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The 9th AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Natural Disaster (RCND 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1091 (2022) 012026 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1091/1/012026

Slope stability analysis during an earthquake in flow-slide

affected area of Jono Oge

A N Andiny1,2, F Faris1,3 and A D Adi1

1
Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah
Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
2
Directorate General of Highways, The Ministry of Public Works and Housing, South Jakarta
12110, Indonesia
3
Centre of Excellence of Technological Innovation for Disaster Mitigation (GAMA-InaTEK)
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

Corresponding author: fikri.faris@ugm.ac.id

Abstract. On September 28th, 2018, the earthquake with a moment magnitude (Mw) 7.5 due to
strike-slip Palu-Koro Fault in Central Sulawesi caused a major geological failure. In the Jono
Oge area, the earthquake-induced liquefaction and flow-slide occurred on relatively flat ground
with an average slope of 2%. In this paper, the safety factor for slope stability analysis was
determined by shear strength reduction caused by the earthquake at the potentially liquefied soil
layer, varying peak ground acceleration values, and groundwater level conditions. This analysis
evaluated the potential of ground movement occurrence in Jono Oge with the condition of soil
layer pre and post the Palu-Donggala earthquake that happened in 2018 using GeoStudio
Slope/W geotechnical software. The analysis was conducted on the cross-section of the soil layer
based on three boreholes incorporating standard penetration test (SPT) data on the study area.
The analysis results showed ground movement potential because of the seismic loads and
groundwater level conditions. The lower the safety factor of slope stability, the higher the ground
movement potential in flow-slide affected area. This ground movement potential could trigger
the occurrence of flow-slide in Jono Oge area.

1. Introduction
On September 28th, 2018, The United States Geological Survey (USGS) reported an earthquake struck
on Sulawesi, Indonesia with a moment magnitude (Mw) 7.5. The rupture occurred on the left-lateral,
north-south striking fault with the epicenter of the earthquake was approximately at 10 km depth and 72
km north of Palu City [1,2]. The 2018 Palu-Donggala Earthquake caused major geological failure in
several Central Sulawesi areas, i.e., tsunami, liquefaction, landslide, and structural damages. Figure 1
shows the areas where the impact of earthquake-induced liquefaction and flow-slide were most visible
occurred in Balaroa, Petobo, Jono Oge, and Sibalaya.
In the preliminary study, many researchers analysed the flow-slide occurrence in Central Sulawesi
several areas [3–7] and evaluated the re-liquefaction in flow-slide affected area of Jono Oge [8]. Soil
aging and cementation are among the main factors that govern liquefaction because compared to the
older soil deposits, newly deposited soil tends to be more susceptible to liquefaction [9]. Palu Valley
has the alluvial plain at the center with young alluvial fans and the older fan surfaces at the east and west

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The 9th AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Natural Disaster (RCND 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1091 (2022) 012026 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1091/1/012026

edges that the alluvial layer thins toward the mountain [5,10]. Furthermore, the head scarp of Jono Oge
flow-slide area in Figure 2 falls close to the edge of young alluvial fan that meets the older alluvial fan.

Figure 1. Liquefaction and flow-slide affected Figure 2. The head scarp of Jono Oge flow-slide
area in Balaroa, Petobo, Jono Oge, and Sibalaya. near the irrigation canal (Source: The Ministry of
Public Works and Housing Documentation,
2018).
Most of the infrastructure damages were caused by the liquefaction-induced flow-slide that occurred
in Jono Oge. Mason et al. [5] explained the geological failure in which the earthquake-induced
liquefaction and the unlined irrigation canal played a significant role in initiating the slope failure. The
existence of the irrigation canal affected the shallowness of the groundwater table which could increase
the potential of liquefaction. This flow-slide was the seismic liquefaction-induced landslide that failed
along very gentle slopes with an average slope of 1% in Jono Oge [7,11]. Hazarika et al. [6] explained
the occurrence of Jono Oge post-earthquake displacements in 4 zones. The breach of the channel and
the destruction of the water gate occurred near the irrigation canal, the flow-slide began at the west side
of irrigation canal with the length of displacement was about 2 – 50 m, the deposits of the flow-slide
area with 300 – 1,300 m length of displacement were collected at the west side of the rural road, and the
flood water flowed until it joined the stream to Palu River.
Based on the re-liquefaction analysis by Andiny et al. [8], the flow-slide affected area of Jono Oge
has high to very high liquefaction potential in the west side of the irrigation canal to the former rural
road and low liquefaction potential at the irrigation canal area. This study aims to evaluate the potential
of the liquefaction-induced ground movement in Jono Oge based on the safety factor of slope stability.
The analysis of this study was determined by shear strength reduction caused by the earthquake at the
potentially liquefied soil layers, varying peak ground acceleration values, and groundwater level
conditions. The evaluation of this analysis could be used to identify the liquefaction mitigation
requirements of the infrastructure in the study area especially the irrigation canal and road reconstruction
planning projects.

