1. A hot-rolled steel has a yield strength of Syt= Syc = 700 N/mm2 and a true strain at fracture of εf = 0.55.

Estimate the factor of safety for the following principal stress states:
(a) 490, 490, 0 N/mm2.
(b) 210, 490, 0 N/mm2.
(c) 490, 0, -210 N/mm2.
(d) 0, -210, -490 N/mm2.
2. The stresses induced at a critical point in a machine component made of 45C8 steel (Syt = 380 N/mm2)
are as follows: σx = 100 N/mm2, σy = 40 N/mm2, τxy = 80 N/mm2. Calculate the factor of safety following:
(i). Maximum normal stress theory, (ii). Maximum shear stress theory and (iii). Distortion energy theory.
3. A rotating shaft of 16 mm diameter is made of plain carbon steel. It is subjected to axial load of 5000 N,
a steady torque of 50 N-m and maximum bending moment of 75 N-m. Calculate the factor of safety
available based on i) Maximum normal stress theory, ii) Maximum shear stress theory and iii) Von Mises
theory. Assume yield strength for plain carbon steel as 400 MPa.

4. A shaft of circular cross-section is subjected to simultaneous action of a bending moment of 120 N-m
and a torsional moment of 180 N-m. The material of the shaft is plain C-steel 30C8 having a tensile yield
strength (Syt) of 400 MPa. Assuming the loads are static and steady and a factor of safety of 2.0, determine
the shaft diameter according to: (i) Maximum normal stress theory, (ii) Maximum shear stress theory and
(iii) Distortion energy theory.
Table for Factor of Safety (Problem 1)

1(a) 1(b) 1(c) 1(d)

MNS 1.428 1.428 1.428 1.428
MSS 1.428 1.428 1.000 1.428
DE 1.428 1.643 1.125 1.643

Figure: Representative region of safety considering 𝜎3 = 0

 Since the MSS theory is on or within the boundary of the DE theory, it will always predict a factor
of safety equal to or less than the DE theory