I Socbtyof PetrolslsnE@Iwsrs

SPE 28788

Java Sea Gas Reservoir Development Design

Prabodh Pathak,* A.T. Kasim,* Ida Yusmiati, and Hadi Ismoyo, Atlantic Richfield Indonesia
Inc., and Tahir Bukhari, ARCO Intl. Oil & Gas Co.
●SPE Members

Copwight1SS4,SooietYof PetroleumEngineers,inc.

Thts paper wee ~ared for Presantetiom

et the SPE Asia Paoifk Oil & Ges Conferenceheld in Mefbourna,Auetrslk, 7-10 November1SS4

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= ~tedi have not been ra@ewadby the Societyof PetroleumEnginaeraend are subjectto oorrectkn by the authc+(s).Tfw material,es presented,does not nacaesarilyreflect
SI’IY-MI of tb eC@SWof P~bum En9ineam,h *M. w mem-. pePSI=~ w SPE meetin9e=S SI@=f to P~~JOII r* by ~~~al ~mmMees of t~ **W
of PawdaumEnglneera.Parrnkabntoor@ymrealriotedtom ebetnwt ofnofmorethan s00WONIS.Illustrations
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North-West Java Sea (ONWJ) concession area
to Indonesian electricity generating facilities in
1993. This paper addresses the development
and reservoir engineering of shallow gas fields
underlain by bottom aquifers. A multi-
disciplinary team of geologists, geophysicists,
resetvoir engineers, production engineers and
facilities engineers conducted an extensive
study to optimize the development plan. This
paper shows that the critical coning rates for
high permeability reservoirs with a large gas
column thickness are very high and the
reservoirs can be drained effectively by vertical
wells. Low permeability reservoirs with a small
gas column thickness require horizontal wells to
increase production rates and ensure high
recovery efficiencies. Water breakthrough is
early in the field life and there is substantial gas
production after water breakthrough. This paper
uses the concepts generated from single-well
models to develop the resewoir depletion plans
t-.
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iuul
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References and illustrations at end of paper.
contract area to Indonesian electricity
generating facilities represents the first time that
a foreign contractor developed Indonesian gas
reserves for the domestic market. Atlantic
Richfield Indonesia Inc. has operated the ONWJ
concession area mainly for oil since 1971 under
a Production Sharing Contract with the
Indonesian State Oil Company, Pertamina. The
ONWJ concession area currently produces
about 115,000 BOPD and the total cumulative
oil produced until 1994 is about 975 MMSTB.
Unlike other Indonesian gas developments for
the export market which are based on the
exploitation of a single large gas resource, the
ONWJ gas development consists of a large
number of small individual field developments, a
complex pipeline delivery network, and a
multitude of compression and gas processing
facilities 1~21s.
The first stage of the ONWJ gas project will
vii. deliver ~~~ MMSC~~ nunr an 11 vaar narinfi tn
‘“-’ ‘“’ ‘ ‘ J-=- r-’ --- ● -
electricity generating plants in Tanjung Priok
and Muara Karang, north of Jakarta. Currently,

