SPAN-TS - MHT STD

SPAN - TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
SPAN-TS XXXX:YYYY
ICS: 93.080.30
Manhole tops - Specification
© Copyright 2020
Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN)
A document developed by SIRIM for SPAN
SURUHANJAYA PERKHIDMATAN AIR NEGARA (SPAN)
Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN) is a technical and economic regulatory

body for the water supply and sewerage services in Peninsular Malaysia and Federal
Territories of Putrajaya and Labuan. The Commission regulates all entities in the water
supply and sewerage services industry including public and private water supply and
sewerage services operators, water supply and sewerage contractors, permit holders
and suppliers of water and sewerage products.
SPAN vision is towards a sustainable, reliable and affordable water service for all and
with the mission to regulate the water services industry through fair, effective and
transparent implementation of Water Services Industry Act 2006 (Act 655).
SPAN TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

SPAN Technical Specification (SPAN-TS) is developed according to SIRIM standardisation
procedures, which are in line with international practices that ensure appropriate notification of
work programmes and participation of interested parties. As a standards development
organisation, SIRIM Berhad has extensive expertise in standards research and consultancy
which helps industries and businesses meet local and international requirements and practices.
SPAN-TS is developed from SPAN initiatives as a regulatory body for the water supply and
sewerage services through collaboration with SIRIM which provides requirements,
specifications, guidelines or characteristics that can be used to ensure that materials, products,
processes and services are fit for their purpose.
SPAN-TS is developed through consensus by established committee, which consists of experts

in the subject matter. The use of this standard is mandatory, and it is open for adoption by
regulators, government agencies, associations, industries, professional bodies, etc.
© Copyright 2020
For further info or enquiries on SPAN-TS, please contact:
Bahagian Pembangunan Industri

Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN)
Ground Floor and First Floor,
Prima Avenue 8,
Block 3510, Jalan Teknokrat 6,
63000 Cyberjaya,
Selangor Darul Ehsan.
Tel: 60 3 8317 9333/334/335

Fax: 60 3 8317 9336
E-mail:
Contents
Page
Foreword .................................................................................................................... ii
1 Scope .............................................................................................................1
2 Normative references .....................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions .....................................................................................2
4 Classification ..................................................................................................7
5 Materials .........................................................................................................9
6 Design requirements.....................................................................................13
7 Performance requirements ...........................................................................17
8 Testing and inspection ..................................................................................20
9 Marking.........................................................................................................25
Annex A Method of load test for manhole tops ...................................................26
Annex B Determination of water tightness ..........................................................30
Annex C Determination of gas tightness .............................................................32
Annex D Test to determine the unpolished skid resistance value (USRV) of

manhole covers…….…………………………………………………….....35
Annex E Tilt test…….……………………………………………………………..…...38
Annex F Testing of securing of covers within the frame......................................41
Bibliography .............................................................................................................46
© SPAN 2020 - All rights reserved i

Foreword
This SPAN-TS was developed by the Project Committee on Manhole tops for water
and sewerage application.
This technical specification was developed with the following objectives:
a) to provide a comprehensive standard that prescribes requirements for manhole

tops;
b) to assist the industries to certify their products against a given standard; and
c) to provide the regulatory bodies a standard for monitoring of the products.
In the preparation of this technical specification, reference was made to EN 124-1,

Gully tops and manhole tops for vehicular and pedestrian areas - Part 1: Definitions,
classification, general principles of design, performance requirements and test
methods.
This technical specification will be subjected to review to reflect current needs and
conditions. Users and other interested parties may submit comments on the contents
of this standard for consideration into future versions.
Compliance with this technical specification does not by itself grant immunity from legal
obligations.
ii © SPAN 2020 - All rights reserved

Manhole tops - Specification
1. Scope
This technical specification specifies requirements for manhole tops for sewerage and
water supply application with a clear opening of 600 mm and up to 1 000 mm, for
installation within areas subjected to pedestrian and/or vehicular traffic.
2. Normative references
The following normative references are indispensable for the application of this
technical specification. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative references (including any
amendments) apply.
MS 144, Cold reduced mild steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete - Specification
MS 145, Welded steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete - Specification
MS 146, Hot rolled steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete - Specification
MS 1721, Structural steels - plates, wide flats and wide strips
MS 1796, Cast carbon steels for general engineering purposes
MS 1828, Spheroidal graphite cast iron - Classification
MS ISO 8062, Castings - System of dimensional tolerances and machining allowances
MS EN 10025 (series), Hot rolled products of structural steels
ISO 1083, Spheroidal graphite cast irons - Classification
ISO 1459, Metallic coatings - Protection against corrosion by hot dip galvanizing
Guiding principles
ISO 1460, Metallic coatings - Hot dip galvanised coatings on ferrous materials -
Gravimetric determination of the mass per unit area
ISO 1461, Metallic coatings - Hot dip galvanised coatings on fabricated ferrous
products - Requirements
ISO 12944 (series), Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by
protective paint systems
ISO 14713, Protection against corrosion of iron and steel in structures - Zinc and
aluminium coatings - Guidelines
© SPAN 2020 - All rights reserved 1
ISO 14737, Carbon and low alloy cast steels for general applications
ISO 630-1, Structural steels - Part 1: General technical delivery conditions for hot-rolled
products
ISO 630-2, Structural steels - Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for structural steels
for general purposes
ISO 630-3, Structural steels - Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for fine-grain
structural steels
ISO 630-4, Structural steels - Part 4: Technical delivery conditions for high-yield-
strength quenched and tempered structural steel plates
ISO 630-5, Structural steels - Part 5: Technical delivery conditions for structural steels
with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance
ISO 630-6, Structural steels - Part 6: Technical delivery conditions for seismic-
improved structural steels for building
BS EN 1563, Founding - Spheroidal graphite cast irons
BS EN 10130, Cold rolled low carbon steel flat products for cold forming - Technical
delivery conditions
BS EN 13369:2013, Common rules for precast concrete products
EN 206, Concrete. Specification, performance, production and conformity

