SECOND QUARTER

Creative Writing: Elements, Techniques, and Literary Devices in Various Modes of Fiction
Literature is divided into two functions: non-fiction and fiction

1. Non-fiction gives actual facts and information. It means that non-fiction is not invented.

2. Fiction is a collective term for literary narratives that portray imaginary people caught in imaginary situations
usually read for pleasure and intended to expand or refine life and quicken the senses.

Fiction is created in the mind through your imagination. Fiction is derived from the Latin word “fictus” which
means “to form”. You invent stories and choose characters appropriate for the story. There are three main types of
fiction: short story, novella, and novel. Fiction aims to entertain, educate, and inspire you. Non-fiction is created
based on facts. It is creative like personal essay, scientific paper, autobiography, diaries, journals, memoirs, and
romances. Non-fiction helps you develop analytical and persuasive capability.

Literature is divided into two types: prose and poetry. Prose is ordinary language that follows regular grammatical
conventions and does not contain a formal metrical structure while poetry contains lines and stanzas. Below are some
of the fictional prose and poetry with its corresponding description:

Fictional Prose

1. Short story – it focuses on a single main incident, involving one or more characters and produce one dominant
impression.
2. Novel – a long narrative prose which is divided into chapters.
3. Legend – these are about origins based on historical people or events, handed down from the past.
4. Myth – it deals with stories about gods and goddesses.
5. Fable – It is a story where the characters are animals with human attributes; they may be called beast tales; It is
intended for children and to teach them truth or moral.
6. Parable – refers to stories which are Biblical in nature.
7. Folktale – refers to a prose narrative for amusement and instruction.
8. Play – also called drama that is performed on stage.
There are four elements that make up fiction which are interrelated to make up a cohesive story.

1. Plot is the framework of fiction, consists of related sequence of events, which through conflict progress to a crisis
or climax, which is the turning point of the story, and denouement, where the complication is solved and ends happily
or tragically.

2. Characters are the persons about whom the story is told; they influence the events and are influenced by them.

3. Setting refers to the time, pace and general environment in which a piece of fiction occurs. Details of setting may
either be stated or suggested.

4. Theme is the underlying main idea of a literary work, a philosophy or observation of life, a principle of truth which
the author conveys to the readers.

A journal is a record of your incidents, experiences, and ideas to express your feelings in a particular situation or on a
current event. Writers keep journal to record observations in the happenings into writing stories.

Types of Journal

• A daily journal, which can be used to record memorable moments from your life.
• An expressive journal, which is designed to give you space to pour out your emotions and feelings.
• A dream journal that can help you put all those vivid dreams into paper.
• A travel journal that enables you to document all your wild excursions.
• A bible journal to write your thoughts as you read the bible.
• A hobby journal to write about personal interests.
How to Journal?

1. Find something that can become your journal. 3. Set up a routine.

2. Find a writing tool. 4. Choose a setting that is conducive to writing.
5. Date your entry. 8. Know when to stop.
6. Start writing. 9. Reread what you have written, if you can.
7. Be creative. 10. Keep writing.
Journaling for School

1. Understand the assignment

2. Stick to a schedule.
3. Date each entry.
4. Start writing the entry.
5. Write in first person.
6. Make sure each entry is long enough
7. Conclude each entry with a closing thought
Creative Writing - Elements of Drama
1. Characters – these are the people (actors) who portray roles in a play. It is the characters who move the action, or
plot of the play forward.
2. Setting – this identifies the time and place of the story. It consists of the historical period, the moment, day, and
season in which the incidents take place. It also includes the sceneries in the performance.
3. Plot –this refers to the action which also connotes the sequence of events in the story.
Kinds of Plot
a. Dramatic or Progressive Plot- it happens in a chronological structure.
b. Episodic Plot- this consists of a series of loosely related incidents, usually of chapter length.
c. Parallel Plot- this consists of two or more dramatic plots that are usually linked by a common character.
d. Flashback- This structure conveys information about events that occurred earlier.
Elements of Plot
a. Exposition: At the beginning of the story, characters, setting, and the main conflict are typically
introduced.
. Rising Action: The main character is in crisis and events leading up to facing the conflict begin to unfold.
The story becomes complicated.
c. Climax: At the peak of the story, a major event occurs in which the main character faces a major enemy,
fear, challenge, or other source of conflict. The most action, drama, change, and excitement occurs here.
d. Falling Action: The story begins to slow down and work towards its end, tying up loose ends.
e. Resolution/Denouement: Also known as the denouement, the resolution is like a concluding paragraph
that resolves any remaining issues and ends the story.
4. Dialogue – This refers to the words written by the writer and spoken by the characters in the play. It connotes
action in the play.
Literary devices – these add texture, energy, and excitement to the narrative, grip the reader’s imagination, and
convey information as a form of a narrative technique.
Creative Writing: Intertextuality

❖ Intertextuality denotes the way in which texts gain meaning through their referencing or evocation of other texts.

