ETHIOPIAN POLICE UNIVERSITY

RESEARCH INSTITUTE

PROPOSAL TITLE: THE ROLE OF FEDERAL POLICE IN PREVENTING

AND MANAGING INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN SOUTH WESTERN
ETHIOPIA: CASE OF ALLE AND KONSO

Group Members:

1. Mr. Gizachew Getinet....PI

2. Insp. Abdo Boshir...co
3. Insp. Abdi Yesuf....co
4. Insp. Melse Kindu...co
5. Mr. Isayas Wubshet..co

October, 2022

Sendafa, Ethiopia

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Executive Summary:

Background: Ethnic conflict is now a pervasive and salient dimension of political and social
conflict in Ethiopia. Thus, the role of federal police in preventing and managing conflicts is
essential to draw red lines to the country’s survival. In due process of conducting this study,
researchers will investigate preventive and .managing mechanisms towards inter-ethnic conflicts
between Alle and Konso. To do so, the study has formulated both general and specific research
objectives. To cascade the adopted objectives, the study will deploy qualitative research
approach and exploratory research design. For further developments of the research objectives,
we will apply in-depth interview with semi-structure questions, FGD with discussion points, and
document analysis with checklists. Finally, thematic data analysis will be used to draw new
insights and understandings about the research topic under study.

Work Schedule: To accomplish the task, we have designed time schedule with respective work
activities which is annexed at the end of the paper.

Project budget: with regards to the total cost of the project including consumable and personal
will be 188,980 Birr, which is not including contingency budget.

Keywords: Federal Police, Role, Inter-ethnic, Conflict, Alle and Konso

Table of Content

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s
Executive Summary:.....................................................................................................................................i
Chapter One:...............................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background:.................................................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the Problem:...............................................................................................................2
1.3. Research Objective:..........................................................................................................................3
1.3.1. General Research Objective:......................................................................................................3
1.3.2. Specific Research Objectives:.....................................................................................................3
1.4. Research Question:...........................................................................................................................3
1.4.1. General Research Question:......................................................................................................3
1.4.2. Specific Research Questions:.....................................................................................................4
1.5. Research Methodology:....................................................................................................................4
1.5.1. Description of the Study Area:...................................................................................................4
1.5.2. Research Approach:...................................................................................................................4
1.5.3. Research Design:........................................................................................................................5
1.5.4. Sampling Technique:..................................................................................................................5
1.5.5. Sources of Data:.........................................................................................................................5
1.5.6. Instruments of Data Collection:.................................................................................................5
1.6. Ethical Considerations:.....................................................................................................................7
1.7. The Scope of the study:....................................................................................................................8
1.8. Significance of the study:..................................................................................................................8
Chapter Two:...............................................................................................................................................9
2. Review of Related Literature:..................................................................................................................9
2.1. Conceptualization of Inter-state dispute:.........................................................................................9
2.2. Theoretical Framework:..................................................................................................................10
2.2.1. Primordial:...............................................................................................................................11
2.2.2. Instrumental:...........................................................................................................................11
2.2.3. Constructive:............................................................................................................................11
2.3. Causes of Inter-State Conflict in Ethiopia:......................................................................................12
2.4. Effects of Inter-State Conflict on Development:.............................................................................13
Work Schedule:.........................................................................................................................................13
Budget Breakdown:...................................................................................................................................14

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References:................................................................................................................................................15
Appendix I: Interview Guidelines for Higher Federal Police Officials......................................................16
Appendix III: Interview Guidelines for Federal Police Officers...............................................................18
Appendix IV: Interview Guidelines for Community/Religious Leaders.....................................................20

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 Chapter One:
1.1. Background:

Proclamation No. 2007/2000 dictates that Ethiopian Federal Police Commission must insure
peace and security of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (hereafter, FDRE); and
respect and fulfill human and democratic rights and freedoms of its people. In Addition to these,
the Commission has the mandate to intervene in the affairs of federal regional states upon
request. Intervention will undergoes following inter-ethnic conflicts and accompanying imminent
threats on territorial integrity and social cohesion at country level (Federal Negarit Gazeta,
2000).

Following the disintegration of Soviet Union (USSR) and the advent of capitalism, it was
believed by many that ethnic identities could wither away. Meanwhile, it was seemed obsolete,
but the advent of capitalism and the accompanying phenomena’s like reconstruction of new
capital society, liberal political ideology and new social strata did not make ethnic identities
obsolete (Laura Y., 2018).