EN 206, Concrete. Specification, performance, production and conformity
EN 10025-1, Hot rolled products of structural steels - Part 1: General technical delivery
conditions
EN 13036-4, Road and airfield surface characteristics - Test methods. Method for
measurement of slip/skid resistance of a surface - The pendulum test
3. Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this technical specification, the following terms and definitions
apply.
3.1 clear area, CA
The unobstructed area between the seating.
NOTE. Examples for unobstructed areas are shown as the shaded area in Figure 1 a) to Figure 1 c). In
the case that the area of seatings in the frame is interrupted by functional areas, for example, areas for
drainage of water or means for access to manholes and spaces for hinges, locking and securing systems,
these functional areas are not considered for the calculation of mass per unit area. If there are more
2 © SPAN 2020 - All rights reserved

possibilities the larger of the possible clear areas need to be used. The clear area is expressed in square
millimetres (mm2).
clear area
Figure 1a. Clear area (circular frame)
clear area
Figure 1b. Clear area (square frame)
clear area
Figure 1c. Clear area (rectangular frame)
3.2 clear opening, CO
The diameter of the largest circle that can be inscribed in the clear area (see 3.1) of
the frame.
NOTE. Examples are shown in Figures 2 a) to 2 f). The clear opening is expressed in millimetres (mm).

Figure 2. Examples of clear opening
3.3 cover
The movable part(s) of manhole top which covers the manhole opening.
3.4 cushioning insert
Accessory provided within a frame, grating or cover to achieve stability and quietness
in use.
3.5 depth of insertion, A
Distance between the top of the frame and the bottom of the cover or grating adjacent
to the seating.
NOTE. Examples are given in Figure 3. The depth of insertion is expressed in millimetres (mm).

Figure 3. Examples of determination of depth of insertion
3.6 element
Frame or cover of a manhole top.
NOTE. Hinges, locking accessories and other accessories are not elements.
3.7 frame
Part of a manhole top which receives and supports a cover
3.8 frame size
If circular, the frame size shall be the outer diameter of the frame.
If rectangular or square, the frame size shall be the length and width of frame.
3.9 frame depth
Distance between the top surface and the bottom surface of the frame
3.10 frame bearing area, Ab
The surface of the underside of a frame which rests upon the supporting structure.
NOTE. The bearing area is expressed in square millimetres (mm 2).

3.11 locking accessory
Added component to prevent unauthorised lifting, opening or removal of cover/grating.
3.12 manhole
Structure with a removable cover constructed on a drain or sewer to permit entry by

personnel.
3.13 manhole top
Upper part of a manhole consisting of a frame and cover and/or grating.
3.14 mass per unit area
Total mass of the cover or the grating in kilograms divided by the clear area in square
metres.
NOTE. The mass per unit area is expressed in kg/m 2.
3.15 pedestrian area
Area reserved for pedestrians and only occasionally open to vehicular traffic for
delivery, cleaning purposes or in an emergency.
3.16 pedestrian street
Area where vehicular traffic is prohibited during certain periods (e.g. pedestrian areas
during business hours and vehicular traffic outside these hours).
3.17 seating
The surface on which the cover rests in the frame.
3.18 securing feature
Feature which is integral with frame or cover(s)/gratings(s) or installed as part of the

manufacturing process to safely retain cover(s)/gratings(s) in the frame under traffic
conditions in the place of installation and to prevent inappropriate movement of the
cover(s)/gratings(s) such as ejection and non-intended lifting.
EXAMPLE: Screws, bolts, spring bars, etc.
3.19 total clearance, Σa
Sum of the maximum individual clearances between adjacent elements of the frame
and cover.
NOTE. Examples are shown in Figure 4a),4 b),4 c) and d). The total clearance is expressed in millimetres
(mm).
Σa = al + ar Σa = al + ac1 + ac2 + ar Σa = al + ac + ar
a) Example 1 b) Example 2 c) Example 3
Σa = al + ar
Σa = al + ar
d) Example 4
Key
al clearance left
ac clearance centre
ar clearance right
Figure 4. Examples for the determination of total clearance
3.20 vent
Opening in the cover of a manhole top to provide ventilation.
3.21 waterway area
Overall effective drainage inlet area on the top surface of gully tops and in kerb units.
NOTE. The waterway area is expressed in square millimetres (mm 2).