433
2 JAVA SEA GAS RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT DESIGN
about 200 MMSCFPD is being supplied as the
electricity plants ramp-up to their contracted
rate. The gas development plan calls for the
sequential development of 19 fields containing
1100 BCF of sales gas. The gas associated with
the existing oil production fields is collected and
combined with the gas from new gas fields for
delivery to the onshore power plants (Figure 1).
About 30 ?40 of the gas reserves are contained in
fields with associated, rich gas but the majority
of the gas reserves (70Yo) are from shallow gas
fields containing lean gas, as shown in Table 1.
The resewe estimates of the ONWJ concession
area fields have been verified by a team of
independent consultants also.
A large fraction of the non-associated gas
reserves, about 55Y0, are contained in the KLX
field and the adjacent KLY field. These fields
have excellent deliverability and will form the
backbone
-------- .. ----of the
--- QNWJ g~s wpply prQgr~rn,
Because of their strategic importance in being
able to meet large gas demands and having
excellent swing deliverability, these reservoirs
were developed first in the beginning stages of
the sales plan. These fields produce from the
Middle Miocene Parigi formation at a depth of
about 1900 ft. As shown in Figure 2, the KLX
and KLY reservoirs are characterized by large
columns of gas about 250-300 ft. thick underlain
by aquifers. The KLX reservoir is underlain by a
200 ft. thick aquifer, while the KLY reservoir is
filled to the spill-point and the aquifer is only 40
ft. thick in certain areas. The fraction of gas in
the total carbonate resetvoir column is about 0.5
for KLX and 0.9 for KLY.
Another 35% of the non-associated gas
reserves are contained in the LL, Y and APN
fields. These fields produce from the Parigi and
the slightly deeper Pre-Parigi formations. DST
tests indicate that these fields also have
excellent deliverability. Unlike the KLX and KLY
fields, however, these fields have small gas
columns, 30 to 80 ft. thick, which are underlain
by thick aquifers (Figure 2). In the LL field the
aquifer columns are several hundred feet thick
but in the APN area the aquifers are 40-80 feet
thick. The total reservoir column for these
reservoirs is smaller, around 100 ft. and the
SPE 28788
fraction of gas in the total reservoir column is
also smaller - around 0.1 to 0.25. The smaller
gas columns and the proximity to the aquifer
makes the development of these reservoirs
more difficult.
The remaining 10?40of the non-associated gas
reserves are contained in the deeper Main,
Massive and Talang Akar formations. The gas
from these formations is generally richer with
gravities around 0.75 for the Main and Massive
formations and 1.1 for the Talang Akar
formations. The deeper Talang Akar formation
gas also has considerable C02 content, up to
30 Yo, and condensate yields of 75-150
bbltimcf.
Because of the large stakes in the Parigi and
Pre-Parigi reservoirs, this paper focuses on the
development issues of shallow gas fields
underlain by bottom aquifers= The controlling
mechanisms in these fields are volumetric
depletion and aquifer influx. This paper shows
that the development plan for each gas field has
to be tailored to the reservoir characteristics for
that field. This paper concentrates on the
development plans for the KLX, KLY, LL and Y
fields. The more general concepts discussed
here can be used for developing APN, which is
slated for implementation after the year 2000.
A multi-disciplinary team of geologists,
geophysicists and reservoir engineers
conducted an extensive reservoir study to
optimize the development plan. The objectives
of the development team were to optimize
recovery and rate, maintain high surface flowing
pressures to minimize compressor usage, and
minimize water production to prevent water-
handling problems. The constraints were that a
steady gas rate needed to be maintained for the
end user. The geoscientists and engineers
worked in close cooperation to meet the team
objectives. High-resolution 3-D seismic data
was interpreted to improve the structural
mapping and to understand the distribution of
resewoir facies in the Parigi and Pre-Parigi
carbonate buildups. In addition, detailed
sedimentological studies were conducted to
evaluate the variability of facies type and quality
SPE 28788 P. PATHAK, A. KASIM, 1.YUSMIATI, H. 1SM0% & T. BUKHARI
w- .Oow~arhnnata
nf tha —1 ------- hi Iilrhlns. F!nQ!y-gri&jed
--------- single
well simulation models, which protiided
important insights into gas and water movement
in the vicinity of the wellbore, were used as
precursors to the full-field reservoir simulation
models. The optimum well spacings needed to
adequately drain the recoverable reserves and
the use of horizontal wells to reduce water
coning at high production rates are also
analyzed. Finally, the production from the free
gas fields was combined with the associated
gas production to meet the contract
requirements.
Reservoir Geoloqy
Gas-bearing Parigi and Pre-Parigi carbonate
buildups were encountered in the first well
drilled in the Java Sea concession area, the A-1
well. The early drilling programs were geared to
oil exploration and thus, the gas-bearing Parigi
and Pre-Parigi were considered to be drilling
hazards to be avoided as far as possible. With
● LA AA..A-* -4 m-m -*lm- n&nv +hn Aiaant*nn# n~
LIIU auvuiil ul gaa aalwa alml LIIG uIavuvwIy UI
the large L-Parigi field, the Parigi and Pre-Parigi
reservoirs began to get more geological and
engineering attention.
A schematic cross-section of the Parigi and Pre-
Parigi formations through the ONWJ concession
area is shown in Figure 3. The Iithofacies can be
classified into two major types - buildup or
sheet-like. In certain areas, such as the L and
LL area, the Parigi and Pre-Parigi occur as
buildups, which are easily recognizable in
seismic structure analysis, with reliefs up to
1000 feet 4. In-between the buildups, the
formations are sheet-like and can be laterally
extensive. There is a general deepening trend
as the carbonates go from the northwest
towards the east and south. In the northwestern
part of the contract area, around APN and A-1
wells, these carbonates are deposited as sheets
with localized thickening.
The Pre-Parigi buildups are generally oriented
north-south in the central and eastern part of the
Java Sea area, and fan progressively to the
435
3
notihwest-southeast towards the west area, as
shown in Figure 4. The Pre-Parigi sediments
were deposited on isolated, medium to high
energy, red-algal reef carbonate shelfs, and
their orientation appears to be controlled by tidal
influences. Inter-shelf areas accumulated
carbonate muds and silts, and thus, the rock
quality will not be very good in the sheet-like
structures. The depositional environment starts
with a lowstand in the sea level, followed by
growth in response to rising sea level, and
finally drowning and deposition of the Cisubuh
claystone. The Parigi is are laterally more
extensive and thicker than the Pre-Parigi,
although the component Iithofacies and
depositional environments are similar. In most
cases, the buildups appear to be structurally
controlled and they form above paleo-high’s
over the Batu Raja or basement structures.
The predominant Iithofacies in the Parigi and
Pre-Parigi are fine to medium grained, moderate
to well-sorted, skeletal packstone to grainstone
with minor amounts of dolomite. The
grainstones are generally soft and easily-friable.
~akta ~ ~o Immari7ne +ha Iithnfanine thd haua
I auw G aUIIIIIIa IILWS LIJQ SILOIWIUW-=Q ~muub U*U.W
been observed in core studies based on the
classification schemes of Dunham5 and Embry
and Klovam6. Skeletal grains are dominated by
benthonic foraminifera, echinoderms, bivalve
and red algal bioclasts, and peloids (Figure 5).
Intervals with foraminifera fragments, which are
also called foramhash, are also commonly
obsemd. The limestones of the Parigi and Pre-
Parigi are generally clean with little argillaceous
minerals except for glauconite pellets.
The clay content from wireline logs appears to
be large in certain internals within most Parigi &
Pre-Parigi wells. For instance, the clay fraction
increases at a depth of 2240 ft. in the Parigi in
KLY-1, and at 2250 ft. in the KLX-1 Parigi
(Figure 2). Mineralogy studies using thin-
sections and X-ray diffraction data, however,
indicate the absence of significant clays. The
reason for the shaliness in the gamma ray logs
can be attributed to the presence of glauconite
grains. This is particularly of the bioclastic
glauconitic grainstones, which form excellent
4 JAVA SEA GAS RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT DESIGN
rQservQirrQcks that are free of clays but appear
to be shaly.
The diagenetic processes that affected the
sediments are cementation, replacement and
leaching, all of which have impacted reservoir
quality. Cements are dominated by non-ferroan
calcite, with locally common glauconite. The
glauconite was precipitated during the reworking
and winnowing of grains on the sea floor. The
cements are not extensive and have not
reduced reservoir quality during the burial and
diagenetic processes. The most common
replacement mineral . is dolomite with
microcrystalline to idiotopic crystalline forms.
Dolomitization has generally increased reservoir
quality, as the primary pore network is replaced
by secondary micro- and macro-pores.
Dissolution has created mouldic and vugular
macropores and enhanced the lime mud
micropores. Some pores formed during early
dissolution have been filled by calcite
precipitation but pores formed during later
phases of dissolution have remained open.
Fractures are rarely seen and those that are
present appear hairline in shape and are filled
with calcite. Because these formations occur at
shallow depths, compaction has played a minor
role in reducing porosity.
Five pore types have been identified in the
Parigi and Pre-Parigi carbonates - intergranular,
skeletal, intercrystalline, intragranular and
vugular pores. The distribution of these pore
types within the Iithofacies are also summarized
in Table 2. The best quality reservoir rock with
excellent porosity and permeability has pore
systems comprising a combination of
intergranular, intragranular and vuggy pores, as
shown in Figure 6. Intercrystalline pores also
form an important part of the pore svstems
–, --- in
certain cases where cement crystals have
developed in intergranular areas. The vuggy
and intergranular pores have large pore sizes of
the order of 50-100 M but there is a
preponderance of intercrystalline pores with
sizes around 5-10 P. For instance, in cores with
bioclastic packstone facies from the KLY-1 well,
which have average porosities of 31 .5Y0,
intragranular pores form 1?40of the total number
SPE 28788
of pores, vugular pores are 59’., intergranular
pores are 15940,intercrystalline macro-pores are
4 YObut the majority are intercrystalline and
lime-mud micro-pores with 75 Yo. Although the
number of micropores may be large, their sizes
are smaller and thus, their contribution to the
overalt porosity is smaller. A core from KLY-1
with an overall porosity of 33 YOhas pores with
sizes greater than 20 ~ contribute 16 ?40 of the
porosity while micro-pores with sizes less than
15 P make up the remaining 17 ?40 of the
porosity. These micro-pores will have a strong
impact on the gas-water relative permeabilities
and other two-phase flow properties through the
pore network.
Reservoir rocks with poor quality, conversely,
have skelatal pores and micro-pores with very
few intergranular or vugular pores. For instance,
the total porosity of 14 YO in these rocks may be
composed on only 2% being pores larger than
20 P while 12 ?40 is lime mud and interctystaline
micro-pores.
)%-w ir and FIUid Pr-nies
The Parigi and Pre-Pangi formations have high
porosities around 32-45% and good gas
permeabilities ranging from 10 md to several
darcies. Log porosities generally agree with core
porosities. The porosity does appear to correlate
with permeability, as shown in Figure 7, but
there is considerable scatter in the data. Thus,
rocks with porosities of 32?40 can have
permeabilities from 50 to 500 md. The bioclastic
grainstones have the highest porosities and
permeabilities, followed by the bioclastic
packstones, which have have high ponsities but
lower permeabilities. The coral bindstone facies
have the lowest permeabilities. The permeability
will, therefore, depend on the Iithology and the
distribution of vugular and intergranular pores.
The ratio of vertical to horizontal permeability
has not been measured in laboratory tests but is
expected to be high because of the well-
developed pore network in the Parigi and Pre-
Parigi formations.
SPE 28788 P. PATHAK, A. KASIM, 1.YUSMIATI, H. 1SM0% & T. BUKHARI
Because of the absence of shale layers within
the carbonate intervals, the formation cannot be
divided into distinct flowunits with impermeable
boundaries. The porosity and permeability data
was plotted against depth to evaluate any
changes in the resewoir properties with bedding
planes. As shown in Figure 8, there is no
correlation between the depth of burial and
resewoir properties.
The connate water saturation ranged from 20 to
40% depending on the level of microporosity in
the rock. Log analysis indicated that in the KLX
and KLY wells, rock quality was generally high
and connate water saturations were vey low.
Special core analysis studies confirmed that
water saturations depend on pore types and the
fraction of micro-porosity. A core with 28%
porosity, almost all of which is micro-porosity
with pore sizes less than 20 ~, had a connate
water saturation of 37.5%. In contrast, another
core having 31 YO porosity, with 10% porosity in
macro-pores and 21YOof the porosity in micro-
pores, had a connate water saturation of 30.5Y0.
As the fraction of microporosity decreases,
connate water saturations as low as 23.3% were
measured in the relative permeability laboratory
tests.
Drill Stem Tests (DST) were conducted in Parigi
and Pre-Parigi expiration weiis to assess the
reservoir permeability and flow potential. The
DST test run in the LL-1 Parigi zone is shown in
Figure 9. The Parigi zone was perforated over
the complete gas zone from 1878 ft. to 1900 ft.
(Figure 2) with the gas-water contact at 1900 ft.
but no water was produced in the DST tests.
Three drawdown tests were conducted with
decreasing choke sizes and a final buildup test
was conducted with the well shut-in. All four
phases of the DST testing were analyzed and
gave consistent results that the permeability is
around 650 md. The pressure and derivative
curves for the first drawdown test match the
type curve for a homogeneous reservoir. No
boundaries were seen because of the short
duration of the test. Table 3 summarizes the
DST data for the Parigi and Pre-Parigi
reservoirs. The LL Parigi permeabilities ranged
from 48 to 650 red., while the Pre-Parigi has 250
437
5
md. permeability. The KLX, KLY and APN
reservoirs generally have excellent
permeabilities from 284 md. to 1676 md. Log
data indicates that the reservoir quality of the LL
and Y fields is not as good as the quality of the
KLX, KLY and APN fields. The fields were,
therefore, grouped into two sections - the low
permeability, 50-500 red., LL and Y group, and
the high permeability, 500-1000 red., KLX, KLY
and APN group. Table 4 lists the reservoir
properties used in the base case for the
simulations.
Compositional analysis of the produced gas
from the KLY-1 DST shows that the gas is dry
with a low gas gravity around 0.58 (Table 5).
The gas consists of low molecular weight
hydrocarbons, mainly methane (95 Yo) and
ethane (2.4 Yo), and inerts such as carbon
dioxide (1 Yo) and nitrogen (1.6 Yo). The heating
value of the produced gas is close to 1000
BTU/SCF. Compositional analysis of gases from
other well tests give similar gas properties data.
F-rvoir Deveiot)ment Des ian
There are three important factors that control
the economics of many gas field developments -
first, the ability of the reservoir to supply a
sustained nigh gas rate, second, the timing of
water breakthrough and the post-breakthrough
water production rates which determine the size
and timing of water treatment and gas re-
compression facilities, and third, the ultimate
gas recovery factor obtained before the wells
become uneconomic to operate. These three
factors may, in some cases, be contrary to each
other, and thus, the best balance needs to be
made to optimize the development plan. For
instance, water production could be minimized
by producing at low gas rates, but this will have
an adverse ‘impact on the gas revenue stream
and make the project uneconomic. Conversely,
increased gas rates could accelerate the timing
of water separation and compressor facilities
installation, reduce the ultimate gas recovery
factor, and also make the project uneconomic.
The economics of the shallow gas reservoir
developments indicate that each well should
6 JAVA SEA GAS RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT DESIGN SPE 28788