Today, Ethnic identities prone into Ethnic conflict due to several reasons. First of all, ethnic
conflict is a concept that is difficult to define and perhaps, more difficult to comprehend.
Conflict between ethnicities is a phenomenon that has occurred for hundreds of years and in all
corners of the earth. Yet, for an in-depth understanding ethnic conflict it is critical to address the
following questions: What precipitates bloodshed between ethnic groups? Why are some parts of
the world more susceptible to conflict, whereas others enjoy relative tranquility? And finally,
why does ethnic conflict continue to exist in modern society? These explanations fall under
three main theoretical approaches: primordialism, constructivism, and instrumentalism.
Primordialism, argues that ethnic conflicts are a natural phenomenon, which occur as a result of
cultural differences. Whereas, constructivism claims that ethnicities are not inherently
conflictual; and that ethnic violence takes place when political systems and cultural scripts allow
for such violence to take place. On the other hand, instrumentalism suggests that ethnic conflicts
are caused by either ethnic entrepreneurs who mobilize the members of their ethnic group in

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order to achieve their own personal goals, or they arise as a result of different groups mobilizing
their ethnic identities in order to realize their conflicting interests (Ibid).

Alle and Konso of Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional State (SNNPRS), South
Western Ethiopia. The Alle and Konso ethnic groups have a long history of close relationships.
The post 1991 Alle-Konso ethnic relation is either peaceful or conflictual. Their peaceful relation
is manifested through their economic interdependence as well as shared sociocultural practices.
Since 1991, there was frequent inter-ethnic conflict between the two ethnic groups. The major
conclusion was that politicization of ethnicity and/ ethnic mobilizations take its lion share for
continued and unresolved inter-ethnic conflict between Alle and Konso ethnic groups. Thus, the
main aim of this study will be investigating the role of federal police in preventing and managing
inter-ethnic conflict between Alle and Konso.

1.2. Statement of the Problem:

The police are invariably severely reduced or even cease to be active in times of conflict.
Policing as an activity, however, persists, with Federal police taking up the role of maintaining
law and order, and combating crimes across the country. Such police is very diverse in its
practices and in the nature of its links with the federal government of Ethiopia (Baker, B., 2017).
As pursuant to Art. 51(11) of the FDRE-Constitution, the federal government has the mandate to
protect and defend the constitution. Plus, the Preamble of the constitution has asserted that
Nation, nationalities, and People’s have the rights to build one political-economic community
based on the rule of law. The SNNPRS is a multiethnic region having more than 56 ethnic
groups (SNNPRS Council of Nationalities, 2009). The region is prone to frequent inter-ethnic
conflicts as compared to other regions of Ethiopia, which are relatively homogenous in their
ethnic composition. Among, Alle and Konso ethnic groups are the one waging conflict
frequently that would become a challenge to the federal government to build one politico-
economic community. However, the deployment of federal police in those areas could not bring
reliable peace and stability within the region in particular. Still there are composite problems in
the process of accommodating small ethnic groups in different regional states of the country like
the ethnic groups living in SNNPRS. Demand for equal status, quest for recognition, demand for
self-determination, quest for political power sharing, quest for political representation, and

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demand for equity in resource distribution are essential issues of ethnic accommodation in the
region. According to Bantayehu, pre-2010 inter-ethnic conflict was due to Alle’s quest for self-
hood, but pos-2010 inter-ethnic conflict was caused by multiplicity of factors: economic,
political, security and socio-cultural and psychological factors (Bantayehu, 2016).

Above all, the role of federal police in preventing and managing inter-ethnic conflict has not
been scrutinized in a way that assures the mandate of safeguarding FDRE-constitution is
underestimated and/ or overlooked. All in all, the central motive of conducting this study will be
exploring the role of federal police in preventing and managing inter-ethnic conflict between
Alle and Konso ethnic groups.

1.3. Research Objective:

1.3.1. General Research Objective:

i. To assess the role of Federal Police in Preventing and Managing Inter-Ethnic Conflicts in
Ethiopia.