4. Classification
4.1 The appropriate class of manhole tops shall be used during installation. Manhole
tops are classified according to its place of installation and with the minimum test load
as specified in Table 1.
Table 1. Classification of manhole tops
Class Place of installation Minimum test load

(kN)
C 250 Footways, pedestrian areas and comparable 250

areas
D 400 Carriageways of roads (including pedestrian 400

streets), paved shoulders (Figure 5) and
parking areas, for all types of road vehicles
E 600 Areas imposing high wheel loads, e.g. docks, 600

aircraft pavements
F 900 Areas imposing particularly high wheel 900

loads, e.g. aircraft pavements
4.2 Place of installation
Figure 5 shows the location of some of these classes as specified in Table 1. The
selection of the appropriate class is the responsibility of the designer. When there is
any doubt off the minimum load cannot be ascertained, the stronger class should be
selected.

Figure 5. Typical place of installation of some classes as specified in Table 1
5. Materials
5.1 General
Manhole tops shall be made from any of the material listed in Table 2.
For any other material used in the field of application of this technical specification, all
requirements of this technical specification and any other relevant requirements
specified by the authority shall be met.
Table 2. Type of materials
No. Type of materials Standard

1 Spheroidal graphite cast iron (ductile iron) BS EN 1563 (Grade 500/7)
MS 1828 or ISO 1083
(the production, quality and
testing)
2 Cast steel MS 1796, ISO 14737
3 Rolled steel MS EN 10025, EN 10130
ISO 630
4 Steel reinforced concrete MS 145, MS 146
BS EN 13369
NOTE. Other material may be used provided the requirement of this standard shall be met.
Manhole tops according to this technical specification shall be at least suitable for use
in wet and dry conditions and a slightly aggressive chemical environment, i.e. normal
conditions for domestic sewage and treated industrial effluent, and for most natural
soils and groundwaters. If more severe conditions are expected, additional
requirements for corrosion protection can be necessary.
5.2 Corrosion protection
5.2.1 Steel structures
Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems shall comply with
ISO 12944-1 to 9 and protection of iron and steel in structures with zinc and aluminium
coatings shall comply with ISO 14713 respectively.
Steel manhole tops shall be resistant to corrosion. For use in normal conditions
corrosion resistance can be ensured, e.g. by hot-dip galvanising on a clean surface in
accordance with 5.2.2.1. Prior to application of any surface corrosion protection
system, manhole tops shall be fettled.
5.2.2.1 Hot dip galvanising
Where corrosion resistance is achieved by hot dip galvanising it shall be in accordance

with ISO 1461.
There shall be no sharp edges resulting from hot dip galvanising.
After a manhole top has been hot dip galvanised it can be straightened to overcome
any distortion prior to fitting the manhole cover in its frame. Any such straightening
shall not adversely affect the integrity of the hot dip galvanising or the structure of the
manhole top.
NOTE. Other supplementary coatings can be applied to the hot dip galvanised surface, e.g. coating or
paint systems.
5.2.2 Rolled steel
The use of rolled steel is admissible only if a sufficient corrosion resistance is ensured.
This resistance can be achieved by hot-dip galvanising on a clean surface with a
thickness of equal or greater than the values given in Table 3. The minimum thickness
of rolled steel shall be 2.75 mm (except for contact and edge protection which shall
comply with 6.6).
Table 3. Galvanising coating of rolled steel
Minimum coating Minimum

Steel thickness thickness coating mass
(mm) (m) (g/m2)
 2.75 to < 5 50 350
5 65 450
Where applicable, the requirement for hot-dip galvanising requirement shall comply
with ISO 1460 and ISO 1461.
Where appropriate, the requirement for tolerance for cast shall comply with ISO 8062.

5.3 Recessed covers (filled covers)
Cover fillings may consist of concrete or other filling material appropriate to the place
of installation.
In the case of covers placed on the market in filled condition the filling shall consist of
either:
a) concrete with a minimum compressive strength class of C35/45 according to