produce at least 10 MMSCFPD initially to meet

the minimum acceptable economic criteria. In Analytic models are used in this paper to
addition, operational considerations and costs illustrate the basic reservoir parameters that
dictate that wells producing less than 0.5 impact the critical coning rate. The approach
MMSCFPD cannot be economically operated presented by Guo and Leel 1 for water coning
and have to be shut-in. This section discusses into an oil layer was modified to account for gas
the methodology used to optimize the flow in a gas-water system. Fine-gndded, single-
competing designs for the Java Sea reservoirs. well reservoir simulation models, as shown in
Figure 10, are used to evaluate the post-
breakthrough well performance and to help
e Well Mow guide the selection of parameters that impact
fluid movement in the fullfield simulations. An
Analytic correlations for critical coning rates additional benefit of the the computer simulation
were developed initially to model water coning approach is that wellbore hydraulics can be
into oil wells7~s. The earlier correlations included along with the reservoir simulation, and
approximated the system geomety by spherical the complete resetvoir plus downhole tubing
flow into a point source from an infinite system system can be modelled in one combined effort.
with a fluid interface. The water phase is This procedure has distinct advantages in our
considered to be immobile and the critical gas reservoirs which are prone to significant
coning rate is reached when the stable rise in water production, and thus, problems
the water cone touches the point source. These associated with the lifting of the produced water
enrral=tinne
ww1tc7uu&1uumuhmm hnnn mndifinrl
Imlvulomwu tn
&w snenl Int fnr hn addraced in
11UWX7UWWU8 uuwwuelb VW, Pan
“w, , ““ -“”m””””” ,,. tha
. ..” ~~~i)/ ~?~~~~ ~f ?h~
anisotropy and gas coning downwards into an design effort.
oil well g’10. Further enhancements to include a
partially-penetrating wellbore, which can be Critical coning rates calculated using the
modeled as a combination of radial flow around anaiytic modei show that for reservoirs with high
the wellbore and spherical flow below the permeabilities and thick gas columns, high gas
...-ll I—
--- L—..— --— -P-A, IA:nmwn+ma -Pa nnhiat~ahla imi+hnt *+ nnninfi
welluore, nave recentiy been repofied f f. p uuubLIuI I I am= ar w aw imvaum WILI IUUL euI III i~

