“ey Seen Every era has contri uled its . conveniences 10 the kitchen—jry own ideas and | microwave ovens were used for reheating food | tothe closed one, from wood to oi ie PPE” stove | only. But as the pace of modern life has got faster | and gas. And now the age of o ©2Hl electricity of mie, and busier by the day, microwave cooking has | Furthermore, microwave ovens se aves #8 here. iS were e alucury. For a long time ‘onsidered proved extremely helpful in the efficient pre- | ICROWAVES. yaration of daily food, in the shortest possible time. © People considered that | fas _ betes (Biierowave isa signal that has a wavelen th of one foot (30.5 em) of less. This converts toa frequency of ce ae oe ot above 1000 MHz (1 GHz) are considered microwaves. The frequencies inmediately below this border are considered ultra-high frequencies. The upper end of the microwave range contains the light frequencies, about 10!’ Hz, However, - ] because electronic transmission is so closely geared to half-wavelength devices, the practical upper limit is about 300 GHz, where one wavelength is about 0.04 inch (0.1 cm). Smaller devices are being made, but their power handling abilities are also micro. Normally microwaves spread outwards as they travel through the atmosphere and disappear without effect. The microwave oven uses microwaves of frequency 2.4 GHz (12.5 cm wavelength) to cook food. Microwave ovens have a magnetron usually concealed in the roof of the oven, specifically designed to make use of the energy in the microwaves. Electricity applied to the magnetron tube is used to create microwave energy. Microwaves enter the cooking area through openings inside the oven. A turntable or tray is located at the bottom of the oven. Microwaves cannot pass through the metal walls of the oven, but they can penetrate siich materials as glass, porcelain and paper, the materials out of which microwave-safe cookware is constructed. Microwaves do not heat cookware, though cooking vessels will eventually get hot from the heat generated by the food, concave reflectors are located on the left and back sides to concentrate the microwave energy on the food. In state-of-art microwave ovens, the wave reflector system (WRS) and dual-wave emission system (DES), Fig. 50.1, ensure that the food is always uniformly cooked. Microwaves reflect off the metal components in the oven (such as the interior walls and the fine sereen on the oven door) These metal parts prevent the escape of microwave energy. All microwave acl Mth inside the oven. When the door is opened or the oven is switched of, the production of microwaves sop ly. TRANSIT TIME Every eletonic product with two or more terminals willhave inter-electodes capacitance across he frinals@ © Flg. 50.4 (a) The wave reflector system (WRS) (b) The dual-wave emission system (DES) and inductance in series with the terminals. Both effects limit the fullness of the device at high frequencieg Values of 2 pF and 0.02 jt1 are typical interelectrode reactances that erode the high-frequency signate ‘second limitation is the time i takes forthe electron to travel from one electrode to another electro led the mansit time, At microwave requencies the time for one cycle of RF energy is often shorter than the transit time of the devive, The measures required to improve one efleet are the opposite of what is requiredy improve the other, and are therefore ‘ounter productive. For this reason the principle of using the transit tine {as in magnetrons) instead of fighting it, has become basie to many of today's microwave devices, ATIAGNETRONS Cine word magnetron isa conjuction of the words magnetand electrons and identities one of the major components, a yery Powerful magnet, The second major component isa eylindrical copper block, drilled and channeled as shown in Fig. 30.2. The centre opening is called the interaction chamber. The holes drilled around the outer edge have a diameter equal to one- half wavelength at the opera ing frequency and are called resonant chambers, There will always be an even number of Fesonant chambers, usually not less than 6 and not more than 16, With the magnetron used as a diode the copper block becomes the anode and a directly heated cathode is placed at the centre of the interaction space. The chamber is sealed with top and bottom cover plates and the air is drawn out to forma Vacuum. The output connection is a wire loop in one of the Cathode. Neate chambers that feeds to a conxial cable fitting on the side wall of the block anode, Because the anode is exposed to the user Fig, 60.2 The anode oe i is placed at ground potential and the cathode is ata high Blockotamuticaviy magneton negative potential, The magnetron will only operate as en Oscillator (never as an amplifier) and finds its greatest use as a (‘power oscillator,Do 8 A Fig. 50, ir ; i. a 0.3 Strapping ofatomate anode channel pole piocestoensuro 100" phase meds Operation. A and C are strapping contacts, B and D are not WAVE GUIDE: ee = v vi the {he part of a microwave system that establi for all of the other devices is t aE hardware called wave need the theory of operation fo onstitute a departure ‘ave guide. The conductors of microwave energy © i from conventional cables in thatthey resemble a coarial cable with the centre conductor gemoved, Fig. 50.4. Microwave energy is carried throug h the waveguide by reflection along its inside wal Fig. 50.4 The evolution of waveguides (a) Two quarter.wave shorted sections of transmission line. (b) Mules of a (6) Standard waveguide with designations (no lange). The narrow side dimension is 0.4 to 0.5times the wide side dimension a, This is possible only if the guide is larger than one-half the length of the applied voltage wave, Thus the ave guide size is directly related to frequency. The waveguide factors that deserve attention are : (a) attenuation losses per unit length (b) size selection (©) coupling methods (@) guide impedance and (&) power-handling ability By transforming microwaves into 3D waves, the system "sues that every inch of food being cooked i inmersetin sD Nicrowaves, resulting in food that is cooked more even! ly. Microwaves transformed into three dimensional waves co tof specially designed waveguides, Fig. 30.5. Fa 50.5 Three dinensional microwaves[1660.see z MICROWAVE OVEN BLOCK DIAGRAM... The block diagram of a microwave oven is given in Fi hing type. The fust blow eeram 50.6. The mains plug and socket are thre.p fuse is of 15 A, 250 V. Interlock switches are linked with the oven dn ns transformer only when the oven door is closed. At least one inter with the transformer primary, hence even a spot of dirt in the relay or trial, cannot tum ‘oven on when the door is open, Series Interlock SW. ud Thermal Relay or ‘ 4. protector 7] Tae, = FO Shunt T Interlock == [ 8 -O = 5000 V + I | Microwave A output Bleeder Magnetron ° Wave guide B To filament cof magnetron ro {6 Functional block diagram of a microwave oven PAE 60.6 Funetonal hock ogra of ricroweve oven, There is yet another interlock across the power supply line. It normally remains open. Ifthe dooralignme is not correct it will be activated , putting a short circuit (crowbar) across the line and making the fuse melt. Thus, the microwave oven is a fail safe device. The voltage induced in the secondary winding is about 2000 V (rms) at 250 mA for normal domes! ovens. The transformer also has a tertiary winding for the magnetron filament. The high voltage return circ! is fastened directly to the chassis through the transformer frame. A half-wave doubler configuration is us for the rectifier, with a peak inverse voltage of about 12000 V. One end of the diode is connected to t chassis. The bleeder capacitor (1 4\F) should always be discharged before touching anything inside when t cover is removed. The high value Bleeder resistor is slow to discharge: further it may be open. The thermal protector is a PTC thermistor. The primary current decreases when the temperature ris abnormally. It senses the temperature of the magnetron as it is bolted to the magnetron case and is : connected electrically that its resistance comes in series with the primary circuit. The controller is a microprocessor chip with a clock, It is activated by key-pad switches and sets 1! cooking time. It senses the temperature and moisture, sets the power levels and runs the display. There a three power levels. For HIGH the microwave generator remains on continuously; for MEDIUM it remains¢ for 10 seconds and off for 10 seconds; for LOW it remains on for 5 seconds and off for 15 seconds. Th Controller activates the microwave generator using either a relay or a triac.