2. Methods
The slope stability analysis in this study was located at the flow-slide affected area of Jono Oge, Central
Sulawesi. The analysis was observed on three boreholes in flow-slide affected area of Jono Oge, as
shown in Figure 3. The soil borehole data, including the SPT and laboratory data was carried out from

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The 9th AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Natural Disaster (RCND 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1091 (2022) 012026 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1091/1/012026

geotechnical report of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Team in Central Sulawesi and
Central Sulawesi National Road Implementation Agency.

Figure 3. The location of boreholes and the cross-section of slope modelling in Jono Oge flow-slide
affected area.
The study area of this analysis focused on the cross-section of the slope at the flow-slide area of Jono
Oge (Figure 3). The slope modelling was constructed based on the slope contour data of pre and post
Palu-Donggala earthquake that happened in 2018. The soil parameter correlations of the slope stability
analysis were the SPT and laboratory data. This research analysed the slope modelling in several
scenarios which had various PGA values and groundwater level conditions with the shear strength
reduction at the potentially liquefied soil layer. Furthermore, the slope stability analysis by GeoStudio
Slope/W was used to determine the safety factor and the illustrated slip surface of the slope.

2.1. Liquefaction Potential Analysis

The earthquake-induced liquefaction played a significant role in initiating the slope failure in Jono Oge
area. Andiny et al. [8] evaluated the liquefaction potential in Jono Oge area using the simplified
procedure SPT-based by Idriss-Boulanger method [12]. The SPT is a test process in the bottom of the
borehole where a split-barrel sampler is driven a given distance after seating using a hammer weighting
for each blow. In this method, the two controlling factors of liquefaction were cyclic resistance ratio
(CRR) and cyclic stress ratio (CSR). The ratio of CRR and CSR values resulted the safety factor against
liquefaction (FSLiq) that was used to evaluate the liquefaction potential at a certain depth of soil. In
addition, this analysis evaluated the liquefaction occurrences probability. The probability value was
calculated by Juang et al. [13] probability approach at a certain depth of soil.
The potentially liquefied soil layer in the analysis result for BH-4 was 1.5 m thick of each loose to
medium dense silty sand layer at 7.5 m and 13.5 m depth. In the BH-6 area, the potentially liquefied soil
layer was 1 m thick of each soil layer at 4.5 m, 5.5 m, 8.5 m, 10.5 m, 11.5 m, 18.5 m and 19.5 m depth
that consisted of sand and gravelly sand layer. The BH-5 area had loose to medium dense sand soil layer
at 2.5 m, 4.5 m, 5.5 m, 9.5 m and 10.5 m but there was no potentially liquefied soil layer because the
groundwater table was at the 14.08 m depth below the ground surface.

2.2. Slope Stability Analysis

The analysis of slope modelling in Jono Oge used GeoStudio Slope/W (R2 2018) geotechnical software.
The study area with an average slope of 2% was modelled in two soil layer conditions which are the
result of pre and post Palu-Donggala earthquake. The first soil profile was the condition before the
ground movement caused by the 2018 earthquake. The analysis used the BH-1 soil investigation data to