Coning in horizontal wells can be approximated the water (Figure 11). For instance, KLX and
analytically using cylindrical flow equations to KLY type reservoirs with permeabilities
solve for the rise of a stable cusp 1011z. The exceeding 250 md. and gas columns larger than
critical coning rate calculated using various 150 ft. can be produced with vertical wells at
correlations can differ substantially 1z, and thus, gas rates in excess of 20 MMCFPD without
the correlations should be used as guides to the coning the water. However, APN reservoirs that
flow rates at which coning could occur. have 1000 md. permeabilities with small 25 ft.
gas columns can only be produced at very low
Althnl
r81bII mh
WU~II tha
UC-W aeenntial
gQQQCILIUI nht~eime
pll~eou~ ie eimilar
10 Q191111UI +n
LW nil-
WII– rates around 3 MMCFPD without coning. As the
water systems, water coning into gas wells has size of the gas columns increases to 75 ft.,
not been investigated extensively, especially the however, the critical coning rates for vertical
post-water breakthrough rates. The pre- wells increases sharply to 37 MMCFPD. Thus,
breakthrough behavior in which gas is the only APN wells with 60-70 ft. gas columns could be
flowing phase and stable water cones or cusps produced through vertical wells but the sham
are generated, can be analyzed by modifying slope of the critical coning rate curve indicates
existing approaches developed for water-oil that small variations in resewoir permeability
systems. Because of the complexity in could easily induce coning. Horizontal wells
developing tractable solutions for anisotropic would be recommended in these cases.
reservoirs with complex horizontal well
boundary conditions, reservoir simulation Wells in the LL and Y reservoirs that have low
techniques have gained increased popularity in permeabilities in the 50 to 250 md. range are
modelling such systems 1SS14S1S. going to be the most susceptible to water coning