[microwaverc LCD TIMER WITH ALARM__ Most microwave ovens fo modern microwave ovens and eooh atimer is sketched in Fig, 50,7 buzzer are the ouput device Fig. 50.7 (a). “Mt within the digital circuits block in Qsomewhat more dee ein block has been subdivide, aM OF adigital timey ‘into four blocks, ‘The i i S. They are the time. the latch/decoder/driver, and the Magnitude comparator, The , the down counter. The time base is a stable Multivibrator which signal is a 1 Hz square wave, The accuracy in clock Activating the star input contr cause and decoded by the latch/decoder/driver. The shown in Fig 50.7 (b§. The digital circuits base clock, the self stopping down counter, ut controls block presets the time held i frequency. In this case, the accuracy of the time-base Each lower number is latched Display INPUT - Keypad a set time @ Start J Alarm Digital circuits (a) Display Latch Clock — -———+ } sattstopping decoded | -—» . i down counter driver (ime-base) es ouTPuTs Magnitude —— Input Te controls oe ig. 50.7 Digital timer system () coment tert am Per Simle block aegram of ter wit alarm(NGLE-CHIP CONTROLLERS _ Most of us are familiar with general-purpose mt rocomputers such as the IBM PC and its clones and, “Apple Macintosh, whic are used in more than half of our homes and in almoa al of ou businese, Thee microcomputers can perform a wide variety of tasks: ina wide range of app ica ee oe ling on the softivare (prograins) they are running, There is a more specialised type of roeompu er E a mierocomean rich is nol a general-purpose computer, Rater, it is designed to be usc! as & dee icated oF embecld, controller which helps monitor and control (he operation of a machine, a pieee of equipment, oF a process Microcontrollers are microcomputers because they use a microprocessor chip as the CPU, but they are mug} smaller than general-purpose microcomputers because the input/output devices they normall ly Use are mug} smaller, In fact, some of the inpuloutput devices—as well as memory— are usually right on the same chiy as the microprocessor. Thesesingle-chip microcontrollers are employed in a wide variety of control application such as: appliance control, metal-working machines, VCRS, automated teller machines, photocopiers automobile ignition systems, antilock brakes, medical instrumentation, and much more. led microprocessor is a microwave oven control system, ‘R very typical application of an embedd mcs Fig, 50.8. If we were to try to analyse all of the maching iagram of such a system is shown in ‘actual microwave oven, you would find it overwhelming. Oy fa program works and give you glimpse of what the progr only @ portion of a program is shown ina simplife language instructions needed to program an ‘goal here is to understand how a simple part o does to control the system. In the example of Table 50.1 form that you will find easy to understand. Its purpose is to determine if'a non-zero value has been placed the accumulator. The value in the accumulator represents the number of seconds that the microwave shoul cook the food. If a non-zero value is in A, it displays the number of seconds on an output port and count down in | second interval until it reaches 0. It then continues with the rest of the program. The program start executing at address 0000 when power is first applied, which resets the system. The instruction that i generally stored at the reset address is a jump instruction that sends the micro to the main program. The mai program in this case starts at 0100, where it makes a decision either to jump immediately to the rest of th program at 010A or to execute the instructions from 0102-0109. In either case, it eventually executes th rest of the program from 010A until itis told to jump back to 0100 and do it all over cei.) Input device Microcomputer Output devices Microwave| generator : ‘Single-chip microcontroller block diagram TYPES OF MICROWAVE OVENS. pies are two main types of microwave ovens in the market. The first type cooks by microwaves only whl the: second is a microwave convection oven, which is in fact a combination of ovens. While microwave oven remain popular, there is now a great demand for combination ovens also.fi Re ssombly Language LUMP 0100H 7 JZ. O10AH | Should we cook the food? MO) i V PHA | Display cook time on port 4 | LCALL 1_SEC_DELAY | Waste one sec | | a A | subtract one sec from time INZ 0102H Is the food done? "***This is where the rest ofthe program continues.""""" Most food cooks wonderfully well by the moist cooking method in microwave ovens, but certain food requires thedry heat produced in normal eeeecioal ovens to turn it crisp and brown. This is when the second type of oven helps. Hence, some of the latest models have a combination of microwave and conventional ovens called the combo mode of cooking where the food automatically cooks by means of microwaves and then crisps by the conventional method, Fig. 50.9. In multi-grill models, Fg, 50.10 comprises of heaters place places (top, bottom and rear) in the oven, together with sconvection fan forming @ cube heater. This not only cooks food evenly but also saves time. It allows you t rispy base, overcrispy top, OF both at the same time. “Top Gril Heater + Microwave Model No. OM-8918C Function microwave along with the 3D power system, — Fig, 50.9 Incombo mode of cooking, the cook faster for perfect d at different jhe gril can be used simultaneously £0 ‘browning and crispy texture. 1 do your own heat setting and helps to get the perfect pe iy all G a Cd ap Fl LY= CONSUMER ELEC Tag, : 8) MICROWAVE COOKING. Rapid microwave cooking provides excellent quality of fod. This quick method of cooking Using amin, quantity of water helps retain most of the nutrients. In addition microwaving preserves natutal flavoure while enhancing the colour and texture of the food. Microwaves are non-ionising,high-Irequeney, short wavelength electromagnetic Waves. Microw. areattracted by the moisture in the food placed within the oven for cooking. The microwaves then peneyn > the food surface, causing the moisture molecules to vibrate. This vibration generates heat which then sy the food by conduction. The food is cooked from the outer surface to the inner core. FEATURES DIAGRAM — Heating through microwaves has the following advantages over conventional electrical heating systems 1. Quicker heating saves time. System is very clean. Preserves natural flavours. Retains most of the nutrients. Enhances the colour and texture of food. System can be combined with a conventional heating process. Seeun Fig. 50.11 When the door is closed it will automatically lock shut. If the door is 1, Door Latch = a opened while the oven is operating the magnetron wi automatically switched off. d 2. Door Seal ~The door seal maintains the microwave within the oven cavity an prevents microwave leakage.Mer Shite 5. Safety inte rlae 6 Door Re 1. Glass Cooking 8. Roller Gutag 9. Door Screen 10. Time Set p, I. Display 12. Speedy Cook 13. Popcorn 14. Muffin 15. Baked Potato 16. Dinner Plate 17. Soup 18. Beverage 19. Frozen Pizza 20. Fresh Vegetable 21, More 22, Less 23, Auto Defrost 24, Power 25. Clock/A. Start 26. Feeding Bottle 27. Stop/Clear 28. Start WIRING INSTRUCTIONS. te System — Se Butigg Tray Poteet fis : he mictowaye outlet from splashes af ecnking foods Musing oy aa he Hom operating while the daur te opened. BMS tutta — tule oo "MON ps even operation and opens the dea, epecltl dors restuwons glove, he nust always be ins Prone Potton stant glass. The way must alway: Line opctaing Dasmt ck fantdection dean Ne WhO cooking tray Allows voy, M6 Of fowl. ut he seteen is designed so that light can pass ‘hrough, but nea he mien ' owaves oe A ime and the present time Touch os POWEF level, present time diplayed Touch to set any desired reheat seule Used t0 cavk poneom, Used t0 cook muffin, Used to bake potatocs, Used to reheat dinner