All India Senior School Certificate Examination 2022-23

Kautilya Education Academy

Session 2022-2023
Class-12th [maths]
Subject:- Chemistry
Topic :- Setting of cement

Submitted By:- Subject Teacher:-

Umesh Patidar Mr. Hiradas

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Brajesh Yadav,
who lighted my path, encouraged me and provided
facilities to conduct the project. My inexpensible thanks to
our principal of K.E.A. Mr. Narendra singh Dodiya,
whose words of encouragement have imbided an untiring
zeal to me. My words are insufficient to express my thanks
to Mr. HIRADAS (H.O.D. of Chemistry) who have
flawlessly helped me bringing out this project.
My heart bows to contribution of my colleagues for their
constant support in the competition of this work.

Umesh Patidar
 CONTENTS
 Objective
 Introduction
 Construction of buildings using
cement
 Theory
 Experiment – 01
 Experiment – 02
 Precautions
 Bibliography
OBJECTIVE :-
To study the setting of mixture of cement
with sand, time and fly ash with respect
to time and strength.
INTRODUCTION
In the most general sense of the word, CEMENT is a binder,
a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can
bind other materials together. The word “ cement “ traces to
the Romans, who used the term opus caementicium to
describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was
made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The
volcanic ash and a pulverized brick additive that were
added to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder were
later referred to as cementum, cimentum, cament and
cement.
The most important use of cement is the production of
mortar and concrete
The bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to
form a strong building material that is durable in the
face of normal environment effects.
Cement is made by heating limestone (calcium cabonate),
with small quantities of other materials (such as clay) to
1450ͦC in a kiln, in aprocess known as calcination,
whereby a molecule of carbon dioxide is liberated from the
calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide,or quicklime,which
is then blended with the other materials that have been
included ih the mix. The resulting hard substance, called
‘clinker’, is then ground with a small amount of gypsum
into a powder to make ‘Ordinary Portland Cement’, the
most commonly used type of cement(often referred to as
OPC).Portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete,
mortar and non speciality grout. The most common use for
portland cement is in the production of concrete. Concrete is
a composite material consisting of aggregate (gravel and
sand), cement and water. As a construction material,
concrete can be cast in almost any shape desired and once
hardened, can become a structural (load baering) element.
Portland cement may be gray or white.
Construction of buildings using cement

Cement used in construction is characterised as hydraulic or non-

hydraulic. Hydraulic cements (eg. Portland cement) harden
because of hydration chemical reactions that occurs independently.

Of the mixture’s water content; they can harden even underwater

or when constantly exposed to wet weather. The chemical reaction
that results when the anhydrous cement powder is mixed with water
produces hydrates that are not water-soluble. Non- hydraulic
cements (eg. Lime and gypsum plaster) must be kept dry in
order to retain their strength.
Effect of quality of sand on setting of cement
mortar.

Sand obtained from different sources has different

qualities. For example, sea sand obtained from sea
contains some unwanted salts and retards the setting of
cement and is unsuitable for making mortar. On the other
hand, pit sand obtained from pits in the soil and river sand
obtained from river bed are considered excellent for
preparing mortar and concrete.

Effect of time on setting of cement mortar.

Time has an important role on the strength developed by

cement mortar. When a cement sand paste in the ratio 1:3
in water is allowed to dry, the strength of the solid mass
keeps on increasing with increase in the time given for
setting. It acquires nearly full strength in 28 days.
 EXPERIMENT - 01
AIM : To study the setting of mixtures of cement with
lime,sand, of different qualities, rice husk, fly ash, etc

Requirements:-
 Beakers
 Glass rod
 Weights
 small wooden boxes or empty match boxes
 lime
 pit stand
 river sand
 cement
 fly-ash
 rice husk
Procedure:-
1. Prepare the sets of mixtures of various compositions as
given in the observation table.

2. Take each of the mixtures in different beakers and

prepare their pastes by adding minimum quantity of water.

3. Take 10 empty match-box inner cases and mark them

from 1 to 10.

4. Transfer the prepared pastes immediately into the

matchboxes and compact them by pressing with hand.

5. Spray water from time to time over the pastes so that

they are always moist.

6. Take out the slabs after three days and test for its
strength. For that hold a weight of 10g on the hand at a
fixed height (say 50 cm above the ground) and drop the
weight on the slab. See if the slab breaks or not. If it does
not break then take 20g weight and drop it from the same
height. This way keeps on increasing the weight and note
down the minimum weight required to break the slab.

Observations:-
Setting time allowed = 3 days

Sl.No Cement River Granite Lime Rice Minimum

Sand Powder Husk weight
required
to break
slab
1 1 3 ** ** ** 300gms
2 1 ** 3 ** ** 700gms
3 1 ** 6 ** ** 350gms
4 1 3 ** 1 ** 250gms
5 1 3 ** 2 ** 300gms
6 1 1 ** ** 1 100gms
7 1 3 ** ** 2 50gms

Conclusion:
The strongest mixture is the mixture of cement and granite
powder in the ratio 1:3 and the weakest mixture is the
mixture of cement, river sand and rise husk in the ratio 1:3:2.
EXPERIMENT - 02
AIM:- To study the setting of mixtures of cement with
sand, lime and fly-ash with respect to time and strength.

Requirements:-
 Beakers
 Glass rod
 Weights
 small wooden boxes or empty match boxes
 lime
 pit stand
 river sand
 cement
 fly-ash
 rice husk
Procedure :-
1.Prepare mixtures of the various compositions as
given in the following observation table.
2.Take each of the mixtures in different beakers
and prepare their pastes by adding minimum
quantity of water.
3.Take 9 empty match-box inner cases and mark
them from 1 to 9.
4.Fill three cases with paste of each composition.
5.Spray water from time to time over the pastes so
that they remain moist all the time.
6.After three days take out one slab of each
composition and test for their strength by the
method described in previous experiment.
7.Similarly, take out a set of three slabs after 7
days and then after 30 days and test for their
strengths.
Observations:-

SL.
COMPOSITION OF MIXTURE MINIMUM WEIGHT TO BREAK
NO AND RATIO THE SLAB AFTER
. 3 DAYS 7 DAYS 10 DAYS

1 CEMENT:RIVER SAND(1:3) 18 GRAM 20 30 GRAM

GRAM

2 CEMENT:RIVER SAND:FLY 16 GRAM 18 26 GRAM

ASH (2:9:1) GRAM

3 CEMENT:RIVER SAND:LIME 10 GRAM 15 20 GRAM

(1:3:1) GRAM
Conclusions
The strength of the slab increases with increase in
the setting time allowed.

Precautions:-
 Handle the glass wares safely.
 Allow the time required to set.
 Spray only required amount of water.
 It is better to deposit concrete as near
as feasible to its final position.
 Concrete should be dropped
vertically from a reasonable height.
In case of vertical laying, care should
be taken to use stiff mix.
 Concrete must be placed on the
formwork as early as possible.
 The large amount of concrete should
not be deposited at a time; this let the
concrete flow along the formwork
 and ultimately results in uniform
composition.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-

1. Practical Manual
2. www.wikipedia.com
3. www.icbse.com
4. www.google.com
5. www. thechemistryguru.com