1.3.2. Specific Research Objectives:

Specifically this research aiming at;

i. To examine Preventive mechanisms of Federal Police before inter-ethnic conflicts break-
out.
ii. To identify Federal Police conflict management mechanisms during inter-ethnic conflicts.
iii. To assess the joint efforts between federal police with community/religious leaders in
times of/before inter-ethnic conflicts.

1.4. Research Question:

1.4.1. General Research Question:

i. What roles do Federal Police has to prevent and manage inter-ethnic conflicts in
Ethiopia?

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1.4.2. Specific Research Questions:

I. What preventive mechanisms federal police has before inter-ethnic conflicts break-
out?
II. What conflict management mechanisms federal police has during inter-ethnic
conflicts?
III. What are the joint efforts between federal police and community/religious leaders in
times of/ before inter-ethnic conflicts?

1.5. Research Methodology:

1.5.1. Description of the Study Area:

The SNNPRS is located in South and Southwest part of Ethiopia. Internally, it shares boundaries
with Oromia Regional State in the North East and Gambella Regional State in the North West.
Globally, it shares borders with South Sudan Republic and Kenya in the South West and South
respectively. The Region has an area of 110,931.90 square kilometers, which comprise 10% of
the total area of the country. Out of this total area 26% is cultivated land, 22% virgin land, 12%
grazing land, 11 % forest, 8 % covered by bushes and the rest 21% is covered by others With
regard to climatic characteristics, the region consists of 6.2% sub desert ,49.8% desert, 36.5%
moderate warm, 6.8% cold and 0.7% extreme cold (frigid) weather condition. The annual
average rainfall ranges from 400- 2200 millimeter whereas the annual average temperature falls
from 7.5-27.50 C
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Nations,_Nationalities,_and_Peoples%27_Region,
accessed: Oct.21, 2022 at 12:30 am).

1.5.2. Research Approach:

For the purpose of this study, qualitative research approach will be deployed. The rationale
behind selecting qualitative research approach for this study is the philosophical assumption of
the research focusing on primordialism, instrumentalism and constructivism. This will help the
researchers to investigate the role of federal police in preventing and managing inter-ethnic
conflict. Another reason is the agent of this research i.e., researchers will be primary agents of
data collection. Here, researchers will play a central role in constructing concepts, theories, and
principles which will base on interview, observation and FGD (Creswell, 2007).

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1.5.3. Research Design:

This study will apply exploratory (formative) research design, as one of the most common design
in qualitative research. The rationale behind choosing exploratory is due to the nature of the
phenomenon understudy, which will require a detail understanding of new insights, to discover
new ideas, and enable to increase the knowledge of experience of being involved. Thus, this
design will help to examine person, group, community and institutions in relation to the topic
understudy. To do so, researchers will draw upon multiple data sources like interview, FGD and
document analysis. Once required data has been collected, researchers will analyze it to identify
common themes.

1.5.4. Sampling Technique:

A non-probability sampling technique will be applied. Accordingly, the researchers purposefully

will select federal police higher officials, federal police officers, and religious/informal leaders
who can provide the information as needed. Here, the primary consideration in purposive is the
judgment of the researchers as who can provide the best information so to achieve the stated
objectives.

1.5.5. Sources of Data:

Both primary and secondary data sources will be used, particularly, pertinent information will be
obtained from primary sources. Primary sources of data will be in-depth interviewees such as
federal police higher officials, federal police officers, and religious/informal leaders; and FGD
participants as well. Whereas, secondary data sources which will be useful in data discussion are
like official reports extracted from inter-ethnic conflicts, thesis, legislations, and academic
discussions.

1.5.6. Instruments of Data Collection:

To undertake this study, multiple instruments of data gathering tools will be applied.
Specifically, three tools will be used: in-depth interview, Focus Group Discussion, and document
analysis.

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1.5.6.1. In-depth Interview:

This tool is a repeated face-to-face encounter between researchers and informants direct towards

understanding the informants’ perspectives on their experiences, or situations to

express in their own words. To do so, researchers will use semi-structure interview with the
belief that it will be fair since it allows to focus on expected themes, it’s conversational and two
way communication. Following, researchers will conduct in-depth interview on federal police
higher officials, federal police officers, and religious/informal leaders.