438
SPE 28788 P. PATHAK, A. KASIM, 1.YUSMIATI, H. 1SM0% & T. BUKHARI
(Figure 11). Vertical wells have critical coning
rates less than 1 MMSCFPD and horizontal
wells have critical coning rates around 2 - 8
MMSCFPD depending on the size of the gas
column. Thus, the use of horizontal wells does
not completely alleviate the water coning
problems. The analytic model indicates that
water will be produced from these reservoirs if
economically acceptable gas production rates
are needed. The post-waterbreakthrough
behavior of these resewoirs will have to be
studied in greater detail using computer
simulations.
The single-well reservoir simulation results in
Figure 12 show that for a 50 md. gas reservoir
with a 40 ft. gas column underlain by a 60 ft.
aquifer, if the gas rate exceeds 2 MMSCFPD,
water production starts as soon as the vertical
well is put on production. At a gas rate of 1
MMSCFPD, small amounts of water are
produced at startup but the water increases
substantially after 2000 days. Little or no water
is produced at rates around 0.5 MMSCFPD. The
critical coning rate from the simulation would,
_ ● ~Ba~
firnn . ..L. AL :- I-.-a.
tiierefore, be I nmvArru WI IIVII IS Ialgel Lllall
+h anal tiin ram II+ n~ f) QK MMR~. FPIT I%acallea
Llle a!lal}tw I==ult u “.-W ,Wa.., w , . -. --- _-
of the assumptions made in simplifying the flow
geometry and the absence of capillary pressure
effects, the analytic model tends to be more
conservative than the simulations in predicting
critical coning rates.
The gas rate remains steady initially when the
well is put on production (Figure 13). The
wellhead pressures at the surface are high and
the well is on rate-control, i.e., the well is being
choked back to maintain the constant rate.
Water breakthrough is early, and the water
production rate increases steadily as the well is
produced. The bottom-hole pressure (BHP)
decreases because of reservoir depletion and
the increased pressure drop associated with
lifting greater amounts of produced water. The
surface pressures continue to decrease, and the
gas produced will need to be compressed when
the surface pressure falls below the pipeline
entry pressure. The water production rate
reaches a maximum when additional water
cannot be lifted by the gas. The well goes on
7
r)ressure control and the aas rate begins to
decline. The water rate also declines as the gas-
Iiquid ratio continues to decrease. If the initial
-. -—-- -1
gas production rate is increasea, the tkne that
the initial plateau rate can be maintained is
smaller and surface pressures decline faster.
The maximum water rate produced increases as
the initial gas rate is increased, as shown in
Figure 14. The maximum water rate increases
sharply after the critical coning rate is reached,
but then stabilizes because the larger
production rates cannot be sustained for very
long and the gas rate falls quickly. As expected,
the maximum water rate is larger as the
perforated fraction of the gas column increases.
If the whole gas column is perforated, water is
produced at the startup of gas production and
the maximum rate is also high. Other studiesl 1
have shown conclusively that the optimum
perforation fraction for minimizing coning is
around 30 YO and this ratio was used in the rest
of the simulations discussed in this paper.
Another interesting conclusion from the resuits
in Figure 14 is that the maximum water rate
ha f13tiC 0? tll~
depefids m ●Lllg
*hmm
~~$ COi!J!7?~
?~i~k~~~~ @ ?h~ w~?e~ ~~i~rnn thid(~~ss, The
results discussed untii now are based on the LL
wells that have a small 40 ft gas column
underlain by a 60 ft. water column. For a KLY
well with a 400 ft gas coiumn tmderiain by a 40
ft. water coiumn, there is no water production
uniess the compiete gas coiumn has been
perforated. The reservoir produces by
volumetric depletion with almost no contribution
from the aquifer.
The uitimate recovery depends on both the size
of the gas column and the relative sizes of the
gas and water coiumns (Figure 15). If the gas
column is larger than 100 ft., the recovery
factors exceed 75-80 !+’0, and the recovery factor
is independent of the size of the water coiumn.
The gas phase mobiiity is much iarger than the
water mobility, and thus, the buik of the gas
reserves can be produced at economical
production rates before water coning or aquifer
movement become significant. This conclusion
reinforces the earlier observation that in KLX
and KLY welis that have large gas coiumns,
439
8 JAVA SEA GAS RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT DESIGN
water influx is not a critical parameter. For
reservoirs with small gas columns, however, the
recovery factor decreases as the size of the gas
column decreases or the size of the water
column increases. These reservoirs have to be
produced above the critical coning rates, water
breakthrough is early in the production life and
the water rates can get large enough to drown
out the gas recovery process. Thus, the LL wells
will have lower recoveries compared with the
KLX or KLY wells, and the recovery will depend
on the sizes of the gas and water columns in the
vicinity of the wellbore.
Horizontal wells can alleviate some of the
problems associated with water production from
vertical wells. As shown in Figure 16, the initial
plateau gas rate is maintained for a longer
period in horizontal wells, water breakthrough is
delayed, and the wellhead pressure does not
decrease as rapidly as for the vertical well in
Figure 13. The pressure drawdown on the
reservoir is small, bottomhole pressures are
higher and the bulk of the pressure drop is
associated with lifting the fluids to the surface.
Thus, horizontal wells will help maintain the
contracted gas supply rate for a longer penod of
time without the necessity for additional ——— ..—..—.drilling
. ~~cti~~. C.haper~n 10 hac
or development, and will delay the necessity for
additional compression of the wellhead gas. It
should be noted, however, that the maximum
water rate for a horizontal well is larger than the
mm”:-, ,- ..,-+-”
II Iaxll I IUIII “*+A III
:- an ..AA:AAI..#AllkAA-l.A-
wacm I ate vu[ Lmal WUII UGGdU~U
of the larger horizontal section exposed to water
cusping. Thus, water handling facilities may be
delayed if horizontal wells are used but the
facilities will need to be designed to handle
larger water volumes. In general for the Java
Sea facilities and the terms of the ARII
Production Sharing Contract, the economic
analysis showed that the increased size of
facilities impacted the economics marginally
while the delay in installation improved
economics markedly. A plot of the ratio of
maximum water rates from horizontal wells and
vertical wells shows that horizontal wells could
produce 2-3 times the rate from vertical wells if
the water column thickness is large and the gas
column is only 25 ft. (Figure 17).
440
SPE 28788
The recovery factor for horizontal wells is higher
than vertical wells, particularly in cases where
the gas column thickness is small (Figure 18).
Because a steady gas rate is maintained longer
and water production is aeiayea in norizontai
wells, the recovery factor at water-breakthrough
is larger and the ultimate recovery is also lamer.
The recovery does not depend on the size of the
water column that underlies the gas column.
Thus, horizontal wells are strongly
recommended for reservoirs with small gas
columns and lower permeabilities.
Simulations were conducted to assess the
sensitivity of the ultimate recovery to the ratio of
vertical ( kv ) to horizontal permeability ( kh )
(Figure 19). With verlical wells, the recovery
decreases because of excessive water coning
as the (kv / kh) ratio increases14. Because the
flow into a vertical wellbore is partly radial
around the top of wellbore and partly spherical
below the wellbore, increasing the (kv / kh) ratio
does not impact the radial flow of gas into the
wellbore but allows more water to move
upwards and decreases the critical coning rate.
In horizontal wells, however, fluid flow is
cylindrical, along the length of the horizontal
ehnwn
vouu um VW-U
anslvtinsllu
8 mu 8WUJ wuu-my
that there is a weak dependence of the critical
coning rate on the (kv / kh) ratio, with the critical
coning rate increasing slightly with higher (~ /
kb). Our simulation results confirm that the
..0
crmcai coning does increase with nigher (kv i
kb), and in addition, the recovery factor also
increases because of reductions in water
production.
entation
The development of four gas fields - KLX, KLY,
LL and Y - is discussed in this section based on
the groundwork established by the single-well
modelling of vertical and horizontal wells.
Fullfield reservoir simulations were conducted
for all these developments to optimize field
deliverability, reservoir gas recovery, well
location, number of wells, water production, and
platform” location. - “
SPE 28788 P. PATHAK, A. KASIM, 1.YUSMIATI, H. 1SM0% & T. BUKHARI 9

simulations showed that only 40 ft. of the overall

Analytic aquifers were added to the fullfield 250-400 ft. gas column needed to be perforated
simulation models to model aquifer influx into to supply these rates. DST tests in the KLY-1
the simulation volume. Because of the shape of well confirmed that in the high permeability
the Parigi and Pre-Pangi buildups, the aquifer is wells, rates as high as 58.9 MMSCFPD could be
active through the thin, sheet-like carbonate obtained with only a 10 psi drawdown in the
sands in-between the buildups. The sheet-like resetvoir pressure. Because only the top 40 ft.
carbonates have lower quality than the gas- of the gas column needs to be perforated, some
containing buildups. The aquifers did not have of the KLX and KLY development wells were
much impact on the fluid production drilled only 150-200 ft. into the gas column and
charactersitics of the gas fields. Water the bottomhole depth was kept 50 ft. above the
production was controlled by the size and rock top of the aquifer. Large 7 in. tubing was used
quality of the water contained within the buildup downhole to reduce pressure loss as the gas
and
uuuu nnt
m,wbhu thci
WI bmaw
rcwdanichmant
oup9w9. cwo . . ..w . . .
nf
w.
that
. ..-9
watar
..-. -.
fmm
. . . . . . -------
travak fr~rn. the r~~~rv~ir ?~ the surface
outside aquifers. facilities.

Two of the field designs.. . . have .-. . . been

-----already The KLX and KLY wells have been on
implemented for the KLXand KLY fields, and production for the past 9 months at an average
the next phase of gas developments, which will rate of 20 MMSCFPD. The wells have not
be implemented in 1996 includes the LL field. produced water and no operational difficulties
The timing of the Y field development depends have been experienced. Pressure tests
on the growth of gas utilization by the electricity conducted recently indicated little reduction in
generating facility, and this development could resewoir pressures and the tests confirmed the
either be included with LL or delayed until the OGIP in the reservoirs. A program of periodic
next phase. Because the APN area is located pulsed neutron logging and pressure tesing is
far from existing Java Sea developments, it planned to manage the reservoirs. The
forms the last phase of gas development produced gas will need compression about 4
projects, and the field design is not included in years after startup. The overall gas recovery
this discussion. The development plans for the from these reservoirs is expected to be around
fields are summarized in Table 6. 75-80 ~0.

