UNIT -2..

SITE STUDIES AND SITE

PLANNING
KARSTS
 BUILDING AND ITS SURROUNDINGS: You can’t Build or design a good building without
understanding their relationship with the natural systems and the surrounding environment.
READING CONTOURS
UNIT -3 PLANTS AND DESIGN
ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION

NATIVES VERSUS NON-NATIVES

A common misconception is that a mix of natives and non-natives,
depending on what plants are right for that particular location. “Right Plant,
Right Place” governs the selection of plants, bearing in mind the soil, light,
water, wind, and other conditions at that site. Do not forget to consider
plant colors, textures, and bloom times. for a list of invasive species that
should be removed where possible and never planted.
PLANTS AS NOISE BARRIERS:
1.Need of privacy
2.glare or direct sunlight through windows
3.Row ofHigh shrubs border to road reduces noise pollution.
FIVE COMMON MISTAKES IN LANDSCAPE MAINTANANCE
UNIT -4 ELEMENTS OF LAND SCAPE DESIGN
UNIT 4 ELEMENTS OF LAND SCAPE DESIGN

Design of paths:
Aperfect path can invite visitors to move safely and quickly to the front
door or tease the eye by narrowing then disappearing around a bend. In
each instance, a path leading to a garden space not only accomplishes its
purpose but serves as a backbone to the plantings around it.
Informal paths can be paved with stepping stones, gravel, crushed slag,
grass, bark chips, pine needles or hard-packed earth.
The width of a walkway is an important feature. People move more
quickly and with greater ease on wide paths than they do on narrow
ones. A 5-foot wide walkway allows visitors to comfortably proceed in
double file.

Think Compatibility: Use non-slippery materials that blend with the

setting and tie in with other garden structures or your home

Add Some Mystery:

For paths meant to provide views of the garden, you might want to
create some pleasant surprises. Maybe the walkway curves out of sight
and when you round the corner, you're met with a sweet bench, an
unusual gnome, a little waterfall or a distant view.

Purpose Determines Width:

A wide path — four feet or more — enables two people to
walk side by side. It's the most welcoming approach to the
front door, and it's often used to lend a spacious feeling to
a stroll in formal gardens.
PATTERNS OF PAVEMENTS IN GARDEN AND RESIDENCES
 ROAD WAYS-STREETS- TO USE LAND FORM EFFECTIVELY
GENTLE SLOPE: LESS GRADIENT GENTLE SLOPE: MORE GRADIENT
SOFT LAND SCAPE:
Design of lawns:
Designing a lawn is like designing any part of your landscape. You’ll need to consider how you plan
to use the space, your architectural as well as personal style, and the amount of energy you want
to spend caring for it.
1. Using the space.
“The first question to ask is, ‘how do you want to use the lawn?’

2. Maintenance cost.
In addition to mowing, lawns need edging, fertilizing, aeration and overseeding, and periodic weed
and pest control. “If you want a nice lawn, you really need to give it a good care program,

3. Watering.
While the water needs of a lawn vary greatly due to soil type, weather, and the variety of grass
seed you use, turf needs an average of 1 inch of water per week during the growing season

4. Initial installation.
In comparison to planter beds or patios, lawn is downright inexpensive to install. That said,
choosing sod or artificial turf instead of a seeded lawn will raise the cost of your lawn installation
 USE OF TERRACE FOR LANDSCAPE:
In gardening,
1. a terrace is an element where a raised flat paved or gravelled section overlooks a prospect. A
raised terrace keeps a house dry and provides a transition between the hardscape and the softscap

1 2 3
SCULPTURE IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE.

1. Adding art such as garden sculptures to your outdoor space isadding meaning and inspiration to your own
landscape. Sculptures can do what plants alone cannot: it triggers positive moods and brings back wonderful
memories. Sculptures enhance the human heart by bringing a feeling of peace and inner joy.
Sculpture choices are quite personal. The right sculpture should resonate with your true character and energy while
making the garden truly unique and original. Incorporating original sculptures into your garden is more affordable
than you think.
2. It’s important to create points of interest throughout your garden or landscape. One of the most interesting ways to
create focal points is by incorporating original sculpturesmade by artists. A sculpture that you love adds meaning to
your garden because it brings authenticity.