Since the central theme of qualitative approach is not to quantify or to draw generalization about
the general population, rather to have new insights and understandings about the phenomena
under study. Thus, concerning the number of informants/interviewees, it's based on
methodological and epistemological assumptions. According to Louisa and Linda, one interview
can be enough if it produces rich accounts of subjectivity. Here, the main purpose of this
research is about building analytical description based on ‘richness, complexity and detail’ rather
than on statistical logic. The research will mainly focus on opinions, meanings and experiences
about the interviewees rather making generalization with hypothesis testing.

Consequently, the level of saturation will be measured using different criteria and believes of
members of this research; i.e., if they believe no new insight will be found when they go through.
Saturation is also depends on the type and degree of diversity that is judged relevant; the sample
of this research is diverse.

1.5.6.2. Focus Group Discussion:

It will be useful since it enables the researchers to explore perceptions, lived experience, and
understandings about preventive and managing mechanisms on inter-ethnic conflict between
Alle and Konso ethnic groups in South Western part of SNNPE. Researchers will undertake
FGD for the purpose of data triangulation which will be obtained through in-depth interviewees.
Hence, two FGD with Alle religious/informal leaders; two with Konso informal/religious
leaders; 4 FGD with federal police officers; and one with federal police higher officials which is
the total of seven FGD. To do so, researchers will develop sets of discussion points about the
role of federal police in preventing and managing inter-ethnic conflict in South Western; Alle
and Konso ethnic groups.

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1.5.6.3. Document Analysis:

Researchers will use documents that are relevant only for discussion section, particularly,
documents like official reports from federal police commission and Alle and Konso
communication bureau; ongoing records of HOF i.e., annual reports, mission statements, policy
manuals and strategic plans. Plus, reports of SNNPE, reports of Amnesty International, Human
Rights Watch, US State Department, European Union, African Union, National Human Rights
Commission, Ethiopian Human Rights Council and thesis/dissertations.

1.5.7. Trustworthiness of the Data:

In order to assure the trustworthiness of the data, the researchers will give due emphasis for its
credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability.

1.5. 8. Data processing and Analysis:

Before passing through the analysis part, the researchers will transcribe and code by meanings all
the data obtained from primary data sources. To safeguard anonymity and conform to ethical
procedures, pseudonyms will be used during narrations accordingly. Then, the data obtained
from primary and secondary sources will be processed and analyzed by using the techniques of
multiple thematic analyses. Finally, the results of various methods are put together to present

insights on the topic under study.

1.6. Ethical Considerations:

The researchers will take into consideration the issue of research ethics in this study. When the
researchers are collecting data, the following points will be considered; firstly, the researchers
will take permission letter from Ethiopian Police University and will be delivered to Federal
Police Commission, SNNPE, Alle and Konso district bureau to be legal. Accordingly, letters
from federal police commission will be delivered to South Western directorate division.
Secondly, the researchers will describe the objectives of the study to informants and their
informed consent to understand and aware the data which will be collected from informants are
useful only for research purpose. Thirdly, the researchers will guarantee the right to participate
voluntarily and the right to withdraw at any time they want.

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1.7. The Scope of the study:

Geographically, this study is limited to Alle-Konso ethnic groups of SNNP. Thematically, the
study will focus on exploring the role of federal police in preventing and managing inter-ethnic
conflict.

1.8. Significance of the study:

The findings of the study will be beneficial;

Increase understandings about the role of federal police pre/during and post inter-ethnic
conflicts.
The findings will give through insights for federal police higher officials about how to
prevent and manage inter-ethnic conflicts before/after they break-out.
The paper will be useful for the upcoming research reference and explicitly narrow
literature gaps at Ethiopian Police University. And;
Finally, it will be useful for potential stakeholders whose interest is preventing and
managing inter-ethnic conflicts.

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 Chapter Two:

2. Review of Related Literature:

This chapter will discuss basic knowledge about inter-state dispute nexus federal government in
hitherto existing literature. It starts with conceptual definition and will continue on theoretical
perspectives so as to give insights about the study. Finally, the study will conduct in-depth
assessment on various literatures which can possibly shows the gaps.

2.1. Conceptualization of Inter-state dispute:

Conflicts are natural and historical; they are find everywhere and every time. They are part of
phenomenon of human life. The difference lies on the magnitude, complexity, sequel, and
repercussion. The horn of Africa, which is some exceptions, is one the most political sensitive
and fragile regions of the world (Temesgen, 2014).

Conflict has a wide range of costs, from the loss of human and physical capital to the disruption
of economic activities and social disorder (Berihu, 2021).