XLX and KLY LIEw

The KLX and KLY fields were developed with 2 The LL field will produce from both the Parigi
platforms each, as shown in Figure 20. The and Pre-Pangi reservoirs. As shown in Figure
single-well models have shown, and the fullfield 21, these two zones do not completely overlie
models confirmed, that there is little additional each other, with the Pre-Parigi having larger
benefit from drilling horizontal wells in high areal coverage than the Parigi. Both these
permeability and large gas pay reservoirs. zones have low permeabilities and thin gas
These two fields were developed with 3 columns with large water columns. The use of
Aviatd
-- ------ .. ---- cmnh
wdk ---- . frnm .. .. .KI
.. . ... th~ . . XA and .KI
.. . ---- .. .XR
.. .. ... . . ... . wdk
.hnrbnntal . . . ... hmnmm
--------- mandatnry
.. .. . .. . .. . ?~ ~n~~~~~~
platforms, and 2 deviated wells each from from critical coning rates and gas recoveries for both
the KLYA and KLYB platforms. The gas resewoirs. In the geographical locations where
deliverability requirements indicated that “the the two zones overlie each other, a horizontal
KLX and KLY wells be capable of supplying a well to the deeper horizon, the Pre-Parigi, is a
-..-*-:--A .- A- A-. .:-*-A ...-11 :- bL- -L-11-... a. La.:--- bkfi
Sustalrluu ralw d 20 NltiscFPD “with an Uuvleltuu well Ill Lllu SIlalluwu[ IIUIMUII, lIIU

occasional rampup to 40-50 MMSCFPD for Parigi. Thus, both zones can be produced
short-term supply to meet swing rate demand or simultaneously: the Parigi through the short-
during the shutdown of adjacent Platforms for string and the Pre-Parigi through the long-string.
testing or workovers. The fine-gridded If a horizontal well is drilled to the Pari~,

