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11th Conference of Asian Rock Mechanics Society IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 861 (2021) 052030 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/861/5/052030

Re-liquefaction hazard evaluation in flow-slide affected area

of Jono Oge, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

A N Andiny1,2, F Faris1,3 and A D Adi1

1
Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
2
Directorate General of Highways, The Ministry of Public Works and Housing, South
Jakarta 12110, Indonesia
3
Centre of Excellence of Technological Innovation for Disaster Mitigation (GAMA-
InaTEK) Universitas Gadjah Mada

fikri.faris@ugm.ac.id

Abstract. The 2018 Palu-Donggala Earthquake with a moment magnitude (Mw) 7,5 caused a
major damage in Central Sulawesi. This earthquake occurred as a result of strike-slip faulting
north-south trending Palu-Koro Fault. This paper aims to determine the liquefaction potential
in Jono Oge after the 2018 Palu-Donggala Earthquake. The liquefaction potential was
evaluated from geological condition in the study area and 7 boreholes incorporating Standard
Penetration Test (SPT). These data were carried out to evaluate liquefaction potential in Jono
Oge using the simplified procedure SPT-based by Idriss-Boulanger method and liquefaction
potential index (LPI) to assess liquefaction potential. The safety factor against liquefaction was
used to calculate the probability of liquefaction that had been updated by Juang et al. This
analysis expressed the potentially liquefied soil layers in varying depths. In flow-slide affected
area, the liquefaction potential index was at high to very high level and very low level at the
irrigation area. From the analysis, the re-liquefaction in Jono Oge could potentially occur in the
future with the peak ground acceleration is at least 0.33g on a firm rock. The probability of re-
liquefaction in the low safety factor layer varied between 59.18 – 99.84%.

1. Introduction
Indonesia is known as a complex and active tectonic zone because it is surrounded by Eurasian Plate,
Pacific Plate, Indo-Australian Plate, and Philippine Sea Plate [1]. As Indonesia is the meeting point of
four tectonic plates, major earthquakes frequently occurred in several areas in Indonesia. One of the
active faults in Central Sulawesi is Palu-Koro Fault, which caused major damage due to Palu-
Donggala Earthquake with a moment magnitude (Mw) 7.5 on September 28th, 2018. United State
Geological Survey (USGS) Summary Poster showed that Palu-Donggala earthquake hypocentre was
located 72 km north of Palu City at the depth of 10 km and geographic coordinate of 0.178 south
latitude and 119.840 east longitude which occurred as a result of strike-slip faulting north-south
trending Palu-Koro fault (figure 1). The earthquake triggered other disasters such as a tsunami along
Palu Bay, liquefaction and lateral spreading in Petobo, Balaroa, Jono Oge, and Sibalaya areas, as
shown in figure 2.
The affected area in Jono Oge was over 1.35 km2, in which the disaster not only damaged the area
of rice fields and residential houses but also destroyed rural road connecting Palu and Palolo City [3].
The length of displacement in Jono Oge area extended more than 2 km from the crest near the
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11th Conference of Asian Rock Mechanics Society IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 861 (2021) 052030 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/861/5/052030

irrigation canal in east side to the edge of the slide area in west side. Geotechnical damages due to
2018 Palu-Donggala Earthquake were found such as ground displacement induced by fault movement,
liquefaction, landslide, and large-scale ground flow in a certain area in Central Sulawesi [4].

Palu-Koro Fault
displacement

Figure 1. Palu-Koro Fault displacement Figure 2. Liquefaction and tsunami affected

mapped from optical satellite data [2] area in Central Sulawesi
Liquefaction is a phenomenon that could be found in saturated cohesionless soil during an
earthquake. Seed and Idriss (1971) show that liquefaction potential is depended on the characteristic of
the soil, the initial stresses acting on the soil, and the characteristics of the earthquake [5]. During
cyclic loading, loose sand tends to contract then causes pore water pressure increases. The increase in
pore water pressure causes an upward flow of water to the ground surface. In this state, the effective
confining stress is zero and the soil loses its strength and stiffness that contributes.
After a major damage caused by the 2018 Palu-Donggala earthquake, the government has a project
of rehabilitation and reconstruction through Ministry of Public Works and Housing with Japan
International Cooperation Agency Team (JICA) in Central Sulawesi. The rehabilitation and
reconstruction in Palu, Sigi and Donggala region is required to reconnect the access through road and
bridge reconstruction, rebuild the public houses and public facilities, and build the disaster risk
reduction infrastructure. One of the rehabilitation and reconstruction projects is Biromaru-Palolo Road,
a rural road connecting Palu and Palolo City. Reliquefaction potential analysis in Jono Oge is required
for planning the road and bridge design in the project. The reliquefaction potential analysis in Jono
Oge could be used to identify the liquefaction mitigation that appropriate and effective for public
facilities reconstruction.
This paper aims to analyse the reliquefaction potential in Jono Oge referred to the safety factor
value that was evaluated using the simplified procedure by Idriss-Boulanger (2008). It uses the
approach because that empirical approach is one of the empirical analysis methods that were close to
the liquefaction occurrence in the field that was found after the September 2007 earthquake [6].
Reliquefaction potential mapping in Jono Oge is expressed with the liquefaction potential index and
the probability of liquefaction based on SPT data.