plate, Used to reheat soup, Used to reheat beverage, Used to re heat frozen pizza, Used to blanch fresh veyetable, Used to add on one touch cooking, Used to remove one touch cooking, Used to defrost foods, Used to set power level, Used to set clock & used to set auto settle, Used to sterilize bottle, Used to stop the oven operation or to defrost Used to start a selected operation, i ing code. The wires in this mains cord are coloured in accordance with the following. "loured black, Green ; Earth Black : Neutral Red : Live As the colours of the wires of the mainscord of this appliance may not correspond with the coloured s y ire: i i lug, ' | Marking identifying the terminals in your rs js marked with the y abe ee ae ich is m: ‘ ted a he (eae oe ‘i a ef Saeed to the terminal which is market tie which is coloured black mi roceed as follows : The wire which is green mus! e which is coloure p I i 'N’ or to terminal which is marked with the letter “L* or hich cc connec ity. Line terminals b nected Amps capacity. ! a ite which is ee bi of the sockel which should be of 15 Amp buted red, Ensure proper wirin “Id confirm to the above. erly, Warning : This appliance must be earthed propsSAFETY INSTRUCTIONS _____ ‘CONSUMER Ly ces, certain rules to fallow and Listed below are, as with other appliances, certain rul fo Property Potato any safeguards to assure best performance from this oven + 1. Do not use the oven for drying clothes, paper or any other nonfood 2 10. If. 12, ia. 14. MICROWAVE COOKWARI Grounded Outint item. Do not use the oven without food items, this could damage the oven and may cause smoke emission. Do not use the oven for storage of papers, cookbook, cookware, ete. Do not operate the oven without glass tray. Be sure it is properly placed on the rotating base, Ensure removal of caps or lids prior to cooking when you cook Fig. 50.12 Properly polaron ‘and grounded outlet food sealed in bottles. Do not put foreign material between the oven surface and door which could result in excessive leakage of harmful microwave energy. Do not use recycled paper products for cooking. They may contain impurities which could cause sparks and/or fires when used during cooking. Use recommended & commercially packaged popcorn, Microwave popped corn produces & lower yield than conventional popping, there will be a number of unpopped kernels. Do not use oil unless specified by the manufacturer. Do not pop popcom longer than the manufacturer's directions (popping time is generally below 3 minutes). Longer cooking does not yield more popped corn, it can cause scorchings and fire, Also, the cooking tray can become too hot to handle or may break. Do not cook any food surrounded by a membranes such as egg yolks, potatoes, chicken livers, tc, without piercing them. Should the microwave oven emit smoke indicating a fire, keep the oven door shut, switch the appliance off and disconnect the mains cord from the outlet. ‘When flammable food containers are used in the oven (e.g. packet popcorn) be sure to check the cooking process frequently to check for fire. Always stir and/or shake the containers of baby foods the contents. Always test the temperature of food o drink which has been heated in a microwave oven before serving, especially to children or elderly pe: prior to testing their temperature and serving A wide variety of cookware can be used in the microwave oven, all of which are termed microproof \ indicate that it is safe and recommended for microwave cooking. Most materials are microproof for at least: limited amount of cooking time. The principal exception to this rule is metal. Unless specif containers made of metal, even partially, are never 10 be used in the microwave oven, Not reflect microwaves, preventing them fro ally approve only does metal m entering a food, but it can also cause arcing, a condition where Static charge is conduced between the metal container and walls of your oven. Arcing is not dangerous t you, but it can deface your oven.i ROAVE OVENS at ainsi — : When selecting containers io cook in, be sure to consider why vty space of this oven is much smaller than the 2 to 2.5 cubie feet you are probabli d to with your a ably used to with you @ ional oven, To familiarise it Fi pventional 1 yourself with the capacity of yu crown reriment wih different container shapes and sizes pasty af yor mlerowave ove, itmay be best q size will fit in your oven, After all, the opERATING PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS sean often correct operating problems yourself. it fe operating problems in the chart below and try the Ivan sul does not Work properly contat the nearest ‘your servi requirements, Your microwave oven fails to work properly, locate valutions marked for cach problem. If the microwave erviee Centre, which are fully equipped to handle all PROBLEM ovnvannot sian XTX XTX] Coven Wit al Hoot ‘er ay % ‘ac or Spartng aot Th of Day ‘no word "Prob" Fashos neveny Cooked Foods rath Foods Undieeakod Foods inpoper Detrosting euros | wiacthneti ‘Cooking te not set | ‘Check seo that oven ventilation pots ara not rstciod Use comet temp, contro sting Use como timelcooking power level Is door closed A eon not 0 probe not plugged in (Check o cance! Child Lockout en ene ane Sno i bod Suppl glas turntable must be uted Use approved Cookware ony va Prope dion wrperians probe = ean probe properly plugged in? ‘Do not operate with oven empty. ates Fig. 50.13 CARE AND CLEANING Wipe the oven inside and outside with asoft cloth and mild detergent solution. Then rinse and wipe dry. This should be done on a weekly basis—more often if needed. Never use rough powders or pads The inside oven top can be gently wiped in place. Excessive oil spatters on the inside top will be difficult ‘oremove if left for many days. Wipe spatters with a wet paper towel especially after cooking chicken or bacon. IMPORTANT : If interior of the oven is not kept clean, the stirrer fan assembly will accumulate grease snd food stains which will shorten the life of the stirrer fan assembly parts. REMOVABLE PARTS, The following parts may be removed as described. They should be washed in warm (not hot) water with a Tild detergent and a soft cloth. Once they are clean, rinse them well and dry with a soft cloth, Never use rough cleaning powders, stee! wool or rough cleaning pads. () After each use of temperature probe, it must be removed from the socket. Use pot holder, as the Wire, plug and sensor section may be hat. Wipe food or liquid from the sensor witha soft damp cloth.Gi) The glass turmable may be removed for cleaning at the sink. Wipe up spillovers with a pa orcloth before removal of the glass turntable, Be careful not to chip or scratch the edges turntable, as this may cause the glass turntable to break during use. (ii) The turntable roller rest and oven eavity bottom should be cleaned regularly to avoid excess noise. Simply wipe the oven bottom: surface wth mild detergent water and dry. Theturnrablensh® rest may be washed in warm (not hot) water with a mild detergent and a soft cloth. Coote” ‘vapours collect during repeated use but inno way affects the oven bottom surface or rally nt wheels PET ov the lace SPECIAL CARE_ For best performance and safety, the inner door panel and the oven front frame should be free of food o, grease build-up. Wipe both often with a mild detergent. Then rinse and wipe dry. Never use rough powder, or pads. After cleaning the control panel, ‘ouch STOP/CLEAR. This will clear any entries that might have been entered accidentally while cleaning the panel. Ss Fig. 60.14 METAL RACK CARE. (i) The metal rack may get hot during cooking. Pot holders may be needed to remove Rack afier cooking. (ii) Remove metal rack from oven when not being used for whole meal cooking. (ii) Do not use browning dishes on metal rack. (iv) Do not run the oven empty with the metal rack in it. (¥) Do not use foil or metal containers on the metal rack. Metal Rack Fig. 60.15Og of 8 Multcavity Magnetron, “ation of waveguides b) Dual-wave emission system : 0 in € » DAW the block gan Microw (8) 3D microwaves a : Mictowave oven Briefly explain each block, TOwave ovens Pes 0} . What are the Advantages of . With the help of 5 Suitable block 10. Briefly explain q rain he Working ofa