A number of related factors contribute to exacerbate and prolong conflicts in the Horn of Africa.
The weakness of the states in the region and their limited presence in and control over their
peripheries the long, un-demarcated and porous borders of the sparsely populated borderlands;
the limited amount of cooperation and interdependencies among the countries, and their habit of
supporting insurgents of neighboring countries and engage in proxy war are all characteristics of
the region that serve to prolong conflicts and link them together into complex patterns. Most, if
not all, of these conditions can also only be resolved in the long term (Borchgrevink & Sandelie,
2009).

Africa is a conflict-prone continent with a history of having the highest rate of civil wars and
instabilities of any other part of the world. Violent conflict in the Horn of Africa is more the
norm than the exception. However, conflicts may be violent, dominant or recessive, resolvable or
insolvable (Berihu, 2021).

Ethnic conflicts are clashes among two or more ethnic groups due to demand for power,
resources, identity and social status. It refers to situations where people mobilize against others
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based on their ethnic identity. Conflicts increasingly present themselves as ethnic conflicts with
ethnic identity serving and instrumentalized as the rallying point or the mobilization agent for the
manifestation of the conflicts (Cited in Ergetu, 2019).

The Amhara and Tigray border dispute is an ethnic based dispute that erupts from dissatisfaction
of border delimitation and demarcation when the Ethiopian federal system was constructed
during the coming in to force of the EPRDF rule to which the 1995 FDRE Constitution
structured and named states of the federation by taking ethnicity as a dominant component. The
Amhara regional government and peoples claimed the fertile areas of Wolqayit and Raya identity
claims associated with interests on land and resource matters have caused the conflict between
two regions. Thus, ethnic conflicts are created because of dissatisfaction raised by one or more
ethnicities and that at least one of the parties involved in the conflict for realization of interests as
we are looking in Amara –Tigray case (Cited in Ergetu, 2019).

Ethnic conflict causes are different and they have their own unique feature and character in
relation to their nature, place and time. Different scholars employed different methods in their
effort to explain the causes of ethnic conflict. There are three basic causes of conflict, which are
identity, resource and power. The two causes of recurrent conflict in Ethiopia are identity and
resource. Ethnic conflicts often emerge in multi-ethnic like Ethiopia, under-developed societies
when the behavior of the state is perceived as dominated by a particular group or community
within it, when communities feel threatened with marginalization, or when no recourse for
rectifying complaints exists. Ethnic thinking and mobilization generally emerge from the
resulting inequitable access to power and resources and not from an intrinsic hatred. For
instance, the state of Amhara and the state of Tigray enter into contention after the Wolqayit and
Raya communities claiming their distinct identity issues in an organized way (Cited in Ergetu,
2019)

2.2. Theoretical Framework:

The themes that will be discussed in this section are three theories which can portray the genesis
of inter-ethnic conflict; primordial, instrumental, and constructive.

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2.2.1. Primordial:

The primordial approach helps to explain the role of emotions and the conflict potential of
ethnicity. However, it overlooks the economic, political and social relationships between
members of the ethnic group. It is undermined by the changes that have occurred in many ethnic
groups due to colonization, frequent migration and intermarriage (Harff and Gurr, 2004 cited in
Mulunesh, 2019). In contrast to the primordial approach, the instrumentalist approach focuses on
the malleability of the ethnic identity and the role of elites in the politicization of ethnicity.
Therefore, it is believed that an ethnic identity can be changed in the pursuit of economic
interests and wealth (cited in Mulunesh, 2019) .

2.2.2. Instrumental:

In other words, people can change their identity based on the benefits they could gain by doing
so. Sometimes the elite group (political entrepreneurs), who create identity-based differences and
manipulate those differences (political ethnicity), for attaining political power that renders ethnic
differences. The institutional, political entrepreneurs and competition over resources as part of
this approaches, explain how the interaction of institutional and political factors leads to
ethnification, ethnic intolerance, competition, and eventually violent conflict. In Ethiopian
context, this theory best fits to reality and this artificial creation of identity boundary followed by
conflict and UN development (Mulunesh, 2019).

This has happened in many countries such as in Nigeria, Rwanda and Burundi during the 1990s
that ultimately led the countries to instability beyond this; an ethnic identity could be considered
as any social identity, such as membership of a trade union. However, it reduces the ethnic
identity to cost-benefit oriented economic choices; thus, it fails to account for the deeper social
structures that allow manipulation of the grievances of the ethnic group by their elite leaders
(Mulunesh, 2019).