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11th Conference of Asian Rock Mechanics Society IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 861 (2021) 052030 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/861/5/052030

2. Geological Condition in Jono Oge

Sulawesi island is located within the triple junction of the Australian, Philippine, and Eurasia Plates
with high seismic activity. Sulawesi is crossed by one of the main fault systems that limits the
Eurasian Plate to the East called the left-lateral Central Sulawesi Fault System (CSFS) which
comprises several fault zones. One of these fault zones is Palu-Koro Fault (PKF). PKF is known as the
fast slipping fault with a relatively low level of seismicity [7]. Relative motion between North Sula
Block and Makassar Blocks is accommodated 42 mm/year on the Palu-Koro left-lateral strike-slip
fault zone [8].
The Central Sulawesi province is crossed by Palu-Koro Fault along from north to south through
Palu City. The area of Palu valley is up to 7 km wide with bordered by N-S aligned, up to 60 m high
of steep triangular slope and short of alluvial fans to West, and gently steeps faults to East [9]. The
Palu Valley is filled mostly with clay, silt, and sand deposits, except on the border east or west which
consists of gravelly sands. Palu coastal area had a thick alluvial layer that thins toward the mountains.
The preliminary study on the flow-slide at Jono Oge area shows that the soil layer in Jono Oge area
contains the low permeability layers over loosely deposited sandy and sandy gravel layers which could
induce a long-distance flow-slide [10]. The flow-slide could be triggered by the liquefaction at sandy
and sandy gravel layers after the ground shaking. Besides, the flow-slide may have been initiated due
to the formation of a water interlayer below the surface layer [11].

3. Research Method

3.1. Liquefaction Potential Analysis

The liquefaction potential analysis in this study was evaluated using simplified procedure developed
by Idriss and Boulanger (2008). The approach for assessing the potential of liquefaction was the
stress-based approach which compared the earthquake-induced cyclic stresses with the cyclic
resistance of the soil. The cyclic stresses of the soil at each depth depend on the moment magnitude
and the peak ground acceleration that is caused by the earthquake. The cyclic resistance of the soil
could be evaluated by in-situ tests as indices for liquefaction characteristics such as the standard
penetration test (SPT) or cone penetration test (CPT) and laboratory testing of field samples. The
semi-empirical approach by Idriss and Boulanger was used because this approach has the smallest
differences between the analysis result and the occurrence of liquefaction in the field that was found
after the September 2007 earthquake [6]. Based on the preliminary study, the simplified procedure was
not verified for high depths and required more complex condition that need to be considered [12].
The peak ground acceleration is also known as maximum horizontal acceleration at ground surface
that represents the measure of the cyclic ground motion. The value of PGAM was determined by using
the site-specific study based on SNI 1726:2019 [13].
(1)
�ᇨ �ᇨ �ᇨ
Where, as PGAM is the maximum horizontal acceleration at ground surface adapted to the site
classification, PGA is the value taken from USGS report, and FPGA is site coefficient. The value of
PGA was taken from USGS report that the peak ground acceleration (PGA) on a firm rock at Palu
Valley is 3.2 m/s2, and expected to be exceeded in a 50-year period with a probability of 10 percent.
The PGA in the Jono Oge liquefaction area was about 3.2 m/s2 or 0.33g. The soil site was classified by
the SPT value that represented soil condition at the surface. Soil condition at the surface influenced the
value of peak acceleration from firm bedrock to the ground surface.
Cyclic resistance ratio (CSR) represents earthquake-induced cyclic stress and could be determined
by using Seed and Idriss method [5]. The earthquake-induce cyclic stress was represented by a
representative value equal to 65% of the peak cyclic stress during the earthquake.