single-chip microcontroller. Fillin the Blanks ¢ 6 1. What are the jy, 8 9. I etWave cooking? Sram explain the working of an LCD timer with alarm, WAVES of f 2. Electricity applied to 7 requengyn ot 4. The wave reflect ON is used to create le wave reflecti ease eee cooked, ‘hslvave emission system enur thatood ip eee ee 4. All microwave : Sr ee eee eae Temains inside the oven, 5. Waveguides are the hardware, 1. The mictowave oven is a §. The anode of a magnetron is ata Migirseceitonmets Teas 5. The thermal protector in a microwave oven isa thermistor, eee ese ‘0. In LCD timer with alarm the keypad is the input and both the digital and are the output devices, Se eee eee ‘While the microwave oven remains Popular there is now a greater demand for 2. Microwave cooking—______ most ofthe nutrients and the colour and texture of food. > ANSWERS ¢ Sree lem Flin the Blanks | 3. uniformly 1 ave energy (24 Ge Pe Sti 6. reflection 4 activity 5. inter connecting Sara fal sate as 8. negative nati 12, retains; enhances oly 11. éombination ovens alarm buzzerWASHING MACHINES From the first washing tool, a broom with four | modern techniques In washing machines, ; Intudlay's high- stress lifea washing machine hay | i Jfingers at the bottom to move the clothes around | the bucket, to the modern fully automated ones, become a household necessity. Washing machiny | | washing machines have come a long way. | are gradually emergings as an omnipresent dbohi jy | | Technological advancements have brought about; Indian homes. Fornmately the choices are many, Hg | metamorphic changes in washing machines. From | only incolour, design and features hut alsa in prices, | 2 manual washing machines requiring hot water | Of course the market is flooded with washing | 4 soak before dirty clothes got churned in machines | machines offering a range of operations, From | | to semi-automatic with spin dry facilites to fully semi-aautomatic ta fully automatic, from top-load | | automatics and now recently introduced Fuzzy | to wmble wash, these state-of-the-art machines | | logic the concept of machine wash has totally | promise multifarious, user friendly features at | changed, Multinational companies (MNCs) down to earth prices. 4 dealing in electronics have launched new and 1 ELECTRONIC CONTROLLER FOR WASHING MACHINES. = aad The task here is simply to identify the input and output devices used in electronic washing machines and to construct a block diagram showing their connections to the controller, Detailed information about the characteristics of Water temperature —¥/ sensgrs and actuators can be added at a later stage. Drum speed > }-—» Water pump Inputs Outputs User push buttons. — [+> Drum motor [> Water heater The block diagram in Fig. 51.1 shows a sai possible representation of the system. There are Water level sensors —>} many acceptable ways of representing the system. It would, for example, be possible to consider 0°" “0sed switch — Ls user display the display to be internal to the controller and | space rofeeas therefore not show it separately. Similarly clock circuitry used to time the operation of the i A i machine is considered here to be contained within 514 Inputs end outputs in an electronic washing machine the controller. It could equally well be considered as an external component, The block diagram is a good starting point for the generation of the specification since it shows very clearly the structure of the complete system, The block diagram makes no assumptions of the form of the controller. It could be implemented using an electromechanical timer, or a microcomputer, or a range of [> Water valves other technologies. Many modem washing machines now use microcomputer fo contol their various functions, replcing the electromechanical controllers used in earlier models. Clearly it is not practical to consider all aspects 0! such a system, but it is instructive to look at some elements of the design.8 Foyt ¥tious stages of the washing evele the drum is Se 30 reval ged rotate a iret speeds These inhi: ei ae ea) White clothes are washed: an intermediate speed 0 Sie the water pune eat an pe consider how the estic washing machine isa very fy care required ‘ost item). Our first d an oper Power variabl ‘mierocomput Peed of either $00 or 1000Qrpm to spin dry the Pater should control the speed of the motor. ‘gh-volume pra d. This NeCessitates 4 close look Accision must be Whether thes: ystem is theor ie tically possi, i 7 Possible using a cl st of such a system ‘eed applications ig Drohibitin 738 7ehrONoUs motor the cost JS drive the drum and some fc erst te( The system will therafore-be closed loop using a ne Of the simplest methods of ne luct, the design shortcattempt to minimise at the choice of sensors and jactnators: to 'm will be open loop or closed loop. Since is passed by a magnet which rotates with th can be used to determine its speed. time during its cycle, 7, require circuitry to det diagram of the system : me form of electronic circuitry, but the hardware 0 do this the emPuter Sontrols the powerdirectly by firing the triac at an: appropriate ect the crossing payer mts detect the zero erossing of the ae supply. This will te sine Point while protecting the Processor from high voltages. A block is shown in Fig, $1.9 ac pent supply Zero lcrossing|-»| detector| Microcomputer| The motor power is determined by the timing of the triac firin; of each half of mains cycle it will remain on for the remainder of {ull power. The longer the processor waits before firing the triac, Processor thus varies the delay time with respect to the zero crossin, amount to increase or decrease the power in the motor as determin and required speeds. g Pulse. Ifthe trac is fired at the beginning the half eycle and the motor will operate at the less will be the motor power. The g point of the mains by an appropriate ed by the difference between the actual This method of controlling the motor speed is very processor intensive, It consumes a large snceit of Processor time and will require a considerable amount of effort in writing and developing the software. However, this approach uses very little hardware and is thus very attractive for such a high-volume *plicatioy‘CONSUMER ELECTRON) + Proximity — Ferromagnotic y gear whee! Gales v[ § {a) Inductive sensor Fig, 51.3 Displacement sensors using counting Slotted opto-switch (b) Opto-switch sonsor WASHING MACHINE. (DWARE. -m is an assembly of components united by some 1m of regulated interaction to form an organised whole. We will examine a microcomputer system, using, a washing machine control as an example, The input peripherals consist of (Fig, 51.4). 1, temperature sensor which senses the washing. water temperature. (The analog/digital converter changes the analog values to binary numbers). safety cut-out switch. keyboard for program selection. InpuvOutput modules Analog/Digital converter water level gauge. computer motor for washing drum. power switches for motor, heater, ete. lo heater for washing water. water inlet valve. SPINA ERED water suction pump. 10. control lamps and indicators. The units listed above i.e. the washing machine as well as its mechanical components, electrical units and electronic components are known as hardware “) _ WASHING CYCLE The push-button keyboard enables the desired program to be selected. The control—the microcomputer checks firstly that the safety cut-out is in the ON position. The water is then admitted (valve opened) and the Water level is constantly monitored. When the required quantity of water has been provided the valve closes ‘The water temperature is measured and the heater is switched until the water reaches the required temperature. In the meantime, the washing powder is admitted from a container and the hardness of water is noted, at the same time the drum motor is switched on so that the dirty washing is evenly moved through the water. Afte the required time has elapsed, according to the selected program, the motor is switched to high speed spinning and the suction pump is switched on to remove the washing water and the rinsing water to waste. At the end of the washing cycle the machine switches off and provides a signal to indicate this. Fig, 51.4 Washing machine—hardwarei a (DWARE AND SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT ye vill now examine how a system is developed Th wile ted § racine control, The development will fallow the broad pattern ef ourte, 4 simple washing, ‘ n shen ; Protiem ‘efron Economic appraisal and decision to 96 ahoad Proving of system and error correction (debugging) Final ‘documentation Fig. 51.5 Developing the system fr washing machine contro! The problem definition is based on the re redesign of the existing unit. It is a.m “quirements of the specification, It is also nec what is required from it essary for the ans of d termining what a system’s performance is capable of and ata flow charis are used to identify all the hardware Clements of a system at this stage for a general broad picture of the structure of the installation, Program flow charts permit the costs of the necessary software to be established in the development stage and represent useful aids for the designer. The decision to go ahead with the developments of a system is governed by economic appraisal and ‘echnical feasibility of the plan. To establish these criteria the required operating speed, memory storage capacity and costs of the component parts of the system must be determined, Subsequently the the problem is analysed and the final production costs deduced, There are two alternative approaches for hardware development. On one hand, a um al system may ‘onsidered which has not been designed to cope with any one specific problem, On the other hand a ‘pecially designed system may be decided upon in which the components used are specially selected tor Ri suitability to deal with the problem under consideration, Such optimization i standard systems are employed. structure of be ex generally not possible For software development a detailed program sequence plan must fist be established. This is then ‘rlen in the appropriate code and fed into a computer or into development system. The program is then "anslated into the language required by the macl Sut Any errors fouy Nailable for use, E , ‘hine and a simulation of the operation sequence is carried in the program are corrected (this is known as debugging) and the software is thenAfter the hardware and software has been developed the system is tested, Ane 19 is eatteg to determine whether the system can satisty all the demands which may be pat upon ite "Can dh yy perform every function which may be required from it?" ILis not now a qui ithe Progagy(e has already been done during the program development) but fhe system is naw under serutiny, this Input Output es water dokcos dovieos__ rum temperature [motor probe Safety saute [>| Hoator switches T * } L__,| 1 Microcomputer, = | ———> os i — Waste Ly! suction pump Wash program L+] Indicator se ote Data flow chart for a washing machine control WS Bete fw Crt fora nahn mecha come TYPES OF WASHING MACHINES. Washing machines are mainly of three types, namely washer, semi-automatic and automatic. Washers are single tub machines that only wash, Since washers don’t have the facilities for drying the clothes, these cos less than semi-automatic and fully automatic machines. In semi-automatic machine, Fig. 51.8, the controls are not fully automatic and manual intervention is required. In fully automatic machines, Fig. 51.9, no manual intervention is required during the washing process For aiitomatic machines, programs have to be selected and set by the user prior tothe start of washing cycle Sensors sense the wash load and decide the program ideal for washing the clothes, water level, time reuired to wash, number of rinses and spins, type of fabric ete. Although washer dryer (semi-automatic) machines don't operate with the efficiency of stand alone washifig machines, they offer enormous space saving. However, you have to drain all the soap water before drying. Also, you can’t wash and dry at the same time and the drying performance is inferior to that of sand alone machines. But then washer-dryers cost less and allow you to wash and dry your clothes without having to reset the machines. FUZZY LOGIC WASHING MACHINES Fuzzy logic washing machines are gaining popularity, These machines offer the advantages of performane® Productivity, simplicity, and less cost. Sensors continually monitor varying conditions inside the machine and accordingly adjust operations for the best wash results. As there is no standard for fuzzy logic, different machines perform in different manners.Road-in ‘wator tomperatura Compare actual tomporatura with nominal temperatura Switch heater on Fig 81.7 Program fw char fore washing machine contro! Typically, fuzzy logic controls the washing process, water intake, water temperature, Performance and spin speed, This optimizes he lifespan of the washing machine More soph machines weigh the load (so you can’t overload the Washing machine), wash time, rinse sticated washing advise on the required amount of detergent, assess cloth material type and water hardness, and check whether the detergent is in powder or liquid form. Some machines even learn rom past experience, memori minimise running costs. : . The diagnostic fault-finding system displays a fault code if any problem arises. You can then convey tis fault code to the service centre thus ensuring thatthe repair technician reaches with the Tight parts to fix ‘without delay. i ; ted a8 and when a new technology or program a it ie microprocessors can be updated a a n ig is ca etl eels intel enabled washing machines have been lene When the network me nae aa sity these machines will allow downloading of new programs and remote fault diagnosis mes a reali er the ditect internet connection. : ; ving M ic machines feature one-touch control. Equipped Meee ae hie ee tees paying exira for if you wash full loa ines consume less power, ing programs and adjusting them to geFig, 51.8 A typical semi-automatic washing machine (top loading) a week, In-built sensors monitor the washing process and make corrections to produce the best washing results. In some machines a zangle sensor senses where the clothes are tangled and takes corrective action by adjusting the water current, so the clothes don’t tangle further and are cleaned better. High-end machines have a suds-free system including a pressure sensor to detect. extra suds in washing if you have used a large amount of detergent. The washing machine drains water together with the detergen and then refills with minimum water to restart. These machines cost more than regular models. The foam suppression feature detects whether too much foam is present during wash and accordingly it either reduces the agitation or adds an extra rinse. Fuzzy logic checks for the extent of dirt and grease, the amount of soap and water to add, direction of spin and so on. The machine rebalances washing load to ensure correct spinning. Else it reduces spinning speed if an imbalance is detected. Even distribution of washing load reduces spinning noise. Neuro-fuzzy logic incorporates optical sensors to sense the dirt in water and fabric sensor to detect the type of fabric and accordingly adjust wash cycle. MISCELLANEOUS FEATURES The controls and features of a typical rop Joading washing machine are shown in Fig. 51.10, The controls of a typical front loading washing machine are given in Fig. $1.11.rporate a inte dum. Once the water and der soles Fuzzy logic electronics inteltigen 1, Capacity : The capacity ofa was depends on the type of fabric. It ig that will move freely i clothes is given in Table SLI ctub the clothes and agitate the more power. Smaller capacity macl clothes and consumes less powet, but these machines can easily fit in a limited space, 2. Wash programs : High-end washing machines feature available on the machine. This is important for clothes that require different temperatures. 4 Spin Speed : The higher the spin speed, the dryer the clothes at the end of the washing cycle and hence the shorter the drying time in the tumbler dryer. Thus a high spin speed results in less washing meieee 1. Lid 7. Water supply hose 2, Bleach inlet 8, Lint filter Lint will collect in the lint filter pouch 3, Transparent window during washing. You can see the laundry being washed through this window. 