Different types of Intertextuality

These variations depend on two key factors: the intention of the writer and the significance of the reference.
a. Obligatory – the writer deliberately invokes a comparison or association between two or more texts.
b. Optional – has a less vital impact on the significance of the hypertext.
c. Accidental – it is when readers often connect a text with another text, cultural practice, or a personal experience
based on his/her prior knowledge.
d. Citation – happens when the author is borrowing an idea or phrase from someone else. It is about giving credit to
the original author.
e. Allusion – is a particularly common form of deliberate intertextuality – it’s when one text makes a deliberate, but
subtle, reference to another.
f. Plagiarism – is stealing another person’s work without giving them proper credit or permission.
g. Parody – an imitation of another text for satirical purpose; usually to mock.
Activity 1: This time produce a non-fiction literature based on your experience or fictional stories. Choose one
topic from the choices below. Do not forget to employ the elements and techniques in writing literature like plot,
character, setting, and theme.
A. Non-fiction:

✓ You can write your own version of cooking your favorite food or meryenda and give actual facts and information in
the process of cooking.
B. Fiction:

✓ You can write a dream house that you plan for the future.
✓ You can write your dream job that you are hoping after graduation.
✓ You can write your future family that you want to have.
Activity 2: Fill in the blanks and choose only the letter of the corresponding answer.
1. __________ is a literary genre that functions as a literary narrative and portrays imaginary situations.
a. fiction b. prose c. poetry d. non-fiction
2. Alice in Wonderland is an example of __________ literature.
a. drama b. non-fiction c. fiction d. poetry
3. Fiction is “fictus” in the Latin word which means __________ .
a. to form b. to invent c. to be real d. to be informative
4. __________ refers to writing in verse with rhythm and rhyme characterized by a melodious tone.
a. fiction b. prose c. poetry d. non-fiction
5. __________ is a brief artistic form of prose fiction which focuses on a single main accident, involving one or more
character and is intended to produce a single dominant impression.
a. legend b. sonnet c. novel d. short story
6. __________ are about origins based on historical people or events, handed down from the past. It involves heroic
characters or fantastic places.
a. legend b. sonnet c. novel d. short story
7. __________ deals with stories about gods and goddesses which has a deep symbolic meaning to the culture they
developed.
a. legend b. novel c. myth d. parable
8. __________ is a story where the characters are animals with human attributes; they may be called beast tales; It is
intended for children and to teach them truth or moral.
a. legend b. novel c. myth d. parable
9. __________ is a written literary piece presented on a stage through the use of script and presence of actors.
a. legend b. short story c. novel d. sonnet
10. __________ refers to a prose narrative told for amusement and instructional value.
a. fable b. legend c. folktale d. myth
11. __________ is the framework of fiction, consists of related sequence of events, which through conflict progress to
a crisis or climax, which is the turning point of the story, and denouement, where the complication is solved and ends
happily or tragically.
a. characters b. setting c. plot d. theme
12. __________ is the underlying main idea of a literary work, a philosophy or observation of life, a principle of truth
which the author conveys to the readers.
a. characters b. setting c. plot d. theme
13. __________ refers to the time, pace and general environment in which a piece of fiction occurs. Details of setting
may either be stated or suggested.
a. characters b. setting c. plot d. theme
14. __________ are the persons about whom the story is told; they influence the events and are influenced by them.
a. characters b. setting c. plot d. theme
15. __________ is a record of your incidents, experiences, and ideas to express your feelings in a particular situation
or on a current event.
a. fable b. legend c. journal d. myth
Activity 3: List down five (3) movies that you have watched either international or local film and then identify the
setting (time and place of the story), characters (actors and actress present), theme (main idea) and three (3)
sentences which give the conflict or problem of the story.

Movie Title Characters Setting Theme Conflict/ Problem

Creative Writing: Different Literary and/or Socio Political Context of Creative Writing
What is creative work?
A creative work is any tangible manifestation or expression, such as literature, music, paintings, videos, software, and
other documents. Creative works are original works which require a creative mindset like artistic works and
performances.
Creative work has 2 steps:
1. Having an idea
2. Turning that idea into a substantive form or process
Creative works can be in a literary and/or sociopolitical context.
Sociological Criticism approach understands literature in its larger cultural, economic, and political context in which it
is written or received. It also analyses how literature works in society because literature is the reflection of society.
What are the most famous types of sociological criticism?
1. Marxist criticism – focuses on the economic and political elements of arts often emphasizing the ideological
content of literature.
2. Feminist literary criticism – is a literary criticism informed by the feminist theory, or more broadly, by the politics
of feminism.
Activity 4: Compose an essay about the current socio-political context in the country by analyzing the image
illustrated below.