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The 9th AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Natural Disaster (RCND 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1091 (2022) 012026 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1091/1/012026

represent the first soil profile condition. The BH-1 soil investigation data had less damage or was not
affected by the ground movement after the 2018 earthquake. The second soil profile was the condition
after the ground movement caused by the 2018 earthquake that modelled based on the slope cross-
section, as shown in Figure 3.
The cohesionless soils are the soil types that susceptible to liquefaction. The least to most resistance
to liquefaction cohesionless soils listing is clean sands, nonplastic silty sand, nonplastic silt, and gravel
[9]. In this study area, the earthquake-induce liquefaction had triggered the long-distance flow-slide
occurrence. Hence, this analysis evaluates the liquefaction-induced ground movement by assuming the
liquefaction occurs at the most susceptible soil layer to liquefy. The area of BH-1, BH-2, and BH-3 have
loose to medium dense sandy soil layers that are considered potentially liquefied.
The slope stability analysis used the limit equilibrium method. One of the methods to conduct the
slope stability analysis was Morgenstern-Price method which satisfied both moment and force
equilibrium [14]. The ground movement occurs when the static driving forces exceed the value of soil
shear strength along the slip surface, and then the safety factor becomes less than 1 (FS < 1.0) [9]. The
Slope/W generated several trial and error of slip surfaces to find the most probable minimum safety
factor value of slip surface [15]. The slope stability analysis evaluated the safety factor in several
scenarios based on the soil parameter, seismic load, and pore water pressure.
The liquefaction-induced ground movement simulation by Slope/W used shear strength reduction
which reduced the friction angle of the potentially liquefied soil layer. Gradually reducing the shear
strength parameter from this method is an effective approach for searching the most critical slip surface
[16]. The soil friction angle as the shear strength parameter was gradually reduced 10%, 25%, 50%, and
75%. One of the advantages of this method was that the critical slip surface could be found from the
shear strain arising of the gravity loads application and the reduction of shear strength [14].
To sum up, this analysis on the first soil profile evaluated the ground movement occurrence in Jono
Oge caused by the earthquake-induced liquefaction in 2018. The analysis indicated the ground
movement potential in varying scenarios in the second soil profile. The potentially liquefied soil layer
was determined based on the liquefaction potential analysis of BH-4, BH-5, and BH-6 in the previous
study by Andiny et al. [8].

2.3. Soil Parameter Correlation

Mohr-Coulomb described the strength of the materials in this stability analysis. The analysis required
several soil parameters such as cohesion, friction angle, and unit weight of soil. The unit weight of soil
for this analysis was using laboratory testing of field samples data in BH-1, BH-2, and BH-3. The friction
angle value was determined by the correlation between N60 and the friction angle of soils. In this analysis,
the sand and gravelly sand soil layer was considered as soil layer with the cohesion value equal to
zero (0). The soil parameter correlation for the silt soil layer in this analysis used the Australian
Standards, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The values of c’ and φ’ of typical soil [17].
Soil Soil parameters
group Typical soils in group c’ (kPa) φ’ (degrees)
Poor Soft and firm clay of medium to high plasticity, silty clays, 0–5 17 – 25
loose variable clayey fill, loose sandy silts
Average Stiff sandy clays, gravelly clays, compact clayey sands and 0 – 10 26 – 32
sandy silts, compacted clay fill (Class II)
Good Gravelly sands, compacted sands, controlled crushed 0–5 32 – 37
sandstones and gravel fills (Class I), dense well-graded sands
Very Weak weathered rock, Controlled fills (Class I) of roadbase, 0 – 25 36 – 43
good gravel and recycled concrete
The friction angle for BH-1, BH-2, and BH-3 were determined based on the correlation between N60
values and friction angle [18]. The correlation regression of friction angle and the N60 value are

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The 9th AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Natural Disaster (RCND 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1091 (2022) 012026 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1091/1/012026

calculated by the equation (1) and (2), respectively. The Nm in equation (2) is an N-value in which the
blow count represented the penetration resistance of soil [19]. The N-values are obtained from the
standard penetration test (SPT) carried out in the study area.
𝜑 = 0.70𝑁 + 18.0 (1)
60

𝑁60 = 𝐶𝐸 ∙ 𝐶𝐵 ∙ 𝐶𝑅 ∙ 𝐶𝑆 ∙ 𝑁𝑚 (2)

Whereas N60 is the corrected N-value, Nm is the measured blow count or N-value, CE is the correction
factor of energy ratio, CB is borehole diameter correction factor, CR is the correction factor for rod length,
and CS is sampler correction factor [12,20].