9. Drain hose hook 4. Front control panel 10. Power cord ‘Open the panel lid, and then choose the function you want to use. 11. Pulsator 5. Softener case 12, Drain hose clamp 6. Adjustable legs 13. Drain hose ‘Adjust the length of the legs when installing the washer. Fig, 51.10 Controls and features of a typical top loading washing machine time. Some machines spin at more than 1000 rpm, some machines spin as fast as 7000 rpm during drying cycle. |. Washing Technique :In some machines a pulsator disk (Fig. 51.12) at the bottom, circulates water upwards in large circles while rotating, providing better and gentler cleaning of clothes. In the agitator wash technique a rod with fins (Fig. 51.13) is used at the centre of the washing machine. A rubbing action squeezes the dirt out of clothes. But it restricts the space and the clothes tend to get entangled. The tumble wash technique is used in front loaders. A steel drum rotates along a horizontal axis and the clothes rub against its metal surface due to centrifugal action. The cleaning is, of course, superior but there is a risk of ruining gentle fabrics.Electeonis contol bee Hot water in Cold water in Water out Electric mini pulsators which work with the main pulsator to generate powerful micro water. (cin the opposite direction resulting in less wear and tear and better wash technology. 5. Loading the machine : Top loaders (Fig. 51.10) allow you to easily remove clothes, without having to bend even during power failure, These are compact and require normal detergents. You can add clothes even during the wash cycle, The larger the porthole, the more convenient the loading and unloading. Most top loading machines have an agitator. a Fron loaders (Fig. $1.11) are usually more expensive than op loaders “ tase norte ie Motors and suspensions, However, these machines consume less water and dryfr use detergents producing less lather and jr leave room for oe 1 wash option allows better cleaning. You cannot open thereby reducing energy bill. The ho! loader midway through a wash cycle. You need to power fails you can’t open the door due to water in the drum. Also you need tol opening/closing on the front side. 6. Automation : On fully-automated washing machines you don’t need to wet your hands. just pup the wash load, turn the machine on and wait for it to finish washing and drying Automane machines require a dedicated running water supply from a tap. A single tub carries out aij the actions. The washing machine does washing, rinsing and drying and beeps when it is through, With all the tasks. Conventionel pulsator CS fo Wy Larger boomerang pulsator Fig, 51.12 The pulsator disk Fig. 51.146 punch +3 techniqueShirt 200 gm = 300 gm Trousers | 350.9m-- 500 gm Pyjama | 300 gm - 400 gm Kurta | 200 gm ~ 300 gm Lungi ) 200 gm - 300 gm Vests i 75 gm - 100 gm Underwear | 100 gm — 150 gm Socks | 50 gm- 75 gm Dhot 200 gm - 260 om Saree 300 gm - 500 gm Blouse | 400 gm ~ 160 gm Petticoat 360 gm ~ 450 gm ‘Undergarment | 75 gm ~ 150 gm Nightgown 200 gm - 300 gm Salwar Suit 350 gm ~ 600 gm Frocks-Baby 200 gm - 300 gm Frocks-Git 350 gm - 450 gm Skirt 200 gm ~ 300 gm Sweater 500 gm - 800 gm Bedsheet Double 1000 om - 1200 gm Bedsheat Single 400 gm - 600 gm Tone! large 700 gm - 1000 gm On semi-automatic machines you have to manually transfer the cloth Semi-automatic machines featuring microprocessor based power and are preferable where hes from the washer to the dryer. controls with feather-touch buttons consume less running water is not available, —— > EXERCISES ¢ Descriptive Questions « _ . List the inputs and outputs of a washing machine. . Explain washing machine control . Explain the sequence of operations in a wash eyele. ‘What are the different types of washing machines? . What are the features available with washing machi . Differentiate between (a) _A top loader and a front loaderCONSUMER REG ne ae LECT oe (b) A semi-automatic and a fully-automatic washing machine. (c) A pulsator and an agitator. 7. Describe the working of a neuro-fuzzy washing machine. 8. What additional features are available with washing machines with fuzzy logic as compared to thos, available with fully-automatic washing machines? Fill in the Blanks ¢ 1, At various stages of the wash cycle the drum is required to rotate at 2. One of the simplest methods of speed measurement is to use a 3. The washing machine as well as its mechanical components, electrical units and electrical components are called 4, Washers are_______ machines. 5. In semi-automatic washing machines ___ intervention is required. 6. In fully-automatic machines have to be selected and set by the user prior to the start of the cycle. 7. The diagnostic fault finding system displays a ____________— if any problem arises, control. washing load to ensure correct spinning. with fins is used at the centre of the washing technique 8, Most fuzzy logic machines feature 9. Fuzzy logic machines, 10, In the agitator wash technique a machine, 11. The tumble wash technique is used in 12, Sensors continually monitor for the best wash results, inside the machine and accordingly adjust operations >» ANSWERS 4 _ Fill in the Blanks 1. different speeds 2. counting 3. hardware 4. single tub S. manual 6. programs; washing 7. fault code 8. one touch 9. rebalance 10, rod 11, front loaders 12. varying conditions| 4 ypical person in modern society may spend upto 90% of each day indoors. It is not surprising, | therefore, that providing a healthy, comfortable |) indoor environment has become a major factor in | our economy. To an average person, air conditioning simply {i means “the cooling of air”. This definition is ‘AIR CONDITIONERS P AND REFRIGERATORS neither sufficiently useful nor accurate, To be more precise, air conditioning is the process of treating | air in an internal environment to establish and ) maintain required standards of temperature, |, humidity, cleanliness, and motion. Most air conditioning systems are used for either human comfort or for process control. AIR CONDITIONING. Air conditioning is the process of treating air in an internal environment to establish and maintain required standards of temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and motion. This is how each of these conditions is controlled: 1, Temperature : Ait temperature is controlled by heating or cooling the ait. Cooling technically means the removal of heat, in contrast to heating, the addition of heat. 2. Humidity: Air humidity, the water vapour content ofthe air, is controlled by adding (/mmidification) or removing (dehumidification) water vapour from the air. 3. Cleanliness : Air cleanliness or airquality is controlled by either iltration, the removal of undesirable contaminants using filters or other devices or by ventilation, the introduction of outside air into the space which dilutes the concentration of contaminants. Often both filtration and ventilation are used in an installation. 4. Motion : Air motion refers to air velocity and to where the air is distributed. It is controlled by appropriate air distributing equipment. Sound control can be considered an auxiliary function of an air conditioning system even though the system itself may be the cause of the problem. The air conditioning equipment may produce excessive noise requiring additional sound attenuating (reducing) devices as part of the equipment. The above description does not imply that every HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) system regulates all of the conditions described. A hot water or steam heating system consisting of a boiler, piping, and radiation devices (and perhaps a pump) only controls air temperature and only during the heating "season. These types of systems are common in many individual homes (residences), apartment houses, and industrial buildings. A.warm air system, consisting of furnace, ducts, and air outlet registers, also controls air temperature in winter only, However, by the addition of a humidifier in the ducts, it may also control humidity in winter. Warm air systems are popular in residences. Some residences have combination of air heating and air cooling equipment that provides control of temperature and humidity in both winter and summer. Some degree of control of air quality and motion is provided in air-type heating and cooling systems.