ܵ ൌ Ͳ �ᇨ (2)

3
11th Conference of Asian Rock Mechanics Society IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 861 (2021) 052030 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/861/5/052030

In which PGAM is the peak ground acceleration, σv and σ’v are total and effective vertical stress at the z
depth. The parameter rd was expressed as a function of depth and moment magnitude of the
earthquake. The in-situ cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) was calculated by equation (3) – equation (6).
t t t
t ☶ t ☶ t ☶ t ☶ (3)
䁛 Ͳൌ t exp t

tt t tt tt tͲ t
(4)
t ☶ t t

t
䁛 tͲ 䁛 (5)
t exp t t
t t
(6)
t ܵ
Whereas (N1)60cs is corrected N-SPT value, Nm is the measured blow count, and CRR in equation (3) is
applicable to moment magnitude (M) = 7.5 and overburden pressure (σ’vc) = 1. For a given (N1)60cs
value, the correction for fines content used was FC value <50% based on Unified Soil Classification
System (USCS). The soil fraction that passed the No. 200 sieve up to 50% was classified as silt or clay.
For more standardized value of N-SPT, the additional correction was needed as shown in equation (6);
i.e., CN is overburden stress correction factor, CE is the energy ratio correction factor, CB is borehole
diameter correction factor, CR is correction factor for rod length, and CS is correction factor for
sampler. In this study, the N-SPT value of more than 60 was assumed to be 60 for the analysis.
The value of cyclic resistance ratio calculated by the equation (3) can be extended to the other
values of earthquake moment magnitude and overburden stress by using the equation (7).

ܵ (7)
ൌ  䁛 Ͳൌ  t
In which, MSF is a magnitude scaling factor and Kσ is the overburden correction factor that restricted
to a maximum value of 1.1 [14]. The safety factor against liquefaction (FSLiq) can be calculated by
equation (8) below.

ൌ  (8)
ܵ ⸷″
ܵ
This semi-empirical approach was used to predict or evaluate the liquefaction potential in a certain
depth of soil. Soil layer at the z depth is potentially liquefied when FSLiq<1, not potentially liquefied if
FSLiq≥1. The two controlling factors of liquefaction were CSR and CRR, reflecting earthquake-
induced cyclic stress and soil resistance during earthquake, respectively. The main factor controlling
liquefaction was not the possibility of the peak ground acceleration but the subsoils characteristics [15].

3.2. Liquefaction Potential Index and Liquefaction Probability Analysis

The liquefaction potential was evaluated by the liquefaction potential index (LPI) correlation
developed by Iwasaki (1981). The LPI value was used to assess the liquefaction potential at sites by
calculating the correlation between safety factor against liquefaction and the depth [16]. The equation
(9) below is calculated the LPI and could be introduced to express the severity of liquefaction.
t
(9)
㜶
Whereas F=1–FSLiq for FSLiq≤1.0 and F=0 for FSLiq>1.0, and W(z)=10-0.5z with z in meters. The
liquefaction potential index expressed as a mapping function that measured the severity of liquefaction
based on LPI classification; i.e., LPI=0 is very low liquefaction potential, 0<LPI≤5 is low liquefaction
potential, 5<LPI≤15 is high liquefaction potential, and 15<LPI is very high liquefaction potential. The

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11th Conference of Asian Rock Mechanics Society IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 861 (2021) 052030 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/861/5/052030

computation of LPI ranged from z=0 m to z=20 m because the effects from liquefaction at the depths
greater than 20 m below the surface ground are rarely reported [17].
The soil liquefaction potential expressed by the value of FSLiq and LPI could not specifically
measure the liquefaction occurrences at sites. The liquefaction occurrences probability has been
developed by several studies and one of them is the probability approach by Juang et al. [18].

t
(10)
ܵ ⸷″ t
t
t Ͳ
In which PL is a liquefaction probability. The liquefaction probability was used only for preliminary
estimate of the liquefaction probability. Besides, this approach was intended to serve the analysis at
the critical condition FSLiq=1.

4. Results and Analysis

4.1. Analysis of Jono Oge Liquefaction Potential

The liquefaction potential analysis was observed on 7 boreholes in Jono Oge liquefaction affected area.
Soil liquefaction potential in Jono Oge was carried out based on geotechnical investigation report of
Central Sulawesi National Road Implementation Agency and Japan International Cooperation Agency
(JICA) Team. This geotechnical investigation reports were used as the initial data of the project for
development of regional disaster in Central Sulawesi. The Jono Oge liquefaction affected area is
shown in figure 3 with the location of 7 boreholes used for the analysis in figure 4.

BH-5
BH-7
BH-1
BH-2

BH-3
BH-4 BH-6

Figure 3. Jono Oge liquefaction affected area Figure 4. The location of 7 boreholes

The ground water table at sites ranged between 0 – 3.2 m below the surface ground for BH-1, BH-2,
BH-3, BH-4, BH-6, and BH-7 which were located in the flow-slide affected area along the former
rural road, and 14.08 m for BH-5 which was located near the irrigation. The depth of ground water
table affected the pore water pressure of potentially liquefied soil during the earthquake. The
procedure of site classification was based on SNI 1726:2019 National Standard for Designing
Earthquake Resistance Building and Non-Building Structure, in which the average of N-SPT valued
between 15 to 50 and <15 are classified as medium (SD) and soft soil (SE), respectively.