2.2.3. Constructive:

Constructivist theory regards ethnicity as constructed from dense webs of social interactions and
hence a group attitude about its custom, decent or even physical structure forms an important
aspect of ethnicity. In this view, ethnicity has little independent standing outside the political

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processes in which collective ends are sought. Primordial’s argued that inherently ethnicity is the
generic cause of ethnic conflicts (Vaughan, 2003). Instrumentalists on the other side treat
ethnicity and ethnic conflict as a resource to materialize ones economic or political goods
(Mulunesh, 2019).

2.3. Causes of Inter-State Conflict in Ethiopia:

The major causes of recurrent conflicts in Ethiopia are historical narrations, power struggles,
land ownership, tribal difference, political interest, and weak institutions (Berihu, 2021). The
situation in Ethiopia is now going from bad to worst. On one hand, the country is at war
internally between the federal government and the Tigray government that resulted in high
atrocities and economic crisis. Besides, the OLF freedom fighters are fighting against the federal
government in Wolega, Oromia. The crimes in Metekel, Benishangul Gumuz are also a hot spot
of war-torn in the country. Therefore, the war-torn in Tigrai, occupying and expansion of OLF
in the Welega, Oromia region and unrest of Metekel are now the headaches of the government
(Berihu, 2021).

Institutional/political system: historically, Ethiopia has never had strong and independent
institutions, which could manage conflicts independently. The country had experienced a
monarchical and dictatorial government system, which is unimaginable to have strong and
independent institutions. Of course, EPRDF has tried to exercise a multiparty system though in
practice it was the dominant party system. Regardless of democratic exercises in some areas,
independent institutions were not established. After the incumbent Prime Minister come to
power, the people were expecting to see independent institutions as of his promise but in reality,
the institutions got weaker than their earlier status. The lack of effective and responsive state
institutions, as well as a lack of transparency and accountability in the management of public
affairs, created an environment ripe for corruption. Thus, poor governance and corruption further
exacerbate conflict. Finally, the weak institutional arrangements are aggravating conflict in the
country (Berihu, 2021).

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 2.4. Effects of Inter-State Conflict on Development:

Population displacement especially forced internal migration, recruitment or looting of family

assets and psychological damage are main results of conflict between the two communities and
followed by loose of assets. Development is central to the prospects for reducing conflict. Poor
economic performance or inequitable development may result in a near permanent economic
crisis, greatly exacerbating internal tensions and greatly diminishing their capacity to respond to
those tensions. Especially when this is coupled with a perception that certain groups are not
receiving a fair share of diminishing resources, the potential for conflict is evident.

The eradication of poverty requires development in which access to the benefits of economic
progress is as widely available as possible and not concentrated excessively in certain localities,
sectors or groups of the population. Those who are termed as non-indigenous have no right to
access land and political representation that followed by conflict and internal migration even
cannot collect their agricultural products, migrate without having their assets including cattle. A
radical reduction in travelling, and hence in the transport of goods and provision of services has
been challenges in the area which undoubtedly led to a general slow-down in economic activity
not only at local levels but also at the national level (Mulunesh,2019).

Work Schedule:
2021 2022
Research activities
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Issue Identification and
Topic Reframing
Review of Literature
Developing Study
Methods and Data
Collection Tools
Proposal Submission

Proposal Defense
Data Collection

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 Verification/Evaluation
of Collected Data
Data Transcription
Data Analysis
Report Writing
Submitting First Draft
Incorporating Comments
Research Presentation
(Validation)
Submitting Final
Research Report

Budget Breakdown:
Description1 Unit Qty Unit cost Total Total cost (in birr)
No ( in birr) days

1 Stationary Cost
Pen Packet 1 1000 --- 1000 birr
Notebook Pack 2 400 --- 800 birr
Flash disc 64GB Number 15 700 --- 10,500 birr
Sub- total 12,300 birr
2 Per diem/Data Collection Cost
Per diem for Dire Dawa Person 1 450 20 9,000 birr
Data Collectors Bahir dar Person 1 (Average) 20 9,000 birr
(researchers) Hawasa Person 1 20 9,000 birr
Addis Ababa Person 3 20 27,000 birr
Adama Person 1 20 9,000 birr
Assosa Person 1 20 9,000 birr
Gambela Person 1 20 9,000 birr
Semera Person 1 20 9,000 birr
Jijiga Person 1 20 9,000 birr