‘ i sand E Air conditioning systems used for newer commercial and institutional buitings i xary aman houses usually provide vear rormd control of most or all of the ir conditions dese be Fe His aso VAC. cr environmental cont systems, becoming increasingly popular to call complete HVAC systems environmental ¢ sy Most aironuitoning systems are used fr either Auman comfart ot forprocess contol A enhances our comfort, Certain ranges of air temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and motion are confor yy others are not 2 Air conitioning i aso used to provide conditions that some processes fears: Fr example, ty printing, and photographie processing facilities as well as computer rooms and medical facilities, req, certgia air temperature and humidity for successful operation. es control. Ait contig 7 ‘OMPONENTS OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Gre always travels from a warmer to a cooler area. In winter, there is a continual heat loss from within » uilding to the outdoors. Ifthe air in the building is to be maintained at acomforiable temperature, heat mys be continually supplied to the air in the rooms. The equipment that furnishes the heat required is called 4 heating system. In summer heat continually enters the building from the outside. In order to maintain the room air ata comfortable temperature, this excess heat must be continually removed from the room. The equipment that | removes the excess heat is called a cooling system. An air conditioning system may provide heating, cooling, or both. Its size and complexity may range | from a single space heater or window unit for a small room to a huge system for a building complex. Most | heating and cooling systems must have the following basic components: 1. A heating source that adds heat to a fluid (air, water, or steam). 2. A cooling source that removes heat from a fluid (air or water). 3. A distribution system (a network of ducts or piping) to carry the fluid to the rooms to be heated or cooled. 4. Equipment (fans or pumps) for moving the air or water. 5. Devices (e.g., radiation) for transferring heat between the fluid and the room. (LL-WATER AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS. A typical hydronic (all water) heating system is shown in Fig. 52.1. Water is heated at the heat source (1) usually a hot water boiler. The heated water is circulated by a pump (2) and travels to each room through | piping (3) and enters a terminal unit (4). The room air is heated by bringing it into contact with the terminal unit. Since the water loses some of its heat to the rooms, it must retum to the heat source to be reheated. [—> To other rooms Heat source (HW boiler) Room +” heat loss Hot water Pump ‘supply (HWS) Heat Piping @ Terminal uni Hot water return (HW) {rom other rooms Fig, 52.4 Arrangement of basic components of a (hydronic) hot water heating systemUfstcam is used ina heating system, the com gata pump is not necessary to move the agcam cools at the terminal unit, it com ater to the boiler, ponents still work in the same manner, steam; the pressure of steam accomplishes thie idenses into water and may require a condensate with the exception However, when the Pump to return the A hronic cooling system Fig. 52 lar manner to the hydronic heating system, Water could in relfigeration equipment called a nore chiller (1). The chilled water is circulated by pm (2) and travels to each oom through Piping (3) and enters a terminal unit (4). The warmer tom ais loses its heat nthe cold water a the functions in a simil called : terminal unit. Since the water is now warmed, itmustretum tothe water chiller tobe recooled. To other rooms —— Room Cooling source (water chiter Room jpn Chited water @ p, supply (CHS) ® Heat ae Terminal unt eae Or cil ie Chilled water return (CHR) from other rooms Fig. $2.2 “Arapgerertcl bai compenets cf Pyconé hled water cok tem Hydronic systems are popular for HVAC systems that Tequite both heating and cooling. This is because Ais ressble to use the same piping system for both by connecting a har vee boiler and water chiller in parallel, Fig. $2.3, using each when needed To other rooms oom HWS Pump = CHS Terminal im Heating Cooling sous | | cone Etec pane rooms ig. 82.3 Arrangement of basic components ofa hycronic heating and cooling system ALL-AIR AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS. (usr Systems use air to heat or cool rooms. They may also have the added capability ofcontrolling humidity ‘nd furnishing outdoor ventilation, which hydronic systems cannot do. i ey A typical all-air heating and cooling system is shown in Fi Airis raped i ao oe 88a fumace. It may also be a coil circulating hot water, or steam, heated by a ie: Ths heidi trculated by a an (2) and travels to each room through supply air ducts (3). The supply a iiaifsers or registers (4 tha are designed to provide proper st distribution iy oom. When the warmed supply air enters the room, the room is heated. A humidifier (10) may aoe included to maintain a comfortable room humidity in winter. Outdoor ot, ,@ packaged or separated all. 3 ce ? Supply alr duct Lis Lie To other eters ; ¥. * rooms F/] |z| |8 i Exhaust : ® ale O} (0) i Air ® ditfuser Return air fan turn alr duct « (eptional) 5 Fake rooms ‘Arrangement of basic components of an al-air heating and cooling system air is cooled when it lows over @ cooling source (5), usually a coil of tubing containing 4 reftigeration equipments. When the cooled supply air enters the room, the room is cooled, Because @ room's size is fixed, the same volume of air that enters the room must also exit. This s usually accomplished by return air duets (6). The ar is then heated or cooled again and recirculated. Ay outdoor air intake duct (7) may be provided for introducing fresh outdoor air for increased air quality, Similarly, the same volume of air must be exhausted (8). Provision may be made for cleaning the air with ay filters (9) and for humidifying the air (10). In summer, fluid cooled by REMOTE CONTROL BUTTONS. SUE ‘The outdoor unit has the other parts of the system like the compressor, a and its own motor and is installed outside. The liquid and suction lines of after the outdoor and indoor units are installed in position. The distanc units has to be as small as possible. As this distance increases, the pres lines also increases, resulting in reduction of the unit capacity. -cooled condenser, condenser fan f the system have to be laid at site 2 between the indoor and outdoor sure drop in the suction and liquid Since the compressor (inside the outdoor unit) is remotely installed from the room to be air conditioned, the noise level will be appreciably lower than in the case ofa room air conditioner. This isthe advantage and the reason for opting for the split. Both room and split air conditioners and a typical remote control are shown in Fig. 52.5, COMBINATION SYSTEMS. Ere ae ee Its frequently desirable to combine water and air systems. For example, there may be instances when certain patts of a building may need cooling while others require heating simultaneously for providing comfort conditions in all areas. A typical application of this type is the air conditioning system fora big hotel. The heat removed from areas requiring cooling is transferred to the areas requiring heating. Such a system is called a heat recovery system, as distinguished from the heat pump. UNITARY AND CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS. EEE MIS CUNDITIONING SYSTEMS _ unitary ot package ait conditioning system uses equipment where most or all of the basic components have been assembled in the factory e.g., room air conditioner (Fig. 52.5).ning system uses c stalled separately 0 i ‘quipment centrally located in mechanical equipment and connected on the job, rather than manufactured ns Air init (Outside) Inner airflow blades (CightRet orientation) }— Outer air flow blades @ (upldown orientation) A {— Air inlet (Outside) outlet (Inside) Air inlet (Inside) Air fiter (Inside) Ventilation lever *Power cable connection should ‘be committed to an installation engineer Operating mode indicators (Cool, Fan) oo Mode selection = Temperature button (Cool, Fan) adjustment buttons Energy saver — ‘ indicator Energy saver —| button +— Timer