Session 7

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Arrays
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Session 7
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Arrays / 1 of 17
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Objectives
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 Explain array elements and indices
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 Define an array
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 Explain array handling in C
 C
Explain how an array is initialized
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Explain string / character arrays
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
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 Explain two dimensional arrays

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 Explain initialization of two dimensional arrays

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Elementary Programming with C/Session 7/ 2 of 18

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Array Elements & Indices
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 Each member of an array is identified by unique
index or subscript assigned to it
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The dimension of an array is determined by the
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
number of indices needed to uniquely identify each
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element
 C
An index is a positive integer enclosed in [ ] placed
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immediately after the array name
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An index holds integer values starting with zero

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An array with 11 elements will look like -

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
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Player[0], player[1], player[2],…. Player[10]

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Defining an Array-1
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An array has some particular characteristics
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
and has to be defined with them
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These characteristics include –
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
Storage Class
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Data Types of the elements in the Array
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Array Name Which indicates the location of the first

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member of the array

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Array Size a constant evaluating to a +ve value

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Defining an Array-2
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An array is defined in the same way as a
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variable is defined. The only change is that
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the array name is followed by one or more
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expressions, enclosed within square brackets
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[], specifying the array dimension.
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Storage_Class data_types array_name[size]

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int player[11];
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Norms with Arrays
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 All elements of an array are of the same type
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Each element of an array can be used
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
wherever a variable is allowed or required
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 Each element of an array can be referenced
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using a variable or an integer expression
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 Arrays can have their data types like int,

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char, float or double

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Fo

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Array Handling in C-1
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An array is treated differently from a variable
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
in C
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Two arrays, even if they are of the same type
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
and size cannot be tested for equality
C
It is not possible to assign one array directly
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to another
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 Values cannot be assigned to an array on the

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whole, instead values are assigned to the

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elements of the array

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Array Handling in C-2
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/* Input values are accepted from the user into the array ary[10]*/
#include <stdio.h>
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void main()
{
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int ary[10];
int i, total, high;
for(i=0; i<10; i++)
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{
printf(“\n Enter value: %d : ”, i+1);
C
scanf(“%d”,&ary[i]);
}
/* Displays highest of the entered values */
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high = ary[0];
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for(i=1; i<10; i++)
{
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if(ary[i] > high)

high = ary[i];
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}
printf(“\nHighest value entered was %d”, high);
/* prints average of values entered for ary[10] */
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for(i=0,total=0; i<10; i++)

total = total + ary[i];
printf(“\nThe average of the elements of ary is %d”,total/i);
}

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Array Initialization
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 Each element of an Automatic array needs to be initialized
separately
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 In the following example the array elements have been
assigned valued using the for loop
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#include <stdio.h>
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void main()
{
char alpha[26];
int i, j;
C
for(i=65,j=0; i<91; i++,j++)
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{
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alpha[j] = i;
printf(“The character now assigned is %c \n”, alpha[j]);
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}
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getchar();
}
 In case of extern and static arrays, the elements
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are automatically initialized to zero

Strings/Character
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Arrays-1
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 A string can be defined as a character type array,
which is terminated by a null character
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Each character in a string occupies one byte and the
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
last character of a string is “\0” (Backslash zero)
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 Example
#include <stdio.h> C
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void main()
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{
char ary[5];
int i;
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printf(“\n Enter string : “);

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scanf(“%s”,ary);
printf(“\n The string is %s \n\n”, ary);
for (i=0; i<5; i++)
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printf(“\t%d”, ary[i]);
}

Strings/Character
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Arrays-2
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Output -
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tre
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The input for the above is of 4 characters and the 5th
character is the null character
C
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pt
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The above output is for an input of 5 characters

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String Functions
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Wide range of string functions, which are found in
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the standard header file <string.h>
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C
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Fo

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Two-Dimensional Arrays
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The simplest and the most commonly used
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
multi-dimensional array is the two -
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dimensional array
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A two-dimensional array can be thought of as

C
an array of two single dimensional arrays
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 A two-dimensional array looks like a railway

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time-table consisting of rows and columns

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 A two–dimensional array is declared as -

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int temp[4][3];
Initialization of
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Multidimensional Arrays-1
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int ary[3][4] =
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{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12};
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The result of the above assignment will be as follows :
C
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Initialization of
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int ary[3][4]=
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{
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{1,2,3},
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{4,5,6},
C {7,8,3}
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};
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Initialization of
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The result of the assignment will be as follows :
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C
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A two - dimensional string array is declared in the

following manner :
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char str_ary[25][80];
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Two-Dimensional Array-1
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#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
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void main ()
{
Example
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int i, n = 0;
int item;
char x[10][12];
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char temp[12];
clrscr();
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printf(“Enter each string on a separate line\n\n”);
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printf(“Type ‘END’ when over \n\n”);
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/* read in the list of strings */

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do
{
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printf(“String %d : ”, n+1);
scanf(“%s”, x[n]);
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} while (strcmp(x[n++], “END”));

/*reorder the list of strings */
contd….
Two-Dimensional Array-2
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n = n – 1;
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for(item=0; item<n-1; ++item)
{
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/* find lowest of remaining strings */
for(i=item+1; i<n; ++i) Example
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{
if(strcmp (x[item], x[i]) > 0)
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{
/*interchange two stings */
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strcpy (temp, x[item]);
strcpy (x[item], x[i]);
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strcpy (x[i], temp);
}
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}
}
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/* Display the arranged list of strings */

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printf(“Recorded list of strings : \n”);

for(i = 0; i < n ; ++i)
{
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printf("\nString %d is %s", i+1, x[i]);

}
}

Session 7

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y

 Explain two dimensional arrays

 Explain initialization of two dimensional arrays

Elementary Programming with C/Session 7/ 2 of 18

An index holds integer values starting with zero

An array with 11 elements will look like -

Player[0], player[1], player[2],…. Player[10]

and has to be defined with them

Array Name Which indicates the location of the first

member of the array

Array Size a constant evaluating to a +ve value

Elementary Programming with C/Session 7/ 4 of 18

Storage_Class data_types array_name[size]

Elementary Programming with C/Session 7/ 5 of 18

wherever a variable is allowed or required

 Arrays can have their data types like int,

char, float or double

Elementary Programming with C/Session 7/ 6 of 18

 Values cannot be assigned to an array on the

whole, instead values are assigned to the

elements of the array

if(ary[i] > high)

for(i=0,total=0; i<10; i++)

Elementary Programming with C/Session 7/ 8 of 18

are automatically initialized to zero

printf(“\n Enter string : “);

Elementary Programming with C/Session 7/ 10 of 18

The above output is for an input of 5 characters

Elementary Programming with C/Session 7/ 12 of 18

multi-dimensional array is the two -

 A two-dimensional array looks like a railway

time-table consisting of rows and columns

 A two–dimensional array is declared as -

Elementary Programming with C/Session 7/ 14 of 18

Elementary Programming with C/Session 7/ 15 of 18

A two - dimensional string array is declared in the

Elementary Programming with C/Session 7/ 16 of 18

/* read in the list of strings */

} while (strcmp(x[n++], “END”));

/* Display the arranged list of strings */

printf(“Recorded list of strings : \n”);

printf("\nString %d is %s", i+1, x[i]);

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