EN 206 at least suitable for use in “cyclic wet and dry” conditions; or
b) other material complying with the intended use/place of installation expectations

and with appropriate relevant standards at least suitable for use in “cyclic wet and
dry” conditions.
In case of covers placed on the market in unfilled condition and the filling is applied
subsequently, the filling materials shall have a minimum performance comparable to
concrete or the surrounding pavement materials and shall fulfil the requirements of the
appropriate standards.
5.4 Reinforced concrete
5.4.1 General
The concrete quality of any element shall be dense, homogenous and conform to the
requirements given in 5.4.1.1 to 5.4.1.6. For general aspects, constituent materials of
concrete and reinforcing steel, EN 13369:2013, 4.1, shall apply.
5.4.1.1 Exposure classes
Manhole tops according to this technical specification shall be at least suitable for use
in “wet and dry” conditions and a slightly aggressive chemical environment, i.e. normal
conditions for domestic sewage and treated industrial effluent, and for most natural
soils and ground-waters. If more severe conditions are expected, additional
requirements for corrosion protection can be necessary.
The exposure class determined in accordance with EN 206 shall be a minimum of XC2.
If more severe conditions are expected higher exposure classes can be necessary. In
such cases the higher class shall be declared.
5.4.1.2 Compressive strength
The compressive strength class of the concrete shall conform to the specific
environmental conditions in accordance with 5.4.1.1 but not be less than C35/45
according to EN 13369.

5.4.1.3 Water content of concrete
The ratio of water to cement plus any pozzolanic or latent hydraulic addition in the fully
compacted state shall not be greater than 0.5 and shall conform to the specific
environmental conditions in accordance with 5.4.1.1.
5.4.1.4 Cement content of concrete
Concrete shall have such a composition that the minimum content of cement plus any
pozzolanic latent addition in the fully compacted state is consistent with the
serviceability conditions of 5.4.1.1 and 5.4.1.5 for the exposure classes.
5.4.1.5 Chloride content of concrete
The maximum amount of chloride ion in the concrete shall be evaluated by calculation
in accordance with EN 206:2013, 5.2.8.
5.4.1.6 Water absorption of concrete
When determined in accordance with EN 13369:2013, 5.1.2, the water absorption of

concrete shall not exceed 6 % by mass.
5.5 Coating materials
Manhole tops made of cast iron can be supplied uncoated or coated. Coating materials
shall comply with the environmental and/or toxicological regulations at the place of
intended use.
NOTE. In general, coatings are for aesthetic purposes only and are not regarded as a corrosion protection
system.
The specifier or client may require a more durable coating if appropriate.
5.6 Frames in combination with concrete
Where the frame is made of a combination of any material according to this technical
specification and concrete, the concrete shall have a compressive strength of at least
C35/45 in accordance with EN 206:2013.

6. Design requirements
6.1 General
Manhole tops shall be free of defects which might impair their fitness for use.
When metal is used in combination with concrete or any other material, there shall be
adequate bond between the two materials.
6.2 Clear opening of manhole tops for man entry
The opening of manhole tops designed for man entry shall have minimum diameter of
600 mm.
6.3 Depth of insertion
Manhole tops of classes D 400, E 600 and F 900 shall have a depth of insertion A of
at least 50 mm.
6.4 Clearance
6.4.1 Total clearance
The clearance between the different elements of manhole tops is defined in 3.19. This
clearance can lead to horizontal displacement of the cover or grating in its frame. In
order to limit this displacement, the total clearance Σa, shall conform to the following
requirements:
a) for covers in one or two parts:
clear opening CO > 400 mm: Σa ≤ 9 mm;
b) for covers with three or more parts secured in the frame each individual:
clearance (al , ac , ar ) shall be limited to a maximum of 5 mm;
c) for covers with three or more parts not secured in the frame, the total clearance Σa
resulting from the displacement of all parts shall not exceed 15 mm.
6.4.2 Hinged covers
Where hinge is required, it shall be permanently welded to the frame and cover. The
hinge pin should be made of stainless steel minimum grade 304. The minimum hinge
pin diameter shall be 10 mm.
The opening angle of hinged covers shall be at least 100° to the horizontal.
Where hinged covers have a radially profiled edge on the hinged side, it shall be
profiled so that the gauge of 170 mm x 170 mm x 20 mm, detailed in Figure 7, is
prevented from entering the gap between the adjacent frame and the curved edge of
the cover by more than 13 mm of its 170 mm depth, the gauge being vertical with its
length parallel to the profiled edge.
Dimensions in millimetres
20
Gauge
Frame
170
Cover
13
Figure 7. Gauge
6.5 Compatibility of seating
The manhole tops shall be compatible with their seating. This shall be assessed by
assembling the cover and the frame.
These seating shall be manufactured in such a way as to ensure stability and quietness
in use. This may be achieved by machining of the contact surfaces, use of cushioning
inserts, three-point suspension design or any other appropriate method. When tested,
the cover/grating shall not have an increased change in height above the upper edge
of the frame by more than 0.5 × depth of insertion with a maximum value of 25 mm at
any point on the perimeter. (testing on compatibility of seating)
6.6 Edge and contact surfaces protection for manhole tops of steel reinforced
concrete
For manhole tops of classes C 250 and D 400 of steel reinforced concrete, edges and
contact surfaces between frame and cover shall be protected with cast iron or hot-dip
galvanised steel. The minimum thickness of spheroidal graphite iron or steel is as
stated in Table 4. The thickness of edge and contact surface protection shall be
measured in accordance with 8.3.6.