STREET AND GARDEN FURNITURE:

1. It is often difficult to understand fully how site design integrates the elements of furniture that
are used for various designated purposes and create a sense of place. Such an understanding
can open up creative possibilities for designers of outdoor areas and enable them to shape
spaces that can succeed in achieving their aims over the long term
2. If street furniture is properly integrated in the design of a public space, it creates an identity
and develops a sense of place around it
3. The furniture should be selected and set up based on an analysis of the site’s current and
desired patterns of use, so it can serve its purpose effectively; quality furniture is costly, so it
should be used only where it is really needed
1.This garden sculpture sits on a table-like pedestal, 2.Here, a contemporary statue creates a statement 3,This sculpture of a giant clothespin pinching the
creates a powerful visual interest at the entrance to inside this minimalistic garden ground, designed by Turkish designer Mehmet Ali
the garden Uysal, creates visual interest

4.A sculptural pergola acts as a focal point

anchored on the end of a shallow reflecting
pond in this contemporary garden design

5 .modern art piece in island

1 2 3

4 5

6
 UNIT -6 LANDSCAPE CONSTRUCTION SERVICES
EARTH WORK COMPUTATION
For each section line the cut area and the fill area is determined. The volume between two sections is determined
as the average area of the two sections multiplied by the distance between them. By adding together the volumes
between all of the sections the total cut and fill volumes are obtained
GRADING PLAN
Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level
base, or one with a specified slope, for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a
road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage

• Rules of Thumb- GRADING

o Maximum Access Drive Slope: 8%
o Maximum Parking Lot Slope: 5%
o Maximum Slope in Maintainable Grassed Landscaped Areas 3:1
o Maximum Slope in Stabilized Landscaped Areas 2:1
o Minimum Slope of Asphalt: 1.5% o Minimum Slope of Concrete: 0.75%
o Minimum Slope of Concrete Curb: 0.75%
o Loading Dock grading: 2.0% for 60’
IRRIGATION
Irrigation is the process of applying controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals. Irrigation helps to grow
agricultural crops, maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of less than
average rainfall. Irrigation also has other uses in crop production, including frost protection,[1] suppressing weed growth
in grain fields[2] and preventing soil consolidation.[3] In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is referred
to as rain-Fed.

MICRO IRRIGATION:
Micro-irrigation, sometimes called localized irrigation, low volume irrigation, or trickle irrigation is a system where
water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network, in a pre-determined pattern, and applied as a small
discharge to each plant or adjacent to it.
DRIP IRRIGATION

BALL VALVE
MICRO-SPRINKLER
Drip (or micro) irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation, functions as its name suggests. In this system water falls
drop by drop just at the position of roots. Water is delivered at or near the root zone of plants, drop by drop. This
method can be the most water-efficient method of irrigation, if managed properly, evaporation and runoff are
minimized. The field water efficiency of drip irrigation is typically in the range of 80 to 90 percent when managed
correctly
PATTERNS OF PAVEMENTS- DIRECTIONAL – IN INTERNAL ACCESS ROAD
PATTERNS OF PAVEMENTS- PARKING LOTS
PAVEMENTS- PARKING LOTS-LEVEL CHANGES
WALLS –FENCES--SCREENS
Landscape walls are a gardener's way to fight gravity: They're typically used to hold back part of a yard that would
otherwise fall down. They can also be used to carefully step up a difficult slope, cut down on erosion, and provide
distinct outdoor rooms at different elevations
Design Criteria:
Type, size, and material selection will be determined by the purpose of the barrier.
The nature of the barrier will be influenced
by the following design considerations :
1 . Whether the barrier is an aestheticfeature, a practical boundary, or both
2 . Whether the barrier provides a strong sense of privacy or security
3 . Whether the barrier is solid or allowssome degree of visual accessibility
4. Whether the barrier is in harmony or in contrast with other features
5 . Whether areas near the barrier areplanted
6. Whetheplanting is heavy or only for accent
FIXING OF POSTS IN CONSTRUCTION
OF BOUNDARY FENCING
STEPS IN LANDSCAPE
TRELLIS
A trellis supports a climbing rose in a raised garden box. A trellis (treillage) is an architectural structure, usually
made from an open framework or lattice ...
GALES DECKS
POOLS
IN
LANDSCAPE
BRIDGES
MICRO AND
MACRO
LEVEL IN
LANDSCAPE
 UNIT : 6 CONTEMPORARY CONCEPTS AND  Furnishing
 Connectivity
CONCERNS AND DESIGN OF OPEN  Percentage of open spaces at different levels that is neighborhood, zone, city, region etc.

