Alvarez 1

Leslie Alvarez
Dr. Charity Nelson
ENGL 1302 101
14 October 2022
Annotated Bibliography Essay 2
Glick, Peter, et.al. “Beyond Prejudice as Simple Antipathy: Hostile and Benevolent Sexism

Across Cultures.,” Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, vol. 79, no.5, 2000, pp.

763-775. Academic Search Ultimate, Doi:10.1037//0022-3514.79.5.763.

The authors state that hostile and benevolent attitudes of sexism exist in a variant of

diverse cultures. They describe “male dominance as creating hostile sexism, but men's

dependence on women as expressing benevolent sexism.” Hostile sexism is described as

the one where women are considered a minority and are treated with contempt because

they are considered weak and too emotional, while benevolent sexism tends to be the

endorsement of women, and that they should be protected at all costs. The authors also

explain how men tend to take a hostile attitude towards women, however, these changes

when they seek intimacy with a woman. It is impressive how men, being those who

dominate culturally, are too dependent on women when it comes to intimacy. The authors

also argue that although benevolent sexism equally presumes the inferiority of women as

much as hostile sexism, it is more accepted by women. The author concludes that “hostile

sexism and benevolent sexism are complementary sexist ideologies that are too common

in every culture, and that both HS and BS are related to the oppression of women.” This

article will be used in my essay to describe in depth, the two types of sexism and how

both oppress women even though one is seen as the "correct” and “positive” one by most.
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Goldman, Aura, and Gervis, Misia. “Women Are Cancer, You Shouldn’t Be Working in Sport:

Sport Psychologists’ Lived Experiences of Sexism in Sport.,” Sport Psychologist, vol. 35,

no. 2, 2021, pp. 85-96. Academic Research Ultimate, Doi:10.1123/tsp.2020-0029.

The authors try to show how the sixth needs to be recognized as something problematic

in sports. Therefore, the authors explore how the impact of sexism and its influence

impact the practice of sports. They try to explain how sports prioritize men over women,

dividing in it in themes. First, the environment, where men dominate in terms of quantity,

therefore, women are not considered as much as they should by being left out. Second.

then the acts of sexism, where most deported women encountered a type of hostile

sexism, due to being challenging women with strong character due to sports. And third,

how they were not free to express femininity, such as seen as disrespectful by dressing

more feminine. Therefore, I plan to use this information to emphasize how sports, even

though they are seen as "something for men", there is also a women's sport which is

ignored due to the preeminence that is given to men as I have already mentioned in other

articles.

Hammond, M.D., Cimpian, A. “Wonderful but Weak”: Children’s Ambivalent Attitudes Toward

Women.”, Sex Roles, vol. 84, no. 1/2, 2020, Academic Search Ultimate,

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-020-01150-0

In this article, the authors argue how prejudices about sexism have two forms: hostile and

benevolent, and how these attitudes are received by children from an ambivalent

structure. The authors also overemphasize the two existing forms of sexism, explaining

that “hostile sexism is the label for the degradation attitudes toward women and the

benevolent sexism is the label for patronizing attitudes toward women that emphasizes
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women's warmth rather than women's agency” (77). The authors conduct research using

children from 5 to 11 years of age, both boys and girls, who had diverse cultures, being

some from New York and others from Illinois. The results showed that children show a

rejection of hostile sexism, considering it bad, as for benevolent sexism, they consider it

"the correct way". They conclude that even though there is a subjective finding regarding

a benevolent attitude towards women, these same attitudes lead to gender inequity. With

the information provided I hope it will be used openly in my essay, because it can help

me how even benevolent sexism is a way of reducing women.

Hideg, Ivona, and Ferris, D. L. “The Compassionate Sexist? How Benevolent Sexism Promotes

and Undermines Gender Equality in the Workplace.” Journal of Personality and Social

Psychology, vol. 111, no. 5, 2016, pp.706–727. Academic Research Ultimate,

https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000072

The authors in this article comments how women are still affected by inequality in their

workplace even with an EE policy (Employment Equity). The main reason is due to the

sexism that exist in the workplace and creating a workplace with not many opportunities

in jobs for women. While hostile sexism is already seen as something negative, and have

the rejection of the majority, benevolent sexism tends to be accepted and seen as

something positive and even beneficial for women. However, this benevolent sexism

affects the performance of women in their workplace, where they are questioned about

their abilities and knowledge in their own work. In addition, even that the researcher

realized by Hideg and Ferris, demonstrate that the EE policies are not assisted by the

benevolent sexism. However, even benevolent sexism does not have the same negative
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effect of hostile sexism, this “subtly undermines gender equality by only supporting the

placement of women in gender-appropriate positions, making it even more dangerous for

gender equality as its effects may go unnoticed” (722).