Table 4. Thickness of edge and contact surface
Class Minimum thickness of the steel protectiona

(mm)
C 250 5
D 400 6
E 600 According to each design but not less than that required
F 900 of class D 400
a Without the thickness of the additional corrosion protection.
6.7 Securing of the cover within the frame (including child safety)
The cover shall be secured within its frame to meet the required traffic conditions
relevant to the place of installation defined in Clause 4.
Where required by specific provisions in the place of intended use, child safety features
and/or devices shall also be incorporated in the design of manhole tops.
This may be achieved by the following arrangements:
a) securing feature; or
b) mass per unit area; or
c) other methods.
These methods shall be designed so as to allow opening of the covers by means of

usual tools, except in the case where the specifier requests an additional locking
system. For securing methods according to a) and c) the corrosion resistance shall be
at least equivalent to the frame or the cover or the materials.
The securing of covers/gratings within the frames shall be tested in accordance with
8.3.7. The securing method and design details shall be declared.
Where required by specific provisions in the place of intended use, the above
mentioned methods for securing of cover shall comply with these provisions.
NOTE. For purposes such as prevention of unauthorized removal, lifting of cover or vandalism additional
locking accessories can be required by the specifier. The selection of the appropriate locking accessory
is in the responsibility of the specifier. The provision of the appropriate locking accessory is, in this case,
not within the responsibility of the manufacturer.
6.8 Handling of covers (loosening and opening)

Provision shall be made for the effective loosening and for the opening of the covers
and gratings by means of usual tools. Additional lifting features and/or devices can be
incorporated in the design of manhole tops.
NOTE. The design and performance of these additional features or devices are not covered by this
technical specification.
6.9 Positioning of covers
Where the cover has to be in a predetermined position relative to the frame, this is to
be ensured by an appropriate design.
6.10 Flatness of manhole covers
The upper surface, of covers of classes D 400 to F 900, which is the surface in contact
with traffic, shall be flat within a tolerance of 1 % of the clear opening with a maximum
of 6 mm.
6.11 Surface condition
When tested in accordance with 8.4.13, the surface conditions shall be in accordance
with 7.4.
NOTE. In certain environments such as, but not limited to, legally required studded tyres or legal toxic
emissions limitations, the specifier can request further appropriate tests to be carried out to check if these
are fit for purpose at the place of installation.
6.12 Manhole tops with sealing features
Manhole tops in accordance with this technical specification can be designed with
sealing features to resist against accidental upward water pressure. In such a case the
frame shall be designed to be securely anchored.
Manhole tops according to this technical specification can also incorporate sealing
features to prevent or limit:
a) the escape of odours through the manhole top (non-pressure); or
b) non-pressure surface water ingress (rain water).
The sealing design depends upon the pressure underneath the cover and the
requirements in that specific situation. These requirements shall include gas tightness
or water pressure tightness or both.
6.13 Frame bearing area
The frame bearing area shall be designed in such a way that the bearing pressure, Pb
on the basis of the test load, FT shall not exceed 7.5 N/mm2 to provide a contribution
to stability under working conditions. The bearing pressure, Pb shall be calculated in
accordance with Formula (F.1) below:
𝑃𝑏 = 𝐹𝑇/𝐴 F.1
where
2
Ab is the frame bearing area in mm .
2
NOTE. Pb is expressed in N/mm .
The bearing area shall be designed in such a way that:
a) the bearing pressure in relation to the test load shall not exceed 7.5 N/mm2; and
b) it provides an adequate contribution to stability under working conditions.
6.14 Frame depth
The depth of the frame of manhole tops of class D 400, E 600 and F 900 shall be at
least 100 mm.
For class D 400 the frame depth may be reduced to 75 mm provided that the frame is
made either of cast iron or steel and provides anchoring facilities.
6.15 Recessed covers (filled covers)
In the case of recessed covers, the manufacturer shall provide all necessary
specifications for filling, unless the filling is carried out at the manufacturer's plant.
The surface texture of such filled covers shall be appropriate to the place of installation.
6.16 Opening angle of hinged covers
The opening angle of hinged covers shall be at least 100° to the horizontal unless
additional stays are provided.
NOTE. Additional provisions can be required to prevent the cover or grating from accidental closing, e.g.
site or service conditions.
7. Performance requirements
7.1 Appearance
Manhole tops shall be free from visible defects which might impair their fitness for use.