UNIT –6
SPACES BENEFITS OF OPEN SPACES:

URBAN OPEN SPACE CONCEPT 1. Recreation: Provides variety of outdoor activities of all ages
2. Stress relieving: physically and psychologically
1) Town plan 3. Aesthetics: trees, flowers and other vegetation offers beauty and aroma to the built environment
2) Building plans URBAN LANDSCAPE 4. Habitat protection: urban open space networks can sustain complex ecosystem
3) Land use 5. Air oxygenation:
6. Economic: parks, green ways and other open spaces can significantly enhance property values.
OPEN SPACES ARE EVOLVED WITH TIME:
1) In ancient time villages were small and surrounding open spaces were abundant
2) Vedic time – private open spaces in front of house and common court ROLE OF LANDSCAPE COMPONENTS IN MODIFYING MICRO
3) Greek and roman civilization CLIMATE
 Market place
 Gymnasia for athletes
1. Introduction
Densely populated areas are changing, and more complicated landscapes in which green or open
 Sacred burial grounds
That is it is for specific purpose and are organized
spaces are considered to be of incalculable value for the well-being of people and wildlife are being
developed. Urban landscapes play a crucial role in supporting municipal “ecological and social”
AT THE PRESENT SCENARIO: systems . In urban areas, city parks, private gardens and street green space supply essential
ecosystem services (Gill et al., 2007). The availability of green spaces impacts the qualities of the
1. Open spaces environment, such as air and water purification, wind and noise filtering or microclimate stabilization
 Urban parks It is clear that the area of green space in a city, the method of designing urban landscape and access
 Streets to urban green space potentially affect the health, happiness, comfort, safety and security of urban
 School yards residents. As a result, any factor that makes an impression on the urban landscape (such as climate
 Outdoor sports complexes change) will affect people’s lifestyles directly or indirectly
 Cemeteries
 Public squares
 Buffer (green)
2. The changing nature of climate
 Land and water around urban areas There is a universal consensus that the temperature has increased in most of the world over the past
century . Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, there has been a rise in the world’s
ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE: temperature by an estimated 0.6°C, with an increase of 0.4°C, recognized since the 1970s
Human habitation – natural world 3. Climate change and natural ecosystem
The effects of droughts will initially be mostly evident on mown grass growth because of the shallow
Through design approach so sympathetic and well integrated with its site that is root depth of this vegetation. When the water supply is without restriction, almost 99 per cent of all the
water taken from the plants’ roots is lost as a direct result of transpiration through air
 Buildings
.
4. Climate change effects on urban landscape
Extremes of soil and water, storms and temperatures will have significant effects on fungal diseases and insect pests and hence the growth of trees
. Moreover, climate change can increase the utilization of urban greenspace by citizens seeking to take advantage of the cooler microclimate in urban
greenspace during times of high temperatures
6. Climate change and creative opportunities associated with planting design
Urban planners, urban designers, architects, landscape architecture and professionals are interested in sustainability by cli mate change challenges. However, climate
change also helps to free up conventional thinking by making people come to terms with the idea that the future will not be t he same as the past.
7. Naturalistic design of a plant community: a solution to climate change effects in urban landscape
All planting styles have some different sustainability-related outcomes about dynamism and diversity. Naturalistic and ecologically inspired designs are typically viewed as
being more sustainable than traditional styles . Throughout the past 20 years, there has been much attention directed toward the design of structurally diverse and
species-rich naturalistic vegetation for utilization in urban areas
Planting based on ecological concepts using species well fitted to the local environment to create semi-natural vegetation can not only reduce management
costs but also create new visual forms in urban landscapes.
Potentially, one of the most useful assumptions about the naturalistic management and design of urban landscapes centers on the view that they are better
at encouraging wildlife than urban landscapes based on conventional ornamental designs
8. Conclusion
Improving the quality of life, human well-being and biodiversity are currently important policy drivers in metropolitan areas and megacities through urban
green space. Green spaces are one of the most important wildlife habitats in the urban area. Herbaceous vegetation is an increasingly essential element of
the urban landscape.
Both native and exotic species have an essential role in naturalistic planting design. Understanding the process of climate c hange adaptation is necessary to
designing plant communities for use in public landscapes