2.4. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)

The slope stability analysis evaluated the slope safety factor in varying seismic loads represented by the
maximum ground acceleration at ground surface. In the Slope/W analysis, the pseudostatic analysis
represented the effect of earthquake shaking by acceleration that created inertia forces. The horizontal
pseudostatic force acts through the centroid of sliding mass, acting in an out-of-slope direction [9]. The
vertical force generated by the vertical pseudostatic force is ignored because it usually has much less
effect on the stability of a slope.
The seismic load for this analysis used the PGA value from USGS data 3.2 m/s2 or 0.33g. This USGS
data was derived from the 2018 Palu-Donggala earthquake. The other PGA value for this study was
determined by the regression of attenuation relation by Kanno et al. [21] that only used two parameters,
moment magnitude (Mw) and source distance (X). Equation (3) was for shallow events where the focal
depth D ≤ 30 km.
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑒 = 𝑎 𝑀 + 𝑏 𝑋 − log(𝑋 + 𝑑 ∙ 10𝑒1 𝑀𝑤 ) + 𝑐 + 𝜀 (3)
1 𝑤 1 1 1 1
2
Where, as pre is the predicted PGA (cm/sec ), a1, b1, c1, and d1 are the regression coefficients, coefficient
e1 for this equation is 0.5, and ε1 is error between observed and predicted values. The previous study
explained that the PGA values from attenuation relation by Kanno et al. [21] was similar with the
recorded PGA and proposed ground motion prediction equation (GMPE) with the distance up to 200
km [22].
The PGA value 0.33g from USGS report was used for the analysis. In addition, this analysis used
two other PGA values that were calculated by equation (3). The source distance for this equation was
81.1 km that is measured by the length from the epicenter of the 2018 Palu-Donggala earthquake to the
flow-slide affected area of Jono Oge. The moment magnitude values were 6.8 Mw and 7.5 Mw based on
the Earthquake Sources Map in Indonesia for Palu and USGS report, respectively [23].

2.5. Groundwater Table Conditions

The initial groundwater table affected the decrease in slope stability safety factor [24]. The preliminary
study explained that the unlined irrigation canal played a significant role in slope failure [5]. The
groundwater table depth that close to the ground surface is one of the main factors that caused
earthquake-induced liquefaction at the loose sandy soil layer. Sassa et al. [25] concluded that if the
groundwater table was near a critical level to cause a landslide, even a minor earthquake could trigger a
large-scale landslide. Other than the earthquake, rainfall could trigger the slope ground movement. The
rainfall wetting affected the initial groundwater table condition. In the preliminary study, Ariesta [24]
explained that the initial groundwater table affected the decrease of safety factor while wetting process
by the rainfall did not cause a significant decrease of the slope stability safety factor.
In this slope stability analysis, the ground movement of the slope was determined at the various
groundwater level. The groundwater level condition in Jono Oge was affected by the irrigation canal
included the susceptibility of liquefaction and slope failure [26,27]. The groundwater level for the first
soil layer condition was at -3.5 m depth based on the soil investigation data in the previous study when
the irrigation canal was on the operation condition [27]. The second soil layer condition used the

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The 9th AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Natural Disaster (RCND 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1091 (2022) 012026 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1091/1/012026

groundwater level data based on the SPT data at site ranged between 0.5 – 3.2 m below the ground
surface at the flow-slide affected area caused by the 2018 earthquake and at depth -14.08 m for the site
near the irrigation canal.