7.2 Load bearing capacity
When tested according to 8.2.3, manhole tops with a clear opening (CO) equal to or
greater than 250 mm shall withstand the test load according to Table 5 for each class
independent of the material. Where the clear opening (CO) is less than 250 mm, the
test load shall be as shown in Table 5, multiplied by CO/250 but not less than 0.6 times
of the test load according to Table 5.
Covers and frames made of materials as listed in Clause 5 shall not show cracks or
delamination in the course of the test when viewed without magnification. For steel
reinforced concrete, no cracks wider than 0.2 mm shall appear in the concrete. Crack
widths shall be measured on the surface optically by magnifier or equivalent. No loss
of adhesion between concrete and reinforcement shall occur after the total load
bearing.
The load bearing capacity shall be declared as corresponding class according to Table
5.
Table 5. Test loads

Class C 250 D 400 E 600 F 900
FT in kN 250 400 600 900
7.3 Permanent set
When tested according to 8.2.5, the permanent set of the cover after the application of
FP (2/3 of the test load FT) shall not exceed the values given in Table 6.
Covers and frames, made of materials according Clause 5, shall not show cracks or
delaminations in the course of the test when viewed without magnification. For steel
reinforced concrete, no cracks wider than 0.2 mm shall appear in the concrete. Crack
widths shall be measured on the surface optically by magnifier or equivalent. No loss
of adhesion between concrete and reinforcement shall occur after the total load
bearing.
Table 6. Permissible permanent set

Permissible permanent set
Class (mm)
CO CO
C 250 up to F 900
300a 500b
When secured according to 6.7 a) When secured according to 6.7 b)
or 6.6 c)
a
1.0 mm max when CO < 300 mm.
b
1.0 mm max when CO < 500 mm.
7.4 Skid resistance

7.4.1 General
All manhole tops shall be skid resistant in their field of application.
7.4.2 Skid resistance of covers
The upper surface of covers shall be in accordance with at least one of the following
requirements:
a) made of concrete, provided that the upper surface of the cover has been neither
ground nor polished;
NOTE. Additional provisions can be required to prevent the concrete cover or concrete filled cover from
potential skid, e.g. where concrete mix contains fine limestone aggregates.
b) the upper surface of covers shall have a structured upper surface with a defined
raised pattern or a coarse textured upper surface which permits free
drainage/dispersion of water to the surrounding area and complies with the
following dimensional requirements:
When measured from the total plan surface, the raised pattern shall have a height of
2 mm to 6 mm for classes C 250 and a height of 3 mm to 8 mm for classes D 400,
E 600, and F 900.
The raised pattern shall be distributed as far as possible evenly over the total plan
surface area of the manhole top.
The total surface area of raised pattern (∑An ) shall be not less than 10 % and not
more than 70 % of the total projected surface area (AT2).
The surface area of any single raised pattern defined as An shall be determined as
shown in Figure 8.
Parts of logo that are within the height requirements are considered as part of the
raised pattern and shall provide free drainage/dispersion of water.

Figure 8. Example for determination of raised pattern
c) shall have a USRV of not less than 35 when tested according to Annex C, where
the surface of the cover does not fulfil the requirements of a) and/or b).
7.4.3 Skid resistance of frames
If frames or parts thereof have a horizontal visible width exceeding 40 mm, the
requirements for covers according to 7.4.2 shall also apply for these frames.
8. Testing and inspection
8.1 General requirements
8.1.1 All tests and measurement control as detailed in 8.2 and 8.3 shall be
undertaken where there is a change in design, type of material and method of
manufacturing.
8.1.2 The re-evaluation test shall be carried out at least once every 5 years provided
there are no changes in the raw materials and formulations used, fitting designs and
methods of processing.
8.1.3 Additional tests may be required for manhole tops made of other materials not
listed in Clause 5.
8.1.4 Where there is no detailed test method for the verification of any requirement
in this technical specification, the manufacturer shall state in his documents how such
verification is achieved (see 5.1, second paragraph).
8.1.6 Manhole tops shall be tested as complete units in their intended position of use
where cover is suitably positioned within the frame and the frame is supported in a
manner to replicate intended installation support structure.

8.1.7 Manhole tops consisting of covers with fillings or covers designed to be filled
subsequently, shall be tested in accordance with Annex A.
8.1.8 Manhole tops resulting of a combination of elements made from different

materials shall be tested as complete units in accordance with 5.1.
8.1.9 All tested products shall be visually inspected without magnification.
8.1.10 The ultimate load-carrying capacity of a manhole top shall be in accordance

with Annex A.
8.2 Testing requirements
8.2.1 General
The manufacturer shall verify the load capacity of each prototype unit by testing it in
accordance with Annex A.
8.2.2 Test specimen
The materials, manufacture and method of fabrication of the prototype specimen unit
shall comply with Clause 5 and represent those used in production. A minimum of three
test specimens shall be prepared for testing.
8.2.3 Test load
The test load of each class shall be equal to the relevant test load as specified in Annex
A.
The prototype specimen shall be tested as complete units in their condition of service
except for recessed covers delivered unfilled, which shall be load tested without filling.
8.2.4 Load bearing capacity
Manhole tops shall be submitted to the load bearing capacity test according to Annex
A under the test loads FT according to 7.2.
8.2.5 Permanent set
A standard test piece of known length is stretched by a stated percentage for a period
of time and is then released. After recovery the length is measured and change in
length (i.e. unrecovered length) is expressed as a percentage of the original length.
The permanent set shall be tested in accordance with the requirements as stated in
Annex A and shall be measured to an accuracy of 0.1 mm.
8.2.6 Galvanised units