Hindman, Lauren C., Walker, Nefertiti A. “Sexism in Professional Sports: How Women

Managers Experience and Survive Sport Organizational Culture” Journal of Sport

Management, vol. 34, no. 1, 2021, pp. 64-76. Academic Research Ultimate,

Doi:10.1123/jsm.2018-0331.

The authors in this article describe how women are in the minority when it comes to sport

organization, which they suggest that sexism is to blame. Conducting a study examining

women's experiences of both overt and subtle sexism in the sports industry and how it

impacts their careers. The results showed that sport organization perpetuates sexism,

including the objectification of women. Whether in their interactions with their

supervisors or co-workers, most women admit to having suffered from sexism. Also, that

women do not qualify for certain jobs in the sports industry based solely on their gender.

Furthermore, men also tend to have the "easier" job due solely to being male and being in

a sports industry. This makes women feel less important and less respected in their jobs.

Therefore, using this information I plan to address the problem that exists in the sports

industries due to sexism and what it causes in their female workers.

Jones, Calvert W., Mitchell, Jocelyn S., Martin, Justin D. “Ambivalent Sexism? Shifting Patterns

of Gender Bias in Five Arab Countries.” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 65, no. 2,

2021, pp. 277-293. Academic Research Ultimate, Doi: 10.1093/isq/sqab007.

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The authors present the difficulties that women in Arabia experience due to sexism, for

example, job opportunities. They also clarify how in Arabia sexism is mostly considered

"classical sexism". This attitude tends to see women as simply incompetent and shows a

strong dislike for them. However, others in Arabia suggest that sexism is something

much more discreet, thus creating hostile and benevolent sexism. Jones et. al. explains

the phenomenon of sexism in modern times, in addition to suggesting that young people

tend to have less of these classically sexist attitudes and develop a more benevolent one

towards women. In addition, the authors comment on how the mean is affected by this.

Giving an example of how articles made or commented by male journalists tend to be

more credible than those of women, such as the authors Willi, and Kristen commented on

their article “Ladies First? Not So Fast: Linguistic Sexism in Peer-Reviewed Research.”

In addition to being attributed as a journalist of the female gender, they tend to cover

things more "for women", be it housework or fashion. I plan to use the following article

to attribute aspects that affect women, as well as at work, seen by journalists.

Lemus, Soledad, et.al. “When Contact Correlates with Prejudice: Adolescents’ Romantic

Relationship Experience Predicts Greater Benevolent Sexism in Boys and Hostile Sexism

in Girls.,” Sex Roles, vol. 63, no.3-4, 2010, pp. 214-225. Academic Search Ultimate,

Doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9786-2

In this article the authors wish to examine how experiences with romantic relationships

and age can predict ambivalent sexism in adolescence. Therefore, an investigation was

conducted with Spanish adolescents between 12 and 19 years of age. The results showed

that during a younger age, boys tend to take a hostile attitude towards girls, however,

when they grow older, they change to a more benevolent attitude due to romantic interest.
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However, girls maintain a preference for a benevolent attitude because, if they challenge

men, or put themselves as their equal, the boys must have a hostile attitude towards them,

but if the girls maintain a fragile and warm attitude around the boys, they "reward" them

with a benevolent attitude. This creates that women try to fit into the traditional mold to

please men, in the same way that many women reject the feminist ideology because they

believe that it would ruin their attractiveness to men. With this information I plan to

establish how women tend to fall into the idea that they need to meet a low standard for

the pleasure of men, since they reject women with a high status whether in work, sports,

intelligence, or with a defiant attitude towards them. Demonstrating once again how the

Hostile and Benevolent sexism go hand in hand.

Pacilli, Maria G., et.al. “System justification moderates the relation between hostile (but not

benevolent) sexism in the workplace and state anxiety: An experimental study.,” Journal

of Social Psychology, vol. 159, no. 4, 2019, pp. 474-481. Academic Research Ultimate,

Doi:0.1080/00224545.2018.1503993.