indicator Timer setting + button +~ Air flow blade ‘swing button Sleep timer setting button — On/Off button Timer setting —} button Remote control signal receiver @) ‘ yr Fan speed adjustment buttonTimer sotting — Temperature i bution Tomp adjustment Sleop timer buttons setting button Mode selection buttons Fan speed adjustment buttons Energy saver button Air flow blade ‘On/off button swing button (b) Fig, 52.5 (a) A unitary window type room air conditioner Control and features and (b) a typical remote contro! SPLIT AIR CONDITIONERS. Ga split units the indoor and outdoor sections of the room air conditioner are separated out into two casings) br units. The indoor unit, Fig, 82.5, consists ofthe evaporator coil, evaporator blower with its own separa motor, capillary tube, control panel, ar filter, supply and return grill, etc, Its installed inside the room to conditioned. Itcan = suspended, wall mounted, or ept onthe floor as a console unit and is generally | known as fan coil unit) FRIGERATION. An environmental control system that includes cooling and dehumidification will require a means ofremoviie| heat from the conditioned spaces. Because heat flows from a higher to a lower temperature, a fluid with temperature lower than the room design temperature must be made available, to which the excess room heal can be transferred, A natural heat sink that is used occasionally for cooling water is atmospheric air, In climates where the humidity is extremely low, evaporative cooling of air may reduce both the ait and water temperatut 1oy enough so that either can be used for cooling.1. A heat recovery heat rejection system when it ? 's refrigeration ¢: is put to some by ffect is utilised for coli i Bae ing an area ora fluid and the Chlorefluorocarbons (CFCs) are composed of chlorine, ae RIT, R12, and RL Id, Hydrochloroftuorocarbons (Cree and carbon atoms. Some in this group are R122 and R123. hydrogen, fluorine and carbon atoms. Some of these are Ri Aluorine, and carbon atoms, Some in this group ) are composed of hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, Hydrofluorocaybons (HFCs) are composed of 34a and is) REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS. (hsehemat flow diagram showing the ba shown in Fig. 52.6. To aid in ‘understanding, also indicated. i components of the vapour compression efrigeration system is + Some typical temperatures for air conditioning applications are Refrigerant fluid circulates through the piping and equipment in the direction shown. There are four Processes (changes in the condition of the fluid) that occur as it lows through the system Process 1-2 : At point (1), the refrigerant is in the liquid state at a relatively high pressure and high temperature. It flows to (2) through a restriction, called the flow control device or expansion device. The Teftigerant loses pressure going through the restriction. The pressure at (2) is so low that a small portion of the refrigerant flashes (vapourises) into a gas. But in order to vapouris, it must gain heat (which it takes from the portion of the reftigerant that did not vapourise, thus cooling the mixture and resulting in low temperature at (2). is called the evaporator. This heat exchanger Pigeess 23 ‘The refrigerant ai ge rie Ba the fluid to be cooled (usually air or ‘as two circuits. The refrigerant circulates in one, and in certiprebe sence wig Water) flows. The fluid to be cooled is at a Sighly higher ape Te aba eee frigerant, producing the cooling ef pieshatte, western in is cmnporatn By the time it leaves the een 4), it ee acer rs y temperature 2s Process 3—4 : Leaving the evaporator, the refrigerant isa gas at a ae es must be brought back to the Order to be able to use it again to achieve the refrigerating effect continuously, | A190 F gas Of O OF 60F i SE > Cooled fig ‘ led th Cooled fluid « ‘Compressor Condenser —>| O © j4— Evaporator 12 40F Liquid Flow control device Liquid & gas Fi The vapour compression refrigeration system conditions at (1)-a liquid at a high pressure. The first step in this process is to increase the pressure of the refrigerant gas by using a compressor. Compressing the gas also results in increasing its temperature Process 4-1 : The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a gas at high temperature and high pressure. In order to change it to a liquid, heat must be removed from it. This is accomplished in a heat exchanger called the condenser. The refrigerant flows through one circuit in the condenser. In the other circuit, a cooling fluid flows (ait or water) at a temperature lower than that of the reftigerant. Heat therefore transfers from the refrigerant to the cooling fluid, and as a result, the refrigerant condenses to a liquid (1). This is shown in Fig. $2.7. The refrigerant has returned to its initial state and is now ready to repeat the refrigeration cycle. Of course the processes are actually continuous as the refrigerant circulates through the system. The absorption system uses the principle that some gases will be absorbed by certain other substances. There are many pairs of substances that have this affinity for one another, We are all aware of how table salt absorbs water vapour from the air, thus making it difficult to pour. Yet another combination is lithium bromide (LiBr) and water, lithium bromide will absorb large quantities of water vapour. This pair is used in many refrigeration systems. DOMESTIC REFRIGERATORS. The refrigerator is an essential part of almost every household for preserving food and thereby reducing jastage. The primary function of a reftigerator or freezer is to provide food storage space maintained at @ Tow temperature for the preservation of food. Its essential secondary function is the formation of ice cubes for domestic consumption A storage temperature of 0° to 4°C (32° to 39°F) is satisfactory for the preservation of most of the fresh foods. For the short term storage of frozen foods, however, temperatures much below the freezing point are required. The evaporator in the domestic refrigerator, formed as a box, serves as a freezer for the storage O! frozen food as well as for making ice cubes. It is mounted above the food storage space. The evaporator is[+ Eliminator battios L »») Lh 1 Spray nozzles }—— Condenser oil met O Pump | : Evaporating water iefrigerant _, at 40 F, 0.12 psia water a ee }——+— Water in chilling coil }—>— Water chilled to 44 F Lithium bromide Fig, 52.8 Refrigeration by absorption beld ata temperature of about -18°C (0°F) and the general storage space is cooled by natural convection. Mechanical vapour-compression cycle as well as the absorption cycle are adopted for domestic refrigerators ind freezers. The mechanical vapour-compression system has an edge over the absorption system because STis compactness and more efficient use of electrical energy. Hence the mechanical vapour-compression a is almost uajversally adopted. The rear view of a single door vapour-compression refrigerator is ger el, Cold vapour [3s |eo box Hoat flows into vapour Toy Vapour loses heat in pipes outside retigorator Pump circulates vapour 7 trough pipe Fig, 82.9 A single-door domestic vapour-compressionragarator (ear view) > EXERCISES ¢ Descriptive Questions « _ What are the components of an air conditioning system? Differentiate between an all-air and an all water air conditioning system, What are the different types of refrigeration systems? Explain briefly, Explain in detail the reftigeration cycle. Explain the working of a domestic refrigerator. Write short notes on: aves (a) Combination systems‘ nk ai of heat. on : : olled by adding or removing __ from air. cor ventilation. cal iss is controlled by either : we von ing system May provide heating or cooling or —___—_—— 3M com is the atmospheric ar. ‘mediums. 1M gal son Cae ee ring trough he ow control devi has two circuits. rant gus increases is temperature and — bed by certain eat . i ing te Temes Naud aystem works on the principle that some ses will be abso sane i gut-compression system is ___——_—— ee ig the coldest part ofa reftigestor. ie ea » ANSWERS (es plinthe Blanks 1 removal 2, water vapour 3, filtration ‘ott 5, heat sink 6, heat carrying 7. pressure exchanger 9. pressure economical freezct i absorption i i | | | |