3. Results and Discussion

The ground movement analysis was observed on the slope cross-section based on the BH-1, BH-2, and
BH-3 data in flow-slide affected area of Jono Oge. The soil profile in this slope modelling was divided
into three types of the soil layer, i.e., sand soil layer, silt soil layer, and gravelly sand soil layer. Table 2
shows the soil parameters in this study. The PGA values for the slope stability analysis with 6.8 Mw was
0.17g and 7.5 Mw earthquakes were 0.33g and 0.34g. The evaluation applied the shear strength reduction
methods at each scenario of slope stability analysis.
The first soil profile expressed the ground movement due to the 2018 Palu-Donggala earthquake
triggered by the liquefied soil layer under the ground surface. The slope stability analysis of the second
soil layer condition expressed the potential of ground movement with the three different PGA values
and two groundwater level conditions.
Table 2. Soil parameter values for each soil layer before and after the 2018 Palu-Donggala earthquake
Soil layer before the 2018
Soil layer after the 2018 Palu-Donggala earthquake
Palu-Donggala earthquake
Soil Silt Sand Silt Sand Gravelly sand
parameter I II III I II III I II III IV I II III I II III IV V
c’
5 10 5 0 0 0 5 10 5 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(kPa)
φ’ (degrees) 25 32 25 19.6 26.9 48.8 25 32 25 32 20.9 27.7 46.6 43.6 24.7 41.6 47.6 49.5
Unit weight
15.5 19.5 17.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 18.1 18.6 17.5 20.4 20 21.7 19.6 21.7 21 19.5 20.8 21
(kN/m3)

3.1. The First Soil Profile

The slope stability analysis evaluated the first soil profile with a scenario in which the PGA value was
0.33g, and the groundwater level was at 3.5 m depth below the ground surface. In this slope modelling,
the Sand II layer was modelled to be liquefied due to earthquake. The safety factor value initial condition
of slope modelling was 6.588 which indicated the slope was stable (FS ≥ 1.0). The slip surface occurred
at the slope with the groundwater level at -3.5 m depth, PGA value 0.33g, and the liquefied soil layer
with 10%, 25%, and 50% shear strength reduction. The slope stability safety factor decreased when the
seismic load was applied, as shown in Figure 4. The slip surface in Figure 5 shows that the sliding
surfaces begin at about 140 m from the BH-1 location. The head scarp of sliding surface of this analysis
was similar to the crest of the ground movement in Jono Oge flow-slide affected area in 2018 that near
the irrigation canal where the young alluvial fan meet the old alluvial fan [6].

Safety Factor of Slope Stability

1.2
1
0.8
FSCritical

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0% 10% 25% 50%
Strength Reduction

Figure 4. The safety factor value of slope modelling before the 2018 Palu-Donggala earthquake.

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The 9th AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Natural Disaster (RCND 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1091 (2022) 012026 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1091/1/012026

Figure 5. The critical slip surface on the first soil layer condition with 50% shear strength reduction
and the PGA value 0.33g.

3.2. The Second Soil Profile

The slope stability analysis of the second soil profile expressed the potential of ground movement with
six scenarios of different PGA values and groundwater table conditions. The PGA values for this
analysis were 0.17g, 0.33g, and 0.34g. For the groundwater level condition, this slope stability analysed
the groundwater level based on the borehole data, as shown in Figure 6(a) and at a depth of -3.5 m as the
assumption that the unlined irrigation canal was in the operating condition, as shown in Figure 6(b). In
this slope modelling, the Sand I layer and Sand II layer were modelled to be liquefied due to earthquake.

(a)

(b)

Figure 6. Slope modelling with soil profile post-earthquake; (a) Soil profile with with the irrigation
canal off operating condition; and (b) Soil profile with the irrigation canal on operating condition.
The slope stability safety factors at initial condition for the irrigation canal on and off operating
conditions are valued more than 1 (FS ≥ 1.0), which means the slope was stable. As the shear strength
reduction increased due to the earthquake, the slope stability safety factor decreased. The safety factor
plotted in Figure 7 shows that the slope failure is occurred when the slope modelling generates the 25%,
50%, and 75% shear strength reduction. The assumption of irrigation canal was in operating condition
affected the safety factor of slope stability. The slope failure and liquefaction potential could be triggered
by the irrigation operating condition and the construction condition [26,27].
Figure 7(a) and Figure 7(b) are the curve of slope stability safety factor with the irrigation canal off
and on operating conditions, respectively. The safety factor of slope stability decreased along with the