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 South East Person 1 20 9,000 birr
Harare Person 1 20 9,000 birr
TB Person 1 20 9,000 birr
TB Person 1
20 9,000 birr

Sub- total 135,000 birr

4 Transportation Fee
Addis - Dire Dawa (Bus- round trip) Person 1 600 2 1,2000 birr
Addis- Hawassa (Bus-round trip) Person 1 500 2 1,000 birr
Addis- Bahir Dar (Bus- round trip) person 1 1000 2 2,000 birr
Addis-Assosa (plane-ticket) Person 1 4000 2 8,000 birr
Addis-Adama (Bus-round trip) person 1 500 2 300 birr
Addis-Gambela (Bus-round trip) Person 1 1200 2 2,400 birr
Addis-Semera (Bus-round trip) Person 1 1200 2 2,400 birr
Addis-Jijiga (Bus-round trip) Person 1 1200 2 2,400 birr
Addis-Harar (Bus-round trip) Person 1 600 2 1,200 birr
Addis Ababa (EPU-transport) Person 3 - - -
Addis-South East(Bus-round trip) Person 1 1000 2 2,000 birr
Addis-Arbaminichi (Bus-round trip) Person 1 1000 2 2,000 birr
Addis-TB(Bus-round trip) Person 1 1000 2 2,000 birr
Sum Total 24,5000
Contingency (10%) 17,180 birr
Total 188,980 Birr

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References:

Berihu, A. (2021). Underlying causes of conflict in Ethiopia: Historical, political and

institutional?. World Conference on Social sciences studies. Budapest: Hungary.

Borchgrevink, A.& Sandelie, H. (2009). Regional conflicts and international engagement on the
Horn of Africa. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI).

Creswell, J. (200). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design.

Laura Yeghiazaryan(2018). Department of Political Science, California State Polytechnic

University, Pomona, (909) 263-6730. Email: lauray@cpp.edu Undergraduate Journal of
Political Science, Vol. 3, No. 1, Spring 2018, Pp. 46–64. © 2018, Political Science
Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona.

Baker, B. (2017). Policing for Conflict Zones: What Have Local Policing Groups Taught Us?.
Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 6(1), p.9. DOI:
http://doi.org/10.5334/sta.551.

Bantayehu Demissew (2016). Inter-Ethnic Conflict In South Western Ethiopia: The Case Of Alle
And Konso. A Thesis Submitted To The School Of Graduate Studies, Institute For Peace
And Security Studies (Ipss) Of Addis Ababa University In Partial Fulfillment Of The
Requirements For The Degree Of Master Of Arts In Peace And Security Studies.

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 Appendix I: Interview Guidelines for Higher Federal Police Officials
Ethiopian Police University

The research institute of Ethiopian police University have been working scientific research on
The Role of Federal Police in Preventing and Managing Inter-Ethnic Conflicts in Ethiopia:
Case of Selected Conflict Zones. The outcome of this study will potentially benefit all
Ethiopians in general and Federal Police commission in particular since inter-ethnic conflict is
the leading causes for death and system failure. Thus, you and your organization are selected for
these burning issues to find-out common solutions together.

Once your consent is confirmed, your valid responses will be kept secret and used for academic
purposes only. The researchers will record the responses of the respondents using tape to capture
the original response and later transcribed it for data analysis.

Do not hesitate to tell your exposure to this issue and genuine information.

Thank you for taking the time to share your knowledge with us; without your effort, this research
will not be complete.

Part I: Background Information

1. Sex A. Female B. Male

2. Age A. 18-30 B. 31-50 C. > 50

3. Marital Status A. married B. single C. Divorce D. widowed

4. Educational qualification A. No formal education B. Primary

C. High School D. Diploma E. BA/BSC F. MA/MSC G. PhD

5. Status in the organization/community…………………………………………………………

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 Part II: Interview questions designed for Federal Police Higher Officials on the role of the
federal police on inter-ethnic conflict:

1. Are there any inter-ethnic conflicts in Ethiopia that are recognized by your organization?
If your answer is yes, where and why conflicts break-out?
2. Are there preventive measures that can be applied before inter-ethnic conflict breaks-out?
If your answer is yes, what are they? Can you mention them please? If your answer is no,
why? Can you state your organization’s rationale please?
3. Based on Q#1, if your answer is yes, what are conflict management mechanisms that
your organization has applied?
4. Are your organization deals with local community/religious leaders about conflicts and
their potential causes? If your answer is yes, where and when?
5. Based Q#4, what were discussion points? Can you mention them please…?
6. Is there anything that you would like to say/mention…?