The authors seek to demonstrate how even with the lately advances that we have

experimented in the recent decades, sexism continues to exist and expand in “economic

participation and opportunity, in educational attainment, in help and survival, as political

empowerment (474). The authors also claim the two know ways of sexism; hostile and

benevolent. They even adhere to how much benevolent sexism mentally affects female

workers as this makes them look incompetent. Therefore, an investigation was conducted

which showed that “gender-based discrimination in the workplace is a relevant problem”.

Also, research has shown that “individuals' ideologies can affect the relationship between

exposure to discrimination and well-being” (478). Because of this, an attitude of hostile

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sexism is commonly present in the workplace, causing women to find their workplace

much more stressful, but a benevolent sexism attitude also has a disadvantageous

outcome. I want to use this article to give more credibility about how sexism affects in

the workplace, even is the benevolent sexism is seen as an advantage for women.

Tompkins, Jessica E., et.al. “Kawaii Killers and Femme Fatales: A Textual Analysis of Female

Characters Signifying Benevolent and Hostile Sexism in Video Games.,” Journal of

Broadcasting & Electronic Media, vol. 64, no. 2, 2020, pp. 236-254. Academic Research

Ultimate, Doi:10.1080/08838151.2020.1718960.

The authors in this article indicate how the game industry is experiencing a positive

change in terms of featuring female characters. However, they also emphasize how sexist

representation continues to exist in these. So, they seek to contextualize game designs

with cultural choices to analyze gender through these video game characters. Female

characters from both Japanese and American video game industries were chosen, these

being the ones with the largest industries in these areas. During the article, the types of

sexism already mentioned above are again added, hostile and benevolent sexism. Then

learn how women are mostly sexualized and presented with bodies that are too ideal.

However, in Japan, this is presented in an empowering way, referring to benevolent

sexism; however, its consumers do not see it that way as they consider it "fanservice". I

plan to use this information to make my point about how sexism exists even in a

community where people should interact freely, but are judge only by their gender.

Waddell, N., Sibley, C.G., Osborne, D. “Better off Alone? Ambivalent Sexism Moderates the

Association Between Relationship Status and Life Satisfaction Among Heterosexual

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Women and Men.” Sex Roles, vol. 80, 2019, pp.347–361. Academic Research Ultimate,

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0935-3

The authors explain the benefits that are earned through a romantic relationship, since

they are components of a healthier life. However, the authors comment on how even

gender roles affect how one relates to the opposite gender, thus creating a sexist attitude

towards the other gender. The authors establish that benevolent sexism becomes

beneficial for both sexes. It is known that benevolent sexism is seen as good and is much

more approved than hostile. This is since benevolent sexism promotes the adoration of

women, although it also places women as the being that must be protected and that she

cannot do anything alone. Even so, the studies conducted by Waddell, Sibley, and

Osborne show that couples with a benevolent attitude have a much higher level of

happiness and where both sexes satisfy their needs. On the other hand, hostile sexism is

already seen as negative, but it also showed that couples with this attitude tend to have

greater problems in their relationship, such as mistrust and the feeling of being

manipulated. I plan to use the following information since this research proves that’s

sexisms attributes something positive for men and women.

Willi, Malachi, Jozkowski, Kristen N. “Ladies First? Not So Fast: Linguistic Sexism in Peer-

Reviewed Research.,” The Journal of Sex Research, vol. 55, no. 2, 2020, pp. 273-277.

Taylor & Francis, https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1346058

In this article the authors emphasize how during millennia of civilization, men have

always been given preference over women. Whether the Viking and British dynasties

were the man who was considered the heir before the woman, or religions such as

medieval Rome, where "always ministered to men before women" was established, even
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the Christian bible which guarantees that "men have superiority oven women". Also,

thanks to these religions, man was also created before woman. Therefore, the authors

seek to demonstrate how even in the English language, men are still given preeminence

before women. Explaining that “even if English is a natural-gender language, meaning

that nouns are not classified by gender, but pronouns are”, describing that this is a sexist

way to put man before women. The authors gave examples such as how the use of "he"

discouraged women from applying for jobs (even if looking for a male or female worker),

or how women were more valued when they had a masculine job title compared to

feminine one. Even as always it is "man and women" but not "women and man". So, the

authors checked for the presence of male firstness in academic journals demonstrating

that man have firstness even in journals. With this information, I plan to theorize how

even in language there is a preeminence of men over women. I would use this article to

demonstrate how even benevolent sexism can negatively affects women as hostile

sexism.