Galvanised units shall be tested after completion of galvanising.
8.2.7 Criteria for acceptance
8.2.7.1 Load test
When tested according to Annex A, the criteria of acceptance are as follows:
a) the prototype specimen shall show no cracks in the course of the test; and
b) in the case of steel reinforced concrete covers, there shall be no loss of adhesion
between the concrete and the reinforcing steel.
8.2.7.2 Water tightness
When required by the purchaser or by the relevant authority, the test shall be
conducted in accordance with Annex B, there shall be no visible leakage under a
150 mm head of water for 10 min.
8.2.7.3 Gas tightness
When required by the purchaser or by the relevant authority, the test shall be
conducted in accordance with Annex C, there shall be no drop in pressure for 3 min
when the unit is subjected to one of the following pressure:
a) in the case for prevention of odour emission, 1.5 kPa; or
b) in the case for other special usage, to be specified.
8.3 Measurement control
8.3.1 General inspection
All products shall be visually inspected for defects.
8.3.2 Clear opening
The dimensions of the clear opening (circular, square or rectangular) shall be

measured in millimetres.
8.3.3 Depth of insertion
For classes D 400 to F 900, the depth of insertion, A, shall be measured in millimetres.
8.3.4 Total clearance

The clearances between covers and frames shall be measured to an accuracy of
0.5 mm and the total clearance, Σa, shall be calculated.
8.3.5 Seating
The compatibility of the seating to ensure stability of the cover within its frame shall be
inspected against the manufacturer’s specification.
In addition, manhole tops of classes D 400 to F 900 shall be tested in accordance with
Annex E.
8.3.6 Edge protection
The thickness of the uncoated iron or steel edge protection to steel reinforced concrete
manhole tops shall be measured to an accuracy of 0.1 mm.
The thickness of the hot dip galvanising shall be measured to an accuracy of 5 m.
8.3.7 Securing of the cover within its frame (including child safety)
The securing of covers/gratings of classes C 250 to F 900 within the frames shall be
tested in accordance with Annex F.
The declared securing method shall be visually inspected with respect to the function,
the use of materials and the declared values corresponding to the design details.
If securing is achieved by 6.7b) weighing of the mass is sufficient. In this case, the
cover shall be weighed to an accuracy of 1 % and the clear area calculated to an
accuracy of 100 mm2.
8.3.8 Handling of covers
The handling of covers shall be tested physically for loosening and opening according
to manufacturer's instructions.
8.3.9 Positioning of covers
If an indelible mark or register is necessary to ensure a predetermined position to the

cover within the frame, this mark or register shall be visually inspected.
The appropriate design feature that ensures a particular orientation of the cover or
grating in the frame shall be examined for fitness of purpose.
8.3.10 Surface condition (skid resistance)
The skid resistance of the upper surface of the cover and the frame shall be determined
as follows:

The skid resistance of the upper surface of the cover/grating and the frame shall be
determined as follows:
a) In case of concrete according to 7.4.2 a), the cover/grating shall be inspected

according to the manufacturer’s declaration that it has not been polished or
ground and conforms to the provisions in accordance with standard of Ethe
relevant material.
NOTE. Where aggregates contain fine limestone, additional provisions to prevent the concrete cover or
concrete filled cover from potential skid can be necessary.

b) In case of a defined raised pattern as specified in 7.4.2 b) the height of the raised
pattern shall be measured to an accuracy of 0.5 mm. The total surface area of
raised pattern of the cover and frame shall be determined either by reference to
the drawing and subsequently controlled by visual inspection, or by measuring the
dimensions of the upper surface of the raised pattern to an accuracy of 100 mm 2.
The percentage of the total surface area of raised pattern shall be calculated.
c) In case of products not conforming to 7.4.2 a) and 7.4.2 b), the surface condition
shall be measured according to Annex D.
8.3.11 Loosening and opening of covers
The loosening and opening facilities of covers shall be tested physically.
8.3.12 Frame bearing area
The bearing area shall be calculated.
8.3.13 Frame depth
The depth of the complete frame shall be measured to an accuracy of 1 mm.
8.3.14 Opening angle
The opening angle shall be measured to an accuracy of 5°.

9. Marking
All covers and frames shall have the following markings. These markings shall be clear and
durable, and where possible, be visible after the unit is installed, with the following:
a) number of this technical specification, i.e. SPAN TS XXXX;
b) the appropriate class (e.g. D 400) or classes for frames which can be used for several
classes (e.g. D 400 to E 600);
c) the name and/or identification mark;
d) the mark of certification body (if product is certified);
e) additional markings relating to the application or the owner;
f) product identification (serial number/model); and
g) additional markings if manholes tops conducted and passed the water and gas tightness
test.