The peak ground acceleration value for this analysis based on USGS report which contained the
peak ground acceleration (PGA) on a firm rock was 3.2 m/s2 or 0.33g. Peak ground acceleration was

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11th Conference of Asian Rock Mechanics Society IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 861 (2021) 052030 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/861/5/052030

determined by considering the site classification and amplification factor that includes in site
coefficient value (FPGA), as shown in table 1.
Table 1. PGAM value of each borehole
Boreholes Average N-SPT value Site classification FPGA PGAM (g)
BH-1 25.04 SD 1.27 0.41
BH-2 15.72 SD 1.27 0.41
BH-3 12.86 SE 1.54 0.50
BH-4 29.73 SD 1.27 0.41
BH-5 24.05 SD 1.27 0.41
BH-6 19.37 SD 1.27 0.41
BH-7 9.62 SE 1.54 0.50

Figure 5. The N-SPT data, fines content, and safety factor against liquefaction of BH-7

Soil layers at the liquefaction affected area were dominated by loose to dense sands and gravelly
sands with clay and silt layers in between. Clay soil layers with FC exceeded 50% could be found at
depth 1.5 – 5.5 m, 7.5 – 10.5 m, and 15.5 m below the ground surface meanwhile the silt soil layers
with FC exceeded 50% were found at several certain depth; i.e., 0.5 – 3.5 m, 7.5 m, 12.5 – 14.5 m, and
21.5 m. The sand soil layer was more dominated than gravelly sand soil layer at sites. The liquefaction
potential calculation results are plotted in figure 5 for BH-7. Based on the safety factor against
liquefaction results, the soil layers were potentially liquefied when the layer is below the ground water
table and classified as sandy soil.
The LPI analysis results predicted the severity of liquefaction potential at depth 0 – 20 m. The very
high liquefaction potential was occurred in BH-1, BH-2, BH-3, and BH-7 with respective LPI values
of 33.33, 29.45, 20.07, and 36.42. The high liquefaction potential was occurred in BH-4 and BH-6
with respective LPI values of 10.54 and 8.05. The analysis result showed that a very low liquefaction
potential occurred in BH-5 because the ground water table is at the depth 14.08 m below the ground
surface and very dense sand soil layer below the ground water table to the end of SPT data.
The analysis result for potentially liquefied soil had the range of safety factor against liquefaction
0.19 – 0.95 with liquefaction occurrence probability of 59.18 – 99.84% that plotted in figure 6.
The curves express that the lower safety factor against liquefaction value, the higher probability of
liquefaction occurrence at sites.

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11th Conference of Asian Rock Mechanics Society IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 861 (2021) 052030 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/861/5/052030

Figure 6. The FSLiq and PL curve of BH-1, BH-2, BH-3, BH-4, BH-6, and BH-7

5. Conclusion
The analysis of liquefaction potential was determined by using the LPI method and probability
approach based on the 2018 Palu-Donggala earthquake in the study area, which resulted in different
severity and probability of liquefaction for each depth of soil. Determining the liquefaction potential
analysis expressed the high to very high liquefaction potential in the West side of the flow-slide
affected area including the former rural road. The very low liquefaction potential level occurred at the
irrigation area. The lower safety factor against liquefaction value at potentially liquefied soil layers has
a higher probability of liquefaction occurrence at sites.
In the preliminary study, the low permeability layers over the loose sandy soil and sandy gravel soil
could induce a long-distance flow-slide. A similar geological structure was confirmed through the soil
investigation where the clay and silt soil layer between the sandy soil layers was found at the flow-
slide affected area. According to analyses, the re-liquefaction in Jono Oge could potentially occur in
the future with the peak ground acceleration is at least 0.33g on a firm rock. However, more efforts are
needed to evaluate the probability of flow-slide hazard in the future. Additionally, some physical

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11th Conference of Asian Rock Mechanics Society IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 861 (2021) 052030 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/861/5/052030

modelling is required to confirm the re-liquefaction potential and to develop an effective mitigation
measure in the study area.

Acknowledgement
The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude for the support given by Central Sulawesi
National Road Implementation Agency, the Indonesian Ministry of Public Works and Housing.

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11th Conference of Asian Rock Mechanics Society IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 861 (2021) 052030 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/861/5/052030

[18] Juang C H, Fang Y F and Li D K 2008 Reliability Analysis of Liquefaction Potential of Soils
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