Thank you for taking time with us…..!

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 Appendix III: Interview Guidelines for Federal Police Officers
Ethiopian Police University

The research institute of Ethiopian police University have been working scientific research on
The Role of Federal Police in Preventing and Managing Inter-Ethnic Conflicts in Ethiopia:
Case of Selected Conflict Zones. The outcome of this study will potentially benefit all
Ethiopians in general and Federal Police commission in particular since inter-ethnic conflict is
the leading causes for death and system failure. Thus, you and your organization are selected for
these burning issues to find-out common solutions together.

Once your consent is confirmed, your valid responses will be kept secret and used for academic
purposes only. The researchers will record the responses of the respondents using tape to capture
the original response and later transcribed it for data analysis.

Do not hesitate to tell your exposure to this issue and genuine information.

Thank you for taking the time to share your knowledge with us; without your effort, this research
will not be complete.

Part I: Background Information

1. Sex A. Female B. Male

2. Age A. 18-30 B. 31-50 C. > 50

3. Marital Status A. married B. single C.divorce D. widowed

4. Educational qualification A. No formal education B. Primary

C. High School D. Diploma E. BA/BSC F. MA/MSC G. PhD

5. Status in the organization/community…………………………………………………………

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Part II: Interview Guideline for Federal police officers on the role of federal police in Inter-
ethnic conflict:

1. Are there conflicts that you may know in Ethiopia? If your answer is yes, what are they?
Can you mention them please?
2. Based on Q#1, if your answer is yes, why not conflicts have prevented before they broke-
out? Can you tell us your comments please…?
3. Are there conflict preventive mechanisms that you may know? If your answer is yes, will
you mention them please…? If your answer is no, what do you think the reasons? Will
you tell us please…?
4. Based on Q#1, if your answer is yes, are there managing mechanisms during conflict?
What are they? Will you mention them please….?
5. How is the communication of federal police officers with local community /religious
leaders before and after conflict has been broke-out? Will you tell us how were police
officers communicating with them? Will you tell us methods of communication?
6. Is anything that may mention…..?

Thank you for taking time with us…..!

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 Appendix IV: Interview Guidelines for Community/Religious Leaders
Ethiopian Police University

The research institute of Ethiopian police University have been working scientific research on
The Role of Federal Police in Preventing and Managing Inter-Ethnic Conflicts in Ethiopia:
Case of Selected Conflict Zones. The outcome of this study will potentially benefit all
Ethiopians in general and Federal Police commission in particular since inter-ethnic conflict is
the leading causes for death and system failure. Thus, you and your organization are selected for
these burning issues to find-out common solutions together.

Once your consent is confirmed, your valid responses will be kept secret and used for academic
purposes only. The researchers will record the responses of the respondents using tape to capture
the original response and later transcribed it for data analysis.

Do not hesitate to tell your exposure to this issue and genuine information.

Thank you for taking the time to share your knowledge with us; without your effort, this research
will not be complete.

Part I: Background Information:

1. Sex A. Female B. Male

2. Age A. 18-30 B. 31-50 C. > 50

3. Marital Status A. married B. single C.divorce D. widowed

4. Educational qualification A. No formal education B. Primary

C. High School D. Diploma E. BA/BSC F. MA/MSC G. PhD

5. Status in the organization/community…………………………………………………………

21 | P a g e
 Part II: Interview Guideline for Community/Religious leaders on inter-ethnic conflicts:

1. Are there conflicts in your area? If your answer is yes, will you mention them please…?
2. Based on Q# 1, if your answer is yes, what management mechanisms can you apply?
Will you mention them please…?
3. Are there trends of exchanging communication/information with federal police officers?
If your answer is yes, what communication channels are there? Will you try to mention
them please…?
4. Is there anything that you would like to mention…..?

Thank you for taking time with us…..!

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