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The 9th AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Natural Disaster (RCND 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1091 (2022) 012026 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1091/1/012026

increasing of shear strength reduction at each scenario of slope stability analysis [14]. For the irrigation
canal off operating condition, the slope started to fail when shear strength reduction was at 50% except
for the seismic load 0.17g scenario. The analysis of PGA 0.17g scenario with 75% shear strength
reduction resulted a slip surface with 600 m length, as shown in Figure 8(a).
The other scenario was the irrigation canal on operating condition that has the groundwater level at
-3.5 m depth. The slope modelling with PGA values 0.33g failed and had a long-distance slip surface
when liquefied soil layer had 50% and 75% shear strength reduction. The different cases occurred at the
slope modelling with PGA 0.17g which failed at 50% and 75% shear strength reduction. The scenario
of PGA 0.17g resulted the 200 m length slip surfaces with the head scarp lied after the irrigation canal.
The slope stability analysis with PGA 0.34g showed that the slope began to slide when the ground
received the seismic loads, as shown in Figure 8(b).

(a) Safety Factor of Slope Stability (b) Safety Factor of Slope Stability
2 1.8
1.8 1.6
1.6 1.4
1.4 FSCritical 1.2
1.2
FSCritical

1
1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0% 10% 25% 50% 75% 0% 10% 25% 50% 75%

Shear Strength Reduction Shear Strength Reduction

0.17g 0.33g 0.34g 0.17g 0.33g 0.34g

Figure 7. The safety factor values of slope modelling post the Palu-Donggala earthquake; (a) Slope
stability analysis with the irrigation canal off operating groundwater level condition; and (b) Slope
stability analysis with the irrigation canal on operating groundwater level condition.

(a)

(b)

Figure 8. The slip surfaces in varying PGA values, groundwater level conditions, and shear strength
reduction; (a) Slip surface with irrigation canal off operating condition, 75% shear strength reduced,
and PGA 0.17g; (b) Slip surface with shallow groundwater table, no shear strength reduction, and
PGA 0.34g.

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The 9th AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on Natural Disaster (RCND 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1091 (2022) 012026 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1091/1/012026

4. Conclusion
The analyses included the slope failure in Jono Oge pre and post the 2018 Palu-Donggala earthquake
incorporating soil profile data both in liquefied and non-liquefied area. The PGA value of 0.33g scenario
at pre-earthquake condition analysed the slope failure that yield safety factor (FS) < 1.0. The slip surface
began to slide at the west side of irrigation canal which was similar to the head scarp of the flow-slide
occurred in 2018. The slope began to fail when the liquefied soil layer shear strength was 10% reduced.
The analysis PGA 0.33g and 0.34g and based on post-earthquake soil profile with the irrigation canal
off operating condition, the analysis resulted in the slope failing at the 50% and 75% shear strength
reduction. The length of slip surface was more than 600 m, and the head scarp was about 100 m from
the irrigation canal. The PGA 0.17g earthquake scenario analysis resulted in the slope failing at the 75%
shear strength reduction.
The analysis using PGA 0.33g and 0.34g with the irrigation canal on operating condition resulted in
the slope failing when the seismic load was applied. The shear strength reduction at the liquefied soil
layer decreased the safety factor values. The length of long-distance slip surface was more than 640 m,
and the head scarp was at the west side of irrigation canal. The analysis of PGA 0.17g earthquake
scenario resulted in the slope failing at the 50% shear strength reduction. The head scarp was after the
side of irrigation canal which could cause damage to the irrigation canal construction.
The analysis of this study described a similar slope failure that occurred due to the 2018 Palu-
Donggala earthquake. With the same method, slope stability analysis generated various scenarios. The
analysis resulted that the safety factor of slope stability decreasing because of the liquefied soil layer
assumption. This slope failure possibly turned into a long-distance ground movement due to the
earthquake and shallow groundwater level conditions. The lower the safety factor of slope stability, the
higher the ground movement potential in Jono Oge flow-slide affected area. Moreover, this ground
movement potential could trigger the occurrence of flow-slide in Jono Oge area. However, this
evaluation in Jono Oge flow-slide affected area required more advanced study and laboratory tests to
determine the mechanism of the flow-slide and the numeric analysis for the flow-slide probability.

Acknowledgments
This work was funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The authors would like
to express their gratitude for the support given by Central Sulawesi National Road Implementation
Agency, the Indonesian Ministry of Public Works and Housing.

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