441
10 JAVA SEA GAS RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT DESIGN
however, drilling and operational considerations
preclude it from being extended to the Pre-
Parigi.
A team of reservoir, production, facilities and
planning engineers developed the optimum
development plan for the LL field. The objective
of the team was to maximize project economics
and fulfill the contractual gas obligation using
existing facilities if possible and minimizing the
investment for new facilities. The team
evaluated the existing piatforms and gas fiow
lines in the LL area, the availability of
compression capacity, and the associated gas
production from existing wells and gaslift
requirement projections. The single-well
simulations had indicated that the wellhead
pressures in LL wells would decrease as water
production increased, which would necessitate
the use of surface compression early in the
development of the field. The currently installed
compressors in the LL area are running at
nearly full capacity and there is little excess
capacity available. The longest lead-time
offshore facilities are compressors, and they are
also some of the most expensive facilities. The
team spent considerable time and effort
optimizing compressor useage so that all
available compressors in the gas grid were
utilized effectively for gas lift or gas sales.
Another major consideration in the LL
development design is the presence of
considerable hydrocarbon reserves in a deeper
horizon. .... T~l~~~ Ak~!’, The l~cat~~n of new
-------- .. the
platforms also had to be coordinated with the
future exploitation of Talang Akar oil and gas
resetves. Fortunately the major portion of the
undeveloped Talang Akar reserves could be
reached from platforms in the central part of the
Parigi and Pre-Pangi reservoirs.
The LL field design calls for the installation of 2
tripods and 4 monopods, as shown in Figure 21.
Each tripod will have 2 wells for draining the
Parigi and Pre-Parigi, and 2 wells for draining
the Talang Akar. There will be 6 horizontal wells
in the Pre-Parigi, which act as deviated wells in
the Pangi, and 2 horizontal wells exclusively for
the Parigi. The maximum deliverability will be
442
SPE 28788
about 60 MMSCFPD from both the Parigi and
Pre-Parigi. Water breakthrough is expected 1
year after startup, and additional compression
capacity will be needed at that time. The field
production life will be about 7 years and the
ultimate recovery will be 60 YO in the Parigi and
70 ‘%0 in the Pre-Parigi. The recoveries could be
increased by additional drilling, but the wells are
not economically justifiable.
XEisid
The Y area was also analyzed by a team of
engineers, similar to the LL team, to evaluate
existing facilities and recommend future
development plans. There are no developments
currently in the Y area, and the nearest
platforms are in the BQ area (Figure 22).
Compression availability is again an important
consideration and the Y development has to be
staged in to fully utilize existing installed units.
Although their gas column thicknesses in the Y
and LL areas are very similar, the permeability
in the Y field is larger. Horizontal drilling of the
development wells is not as beneficial as it is in
the LL field. Initially Y produces about 8
MMSCFPD, as the gas production from other
fields tapers off and the gas from Y is blended
in. After 4 years, Y will deliver a maximum of 36
MMSCFPD and the rate will slowly decline over
the next 8 years. The field simulations show that
vertical wells can supply this rate profile without
excessive water production. Water breakthrough
is delayed slightly with horizontal wells but the
maximum water rate more than doubles. The
ultimate recovery with vertical wells is 73 % of
the OGIP, and it increases slightly by 2 ‘?&with
horizontal wells. Economic analysis showed that
drilling horizontal wells reduced project
economics. In addition, severe lost circulation
problems have been encountered while drilling
the Pre-Parigi in the Y area, and the risk of
losing the horizontal well was significant. It was
decided, therefore, to develop the Y area with 1
new tripod having 3 deviated wells, and one
additional well from the existing BQA platform
(Figure 22).
SPE 28788 P. PATHAK, A. KASIM, 1.YUSMIATI, H. 1SM0% & T. BUKHARI
Cone lusion~
1. A well-coordinated team of geoscientists,
reservoir engineers, production engineers,
facilities engineers and planning engineers
was needed to develop the Java Sea gas
reserves. The team optimized the design of
four gas fieids to meet the contractual gas
supply to the electricity generating facilities.
The design for the first two fieids was
implemented in 1993, and the Java Sea
facilities are currentiy supplying about 200
MMSCFPD. it shouid be emphasized that
the results presented in this paper apply to
the Parigi and Pre-Parigi reservoirs in the
Java Sea.
2. The Parigi and Pre-Pangi buildups are fine to
medium-grained packstones and grainstones
with excellent reservoir quality. The rocks
have a weli-deveioped, interconnected
network of intercrystalline, intergranular,
intragranuiar and vuguiar pores. The
reservoirs have excellent porosity, 20-35 ‘%0,
k... nnnnn+n ..,n4nr -n+, avn+inne
IUW UUI II lam watwl watulauui
high permeabilities, 50-1000 md.
3. Critical coning rates for vertical weils depend
on the permeability, gas column thickness
and water coiumn thickness. The criticai
coning rate for high permeability resewoirs
such as KLX and KLY that have a large gas
coiumn thickness is very high, and these
reservoirs can be produced safely at rates
up to 50 MMSCFPD without water intrusion.
Low permeability reservoirs such as LL with
a small gas column thickness have low
criticai coning rates and cannot be produced
at economic gas rates without coning water.
Horizontal weiis which have higher critical
coning rates are recommended but they wili
aiso produce water at the required gas
deliverabiiities.
4. Horizontal wells can be produced for ionger
periods at constant, sustained gas rates
compared with verticai wells, and the
weiihead flowing pressures in horizontal
welis does not decrease as rapidiy as
11
vertical wells for the fields studied. Water-
breakthrough is delayed in honzontai wells
but the maximum water rates are higher.
--—-
5. Fiorizontai weiis in iow permeability
reservoirs with smali gas coiumns have
higher recovery factors than verticai weils.
The recovery factor for horizontal weiis
increases siightiy and for verticai weiis
decreases slightiy as the ratio of vertical to
horizontal permeability is increased.
Recovery factors increase as the gas column
thickness or permeability increases, but if the
gas coiumn thickness exceeds 100 ft., the
recovery factor is independent of water
column thickness.
6. Horizontal wells are recommended for iow
permeability reservoirs with smaii gas
columns because of higher productivity,
iower pressure drawdowns, delayed water-
breakthrough and higher recovery factors.
Verticai or deviated weiis suffice if
permeabilities are high or gas coiumn
thicknesses exceed 100 ft.
C)fi-A nol. -nA
I=, Gu--ru /0, al IU
Pcknowkiaments
We acknowledge the following individuals for
their heip during the course of the Java Sea Gas
Project : Scott Kerr of Atlantic Richfield
indonesia inc. (ARii) for his innumerable
suggestions and enthusiasm to help guide this
project, Gerry Suellentrop of ARCO Expiration
and Production Technology (AEPT) for
discussions on reservoir simulation and
horizontal weii performance, Biii Neison of ARii
for initiating the gas reservoir simulation
program, Dave Ciark of Simon Petroieum
Technology (SPT) for the iithoiogy, mineralogy
and pore structure study, Peter Butterworth of
SPT for heip in the thin-section and SEM
photomicrographs, Kakung P. of ARii for his
heip in the reservoir geoiogy, John Kaidi of ARii
for stimulating discussions of carbonate
geology, Jeff Morrow of ARii for the
petrophysicai analysis: Scott Wiison of AEPT for
patiently reviewing the manuscript, Kukuh Tjatur
of ARii for the Y-fieid simulations, and the ARii
443
12 JAVA SEA GAS RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT DESIGN
Drafting Group for the fast turnaround and
excellent quality of the figures. We would also
like to thank the management of ARII, ARCO
International Oil and Gas Company, ONWJ
Concession Partners and Pertamina-BPPKA for
permission to publish this paper.
1. Yaman, F., T. Ambismar and T. Bukhan,
“Gas Exploration in Parigi and Pre-Parigi
Carbonate Buildups, N. W. Java Sea”,
Proc. 20th Annual IPA Convention,
Jakarta, pp. 319-346, ((ktober 1991).
2. Pramono, D. H., G. Suns, R. Haryoto and
E. Pujianto, “Offshore Northwest Java Gas
Development”, Proc. 22nd Annual IPA
Convention, Jakarta, Vol. 11,pp. 509-524,
(1993).
3. Kasim, A., S. Wilson, T. Utomo, P. Pathak
and S. 1. Kerr, “Strategic Management of
ONWJ Reservoirs for the Domestic Gas
Market”, To be publ., Proc. 23rd Annual
IPA Convention, (1994).
4. Carter, D. and M. Hutabarat, “The
Geometry and Seismic Character of Mid-
Late Miocene Carbonate Sequences, SS
Area, Offshore Northwest Java, To be
publ., Proc. 23rd Annual IPA Convention,
(1994).
5. Dunham, R. J., “Classification of
Carbonate Rocks According to
Depositional Texture”, Classification of
Carbonate Rocks, (Ed. G. Ham), Mere.
AAPG, No.1 , pp. 108-121 (1962).
6. Embry, A. F., and J. E. Klovan, “A Late
Devonian Reef Tract on NortheasternBanks
island, Northwest Terriiones”, Bull. Can.
Pet. Geol., 19,730-781 (1971).
7. Muskat, M. and R. D. Wyckoff, “An
Approximate Theory of Water Coning in Oil
Production”, Trans. AiME, 114, 144(1935).
SPE 28788
8. Meyer, H. i. and A. O. Gardener,
“Mechanics of Two immiscible Fluids in
Porous Media”, J. Appt. Phy., 25, No. 11
(1954).
9. Chierici, G. L., and G. M. Ciucci, “A
—.-——..—
Syslemanc study Of Gas and ‘Water
Coning by Potentiometric Models”, JPT,
(August 1964), 923; Trans. AiME, 225.
10. Chaperon, i., ‘Theoretical Study of Coning
Towards Horizontal and Vertical Wells in
Anisotropic Formations : Subcritical and
Critical Rates”, SPE Paper No. 15377,
Presented at 61st Annual Technical
Conference in New Orleans, LA, Oct. 5-8.
(1986).
11. Guo, B. and R. L. Lee, “A Simple Approach
to Optimization of Completion intetval in
Oil/Water Coning Systems”, SPE Res.
Eng., 249-255,(1993).
12. Joshi, S. D., “Jiorizontal Well
Technoiog,y”, PennWell Books, (1991).
13. Yang, W. and R. A. Wattenbarger, “Water
Pnn:nA waiuulatruli=
UUlllllg
Pnln, ,ln+inne f~~ \v/~rt~~~! allu
9nA
Horizontal Wells”, SPE Paper No. 22931,
Presented at the 66th Annual Technical
Conference, Dallas, TX, (Oct. 6-9, 1991).
14. Wang, B., “A Parametric Study of Gas and
Water Coning in Vertical and Horizontal
Wells”, Proc. 20th Annual iPA Convention,
255-277, (October 1991).
15. Aminian, K., J. R. Duda and S.
Ameri,”Type Curve Development and
Application for Predicting the Production
Performance of Horizontal Wells in Low-
Permeability Gas Resewoirs”, SPE Paper
No. 19808, Presented at the SPE Annual
Techncial Conference, San Antonio,
(1989).
 *-.,- ●

ONWJ Gaa hVOIOpllWlt PISII SSISS GM Reserves

M... ridd...idd P... n.1.+

Field Formation Reserves

SCF

KLX Parfgi 257

KLY Parigi 149

u Padgi, Pre-Parigi 82

Y Pre-Pangi 61

APN Pra-Parigi 109

KL Main, Massive 40

LN TalangAkar 35

SE Main 11

SubTofal 744

BZZ, BTS, KN, Sims, NWC 353

SB, SC, P, ESW

Tofal 1,096

Uthofaoiaa and Pore Typaa In Parlgl and Fra+arlgl Formations

Biodaatic Glauoonitio
Grainatone Intergranular,infragranuiar,Intaroryetallina
nl-lm+k
“,—,,. D.,.I,*...
r —w 8. .Qlralabl
—--0, Int.n-nmtallina
..!.”. ”.,”-... .“

PlankfonicForaminiferaiWackaatona Intarcryatdlina,Infargranular,Vugular

Red AtgalWackeatona Interoryafalline,

Intergranular

coral Sindatona Skelafal,Infercryataliine

CalcareoueDdomifa Intenxyafalline,Intergranular,Vuguiar

oalTalaumnm$ror Fariolmrd
PrO+uluPman T0a19.

