )Ndtsc Wat cenerzy consumed. Q “Tus the total numberof revolutions is proportional to the electric energy - garwers(O pac ‘aaa evens ae MOEN Short Answer Type Questions {@)rms value (ewe, Answer: (¢) i ‘A. Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives in each of the ie The eeey range of he se ne cre i= twascre 201) following: | (@) Audio frequency band 20 Hz to 20 ktiz 1. Moving iron emmeter has ~ WESCTE 20729 Oe ene ose ne (a) uniform linear scale _(b) square law scale as is Answers (0) onamet 2. Moving iron ammeter can be used to measure— * [wesct E = per ee ot ag STEPH Tt Therange ofa less vlinetcan be exndaly ing- ESE ‘Answer: (c) (@) A capacitor in series with the voltmeter whose capacitance is greater than the capacitance of the voltmeter 3. Dynamometer type ammeter can be used to measure — [wascTE 2007, 200 (©) A capacitor in series with the voltmeter whose capacitance is smaller thn the oe (@) de. only (© both ae and de capacitance ofthe voltmeter swe: (6 (©) Aresistorin series with the voltmeter 4 Tonge it of PMC stents ~ cvoscrenwn em Po (0 Aninicor ins wih liner (a) small @laree newer Bese (0) . Controlling torque provided in — ae = ecient MLtype instruments are ~ wascre 2007, 20 ; ao (b) Voltmeter (digital mer, —@) Meee (@) repulsion type attraction Answer: @) eee 1 Which ofthe for measures of 0 ae a (Oust ofthe following instrument can be wsed for messes ae Mice ammeter eds wascre 2007. | uotingiron aracton a (@) average value of ac. (b) rms value of ac - Anse fuarueens tncrying col (Olea ‘Answer: (6) Co) mevalues 3 co : uae 7. A moving iron ar re me Ate eh ammeter may be compensated for frequency errors nee @ Pane nt damping i is produced in ~ oving iron instrument — pgslgoneresiance "(sees inctaee (09 shan oe mn nseumen eesti = (c) lometer type instrument ears Mower (ay eM! pour oe Bs := Answer: (6) a eee: sicmontenthsinENENTS INSTRUMENTATION yg, mi 104) hag a guaranteed accutacy of 1% of ful scale dene 7 Intec mK " “Answer: (8) = “Answer: (©) eT ag GQRX _ Womeotted “Answer: (C). (a) Mid fiction (b)spring _(c) eddy currents (@)all of theabove. + (6) oo wy ee ee ees Cueeces “Answer: (a), a oe (a) both D.C. and A. (©). only (AC. only (@) any efthe above Answer: (¢) 22 The lise of an nsirument sing eddy current damping should be of — wae eh [WBSCTE 2018] (2) conducting and magnete material (b) non-conducting and magnete material (©) conducting and non-magnetic material {none ofthe above Answer: (©) 23. Altematng eurentis measured by wescre 2019] (2) induction ammeter (6) permanent magnet ype ame (©)electostatic ammeter Ops a (@) moving ion repulsion type vole Answer: (a) 24. Which of the following meters are not used on D.C. reese! {@) Mercury motor meters (b) Commutator motor mets (© Induetion meters (@)None ofthe above pore sneer Mats MMR i, ister ns (onrae shan ‘of Mi, instrument, has fongue shape svete ft {tite shaped ec of he rn core fon insroments ead ms value. nee Ja Mosing ron ins ra WeScrE 29, P smssesrier ohne cts aly Woe benanye Waser Ep petsc petri oe Pow clas ute, ace of forces act inside a PMMC idstrument eee: ae (sere 2c, Sy rwCinsrument i also known as polarized isirumen. wesc a Of Moving rom ammeter has non-linear scale (WASCTE 20082013, Dy cavmomeler Is estenally a PMMC insiunent designed tobe seve creel ow level current IMBSCTE 2 ts, Avolimeterhas a high resistance in Series wih the mete. (wesc 0 “4, cally a voltmeter should have an extremely high resistance otherwise loading effect way occur. {WSSCTE 205 Deflesting torque in a moving iron instrument is proportions square ofeunent OSCE 21] {:State whether the following statements are True or False: The deflecting torque in moving iron type instrument is propor te cet Honing though eco! wescre 208 21 ne Fae Vit anya ery intmnes wee erp alten esomes he THM ra oe he PM semen. IMC instruments are unsuitable for both de and ac meas er 4 01 Te Am in % jon tYf vin ion nsrumnt may be tacon 9p 0 P80" TS gee, 2 ¥ roureM! a'§ & INSTRUMENTATIO; NIC MEASUREMENT: IN Mt rn nx ELECTRO! : mping resistance is less than the instrument coil resistanceg swal 40. The value of (W8scte 20092, 2 Answer: False : 41. Ammeter shunt is made of manganin wire. Answer: True Hitt incipal advantages of a PMMc eto weight ratio is one of the principal IMC ins 42. High torqui el Waser. _ DNBSCTE 2099, ay Answer: True 43. Scale of the moving iron instrument cramped at the lower end. MWBSCTE arg Answer: True D. Answer the following questions: 44, What is the use of ADC in a digital multimeter? WBSCTE 24g ‘Answer: An analog to digital converter produces digital data in primary format at its digital ope Pins that represents the magnitude of an analog signal applied at its analog input ne digital multimeter. 