W9S U4 U/l u-e I&s K&l KLY-1 Am-l MM v-1

71mmeDo, n 24 2? 22 a MM 410 2? Is 20
.. ..
Chalm She, ins. 2/4 S14 2/4 1 2 %ii4 1wr5 lwlu
“--- =

an Me, MMWFPD $.$? $.27 $.$2 &o 22.0 5$.$ 10.5 5.s 3.7s

WObrrn, awm 4 2 5s o 0 0 0 0 0

w@stM3 Plauwe, od. so? $1$ Soo 4s2 S40 $57 472 2s0 $71

m?~

~ltn nlo. 250 $52 1050 4s.s 2s4 425 1s7s 41s m

Wdn -4.5 7 10 2 24 15s .0.1

r, od llW es 10s2 lLC?U

“--- imfs iiX2 iie m iOS7

445
 Bees Ceee Reeervok
Date
rorsimulations.

Pomaity 35%

Permeabilii 10-1OOOmd.
LowPermeabilityReeetvoire
HighPermeatWtyReservoirs 2% ?d.

k/h , rnct./md. 0.1

ConnateWater Saturation 30%

InitialResewoirPressure ---
Partgi 890 psi
Pre-Pangi 1190 psi

Ges Gravity 0.58

Reservoir Tempersfure
Patigi 141 oF
Pra-Parigi 153 oF

Composiflon of Gas from the KLY Reeervolr

HydrogenSulphW 0.00

CatbonDioxide 0.96

Ntmgen 1.59

Methane 94.99

Ethene 2.3s

Propane 0.09
Iao-sutane 0.01
n-Butsne 0.00
lao-Pentme 0.00
n-Pentsne 0.00
Hexanes 0.00
Heptanes plus 0.00
Tofal lm.w

Cakulated Gee Gravity 0.5S23

CaloulatsdGas HeatingValue 1003 BTUISCF

 ; ------~
--..- w~
, 10s-
, 00.
,07-00,

m r;--------
‘6”

b
AV8
4 ivf-p..------ Nam. *.,
- .,
WssKw
I
BrMA /:

h
i
~
i
1’ ($.—..—-.—— .. I ..—.--..
—..—..-;
:_.. _.. i J
,-0--
H’ ARDJUNA r

Flp!ml. .lavamga dwdqnmmmmvdm andnuhendolhsry pOeMO

Davalopmanl Plan Summery for Perigl rsnrJPre-Parigl Reeervoira.

Flald Raeervok Area, Davlaiad Horizontal Platforms Reoovery Delivery

Aorw Wells Wells Fnotor, Rate,
% MMSCFPD

KLX Parigi 2100 6 2 Tti@s 75 110

KLY Parigi 1000 4 2 Tri@a 77 62

u Parigi 5100 4 2 2 Tripods+ 69 30

P*Parigi 5600 6 4 Monopods 73 30

Y Pr*Patini 1SnO 4 1 Ttinnd 73 36

447
 KLY-1 LL-1
KLx-1
—–..–-=+.ti=,---qrn.

==:
.—— Dl
iMS 4s
.——

..

..

-
—

-.

Figura 2. KU-1, KLY-1 and U-I

~ _-liE14Q
Ioga alwwing the size of the gas columns and the gas-water contacts.
2
 u
~~{,._.-_--_-.,-----..-.-..:;
I I
!_.. _..
-()&
o -K)~nMa AJA A<-’.

449
F@Ire 6. .%mmimg
dectron
Miwo@@M showioc
the
pore
sbuciwre
of Pd@ 8uI pm?m~ fonmtkm.

m——– .? ~m~_m .*..-* -——.L. .LA-. ●L- 1:*1..I— ..,+ . . .**.*. - A P.s.kd
rlgul-c a OwJmKrugrqmm Dmuw,q cu. “uw.~ .- p“. . . . . .—. . “. . . . ~

●II(I P*Pmigi fornution.

450
 Iwo

A
●m -m
1ss0
B10 Pk81 ■ ■ ■ ■

■■ m
16M
A

16s0 cord Bnst

■ APN4

lm A APN-5

j ● APW3

● BNW-1 (37%2SSmD)
- I?sl
● BZN-1
i
A S73-2
180(

18s

190

WE

.-
ml 0.1 1 10 lm
!40 al w
10
PERMEAW ( mD )
 .\ . .. . . . . .\\\\
\ \ \ \
\\\ \ \

I 1 1 I I
I I
I I I
l-l! 1 1

I I 1 -WI I I I I I 1 I
-wI1 1 I I

(8) (b)

Single Well Model - 1/4 Simulation Grid with

f * \ Veftieat
\-, ._ .. -—. well and ( b ) Horizontal Well

Figure 10. Simulatin gridforverticalandIwizontalwells.

I l-— I

I
I $RhfJ1 , Cwlri,$ms OVW4, mum P 4
.. .“ ......”
~.. ,

s
~“””-

~.. ...............1-

~~.~~.g & I
PARIGI ZONE (1878 ‘- 1900’)
I I I I I
s to 15 20 ‘M
- Omum)

TYPE CURVE PLOT

30
DRAWDOWN lEST #l

.
“.
i

al

AnALvss nwLTs
x.cu.c48tmd
cd . u4.7a80
B . 7s61

.-
w,
. .
“.,
. .“
. .
.N1
.-
*IK41
.—

ewlv- m (ham)

WWC 9. DSTmwits fromI-L-1pm8sumhsI h thePar@izone.

 ,g
I

I,@
In
Iu

, -——
--------- —––——----- —–

2
s

e
5
..

..—...-—

1
0

r , , , r

%
.- ggasq~”
adma“3.LVU
Nolunloow Um.vm

—..——. —....——
,,

I
e

* tlufm=nd
i
 .

.. .. . . ... . ----

-----L
.- . .—.- ——--—

....-..-
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