45. Define percentage error of an energy meter. [WBSCTE 2014 Answer: Percentage Error = ((energy registered by the meter - true energy) x10} /true energy Energy recorded by meter under test (E,) = fxwn __ Energy consumed by wattmeter i.e. True Energy (£,) = wx? Ry Kwxt Percentage Error =|-K 3600_Unit at a glance: 5.1 Qmeter as : Inductor coil has a certain amount of resistance which should have lowes resistance. The ratio of the inductive reactance to the effective resistance of Pte called the quality factor ot Q-factor of the coil. Coil X,_ ob So, oe 2 R R Its always desirable to have high value of Q as it means high inductive reactane ang low resistance. A low value of Q will indicate that the resistance component isis; high and so there is comparatively large loss of power. vey The Q-meter is an instrument designed for the measurement of Q-factor of the coil well as for the measurement of electrical properties of coils and capacinn, he instrument operates on the principle of series resonance. 2 Electronic Ve Oa Thermocouple VoltmeterTHX ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENT ATI, Phy Fig Bane de npr with npl eno ad indeatng mace Successive approximation type DVM Poteiomser used in the servo balancing {ype DVM i « linear dvdr ta ig susceive approximation typ a igl divider sued, The digi divider is none 8c anslg (D/A) converter. The servomotors replaced by an clectoic ope ‘The basic principle of measurement by this method is similar othe simple eset ot determination of wejght ofthe object. The object is placed on one side ofthe bolas the approximate weight is placed on other side. IF weight placed is more, the weirs removed and smaller weight is placed. I this weight is smaller than the objex, ty small Weight is added, to the weight present. If now the total weight is higher thon he object the added weight is removed and smaller weight is added. Thus by wet Successive procedure of adding and removing the weight ofthe object is determine. The successive approximation type DVM works only on the same principe. Short Answer Type Questions A Choose the correct answer from the given altematives in each of te 1 et trom the given alternatives in each of the fo llowing: 1 The Specrim analyze displays the signal specu in __paedel Gueeord (9)iedonsin (©) frequency domain Al Ooms (d) all of these aver: (b) zi oo used in a function generator produces [Model Question] OSiwee” (6) Triangular wave Answer: (a) @ Swatooth wave port i _— EML161 (Mode! Question} (©) Amplitude (0 Feaency domain (@Phee © set) ass at of low impedance by Q-meter the com For measurement ofl Impedance by Q-meter the component is comet n (o parallel Cbyseries (rest) one pO Heo awe) aru analyzer isa combination of row band superheterodyne receiver and CRO 0 ‘and CRO. signal generator (VTVM and CRO nse: (8) eney counter convers time eyele into nig (®) rectangular wave (triangular wave (@) none ofthese Answer: (a) (Model Question] (Model Question) 7. A spectrum analyzer displays [Model Question] F (eifere fequency emplites wt. time {0 pesto peak amplitude of modulating sig (@eiferent signal amplitides was. requeny (@)lissajous figures Anoer:(0) ‘8 When a 50 Hz sinusoidal signal is applied to the ¥ plates co Lacan i time base signal onthe X plates of, the race on the sen ofthe CRO wil (@) horizontal ine ()veialine ©aspor (@)sinsoil we Auswer:(b) : joe custo 9 Which of the ftlowing is a standard curren signal ore ©4-20mA ()3—1SmA @)0-16mA ne: a) 8. Answer the following questions: eS ae 10. Briety explain the working principle of sweep genera" rowanUnit 6: Cathode Ray Oscilloseo, pe —.. ita"? glance: jock diagram of GRO et ‘jagram of digital storage oscilloscope is shown in the follow ¥ ae Following figure. Tapa Horizontal (digital) Tre input signal is applied to the amplifier arid attenuator section, as done in all ssclloscopes. The oscilloscope uses same type of amplifier, attenuator circuitry as the ‘anentional-oscilloscopes. The vertical amplifier then gets the attenuated signal. Temain requirement of A/D converter in the digital storage oscilloscope is its speed, wile in digital voltmeters accuracy and resolution were the main requirements. The ‘ied output needed only in the binary form and not in BCD. The successive Brien type of A/D converter is most often used in the digital storage ‘Oscopes, as + dic intervals of the nant The rate of sampling should be at Teast tie a fst ees 0 18S 0 iim the input signal, according to sampling theorem. cond is used. This Maton. The samo; g amples per Se° i ampling rates as high as 100,000 samp" ns Very fast g ig conversion rate of A/D converter. : uration and the Say con the ra rate and memory size are selected depending UP nu 0 be recorded. ep ePut signal is sampled, the A/D converter digitizes it ss manipulations a agg emory, aes * mory, multi ny it is stored in the memory, é and very j wee a Bs Tead out without being erased. «on are transient it aaa see sucht Nyon Vents, like the waveform of an explosion 2”) observer ae Bat ce Navetor aphid or storedea; ee AK FECTRONICMEASUREMENTS &INSTRUMENTaTioy evens. These evens can be stored in memory of digital storage oxi, Mtg eading the memory rapidly and repetitively the Continuous waveform eqn f°S°OPS. sod be obineg 6.2 Features of Dual trace oscillosc ‘Fe cul beam oscilloscope emits two electron beams that are dis dna singe seope, which could be individually or jointly controle. Thee ae two individual Yerica input chanel for 9 electon beg fiom different sources. 8S Coming «+ Each chanel has its own attenuator and pre-amplifr. Short Answer Type Questions ‘A. Choose the corect answer from the given alternatives in each ofthe following: 1. Ina CRT the focusing anode is located () between pre-aocelerating and accelerating anodes (@) ater accelerating anode () before pre-acelerating anode (@) none ofthese Answer: (a) Played sma ay {Mode Question, 2. An aquadag is used in a CRO to collect (@) primary electrons (b) secondary emission electrons () both primary and secondary emission electrons (@)none ofthese Answer: (b) [Mode Question) 3. Theterm “Lisszous pater” is associated with Model aston CRO “(Digital multimeter (€)Galvanometer _(d)Thermocool Answer: @) 4. ‘Avital amplifier for a CRO can be designed for ode! este) (only a igh gain " (ony rd na (a constant gin time bande (all ofthese id Answer: () é pores Cathode Ray Oscitiosco enestion stem of 2 OS Wars onthe npg a ts sm tie (b) electr hotel ay & yelectrostat romagnetic tuestion (0) eo source of emission of electrons in a CRTs TPN junction diode (Mode Queen (@)F rium and strontium oxide coated cathode (@)relerating anodes fost accelerating anodes Long Answer Type Questions { fiphin te fonedona Dick dlgrm of CRO wa ox dag : i culo yerto Article No. 6.1 of Unit at a Glance, fj Fo mode: In this mode very fast varying signals are displayed clay, The nut sigal isnot triggered at ll, The fast varying signal is displayed as iit schangg slowly, on the screen in this mode. {Sere mode: The input initiates trigger circuit. With rigger pulse memory witecyle stats, When memory is full, write cycle stops. This is called reffesh. Then wing igi to analog converter, the stored signal is converted to analog ad dae Whennext trigger occurs the memory is refreshed (Hold or save mode: This is automatic refresh mode. When new sweep signal is generated by time base generator, the old contents get ove writen by ne ‘ne. By pressing hold or save button, overwriting canbe stopped and Previously saved signal gts locked. : Of CRT with proper diagram, Mod! Quen Ph ek circuit of general pupose CRO silos 3) Horizontal Amplitier 4) Metical Amplifier 9) Belay Line @ Pover Supply ee i : ir es gee este pat inant the cathode ray tube which emis electrons tt : 0 provide a visual display a signal our