Annex A
(normative)
Method of load test for manhole tops
A.1 Scope
This annex sets out method of load test for manhole tops.
A.2 Principle
Manhole tops are subjected to a loading test according to loading requirement for the
appropriate class (see Clause 4).
Manhole tops shall be tested as complete units in their condition of service except for recessed
covers delivered unfilled, which shall be load tested without filling.
A.3 Test load
The test load shall be as shown in Table A.1.
Table A.1. Test load
Class Test load

(kN)
C 250 250
D 400 400
E 600 600
F 900 900
A.4 Apparatus
A.4.1 Testing machine
Preferably a hydraulic test press shall be capable of applying a load at least 25 % greater than
the respective test load for class C 250 and D 400, and at least 10 % greater than the
respective test load for classes E 600 and F 900.
A tolerance of  3 % of the test load shall be maintained.

Except for multiple units, the dimensions of the bed of the testing machine shall be greater
than the bearing area of the unit to be tested.
A.4.2 Test block
The dimensions and shapes of test blocks are shown in Table A.2.
A.4.3 Measuring device
Accurate to 0.1 mm, suitable for indicating deflection measurement.
Table A.2. Dimensions of test blocks
Shape and clear opening of the manhole tops Dimension of the test blocks
(mm) (mm)
600  CO  1 000
CO
CO
≥ 600
A.5 Testing procedure
All manhole tops shall be subjected to the following tests:
a) measurement of the permanent set of the cover after the application of two-third of the
test load (see A5.2); and
b) application of the test load (see A5.3).
A.5.1 Preparation for the test
The test block shall be placed on the unit with its vertical axis perpendicular to the surface and
coincidental with the geometric centre of the cover or the grating (examples, see Figure A.1).
In the case of double triangular covers, the test block shall be positioned in the geometric
centre, as shown in Figure A.1. The cover shall rest normally in the frame.
The test load shall be uniformly distributed over the whole surface of the test block and any
irregularities compensated for by means of an appropriate intermediate layer, e.g. softwood,
fibreboard, felt or similar material positioned between the cover and the test block. The
dimensions of this intermediate layer shall be not larger than those of the test block. A similar
intermediate layer, at the manufacturer's option, may also be positioned between the bed of
the testing machine and the bearing area.
When testing manhole tops with a non-flat surface, the contact face of the test block shall be
shaped to match the cover. Raised patterns and small deviations from a flat surface do not
require a shaped contact face of the test block.
Figure A.1. Test blocks and geometric centres
A.5.2 Measurement of permanent set of the cover after the application of two-third of
the test load
Before the load is applied, take an initial reading at the geometric centre of the cover. The load
shall be applied at a rate of 1 kN/s to 5 kN/s up to two-third of the test load; the load on the
test specimen is then released. This procedure shall be carried out five times. Then take a
final reading at the geometric centre.
The permanent set shall then be determined as the difference of the measured readings
before the first and after the fifth loading. The permanent set shall not exceed the values given
in Table A3.
In the case of double triangular covers or gratings, the permanent set shall be measured on
both parts, as close as possible to the geometric centre (see A5.1, Figure A.1).
For test specimens of steel reinforced concrete, no cracks wider than 0.2 mm shall appear in
the concrete after this test. Crack widths shall be measured on the surface optically by
magnifier or equivalent. No loss of adhesion between concrete and reinforcement shall occur
after the total load bearing.
Table A.3. Permissible permanent set
Permissible permanent set

Class (mm)
CO CO
C 250 up to F 900 300 a 500 b
When secured according to When secured according to
6.7 a) or 6.6 c) 6.7 b)
a 1.0 mm max when CO < 300 mm.

b 1.0 mm max when CO < 500 mm.

A.5.3 Application of the test load
Immediately after the test according to A5.2, the test load shall be applied at the same rate
given in A5.2, until the test load is achieved. The test load to be maintained for 30 + 2 s . Units
0
made of materials 1) to 4) of Clause 5 shall not show cracks in the course of the test. In the
case of steel reinforced concrete covers, there shall be no loss of adhesion between the
concrete and the reinforcing steel.
A.6 Test report
The test report shall consist of the following information:
a) class of unit;
b) date of testing;
c) reference to this test method;
d) frame depth;
e) frame bearing area;
f) bearing pressure;
g) clear opening for man entry;
h) opening angle;
i) deflection in millimetres;
j) sustained test load;
k) any collapse of the unit;
l) any cracking or other (permanent) damage resulting from the test; and
m) marking on the unit.

Annex B
(informative)
Determination of water tightness
B.1 Scope
This annex sets out the method of testing water tightness for covers, when installed in
accordance with the manufacturer's written instructions.
B.2 Principle
Manhole top in their frames are subjected to a ponding of water for a period of time to verify
that these covers are resistant to surface water infiltration.
B.3 Apparatus
The following apparatus is required:
B.3.1 Supporting frame
The unit frame shall be used as a supporting frame for the test covers.
B.3.2 Water ponding assembly
An assembly of rigid construction which ensures sealing against leakage at the top and bottom
surfaces of the supporting frame of the test cover during the application of a 150 + 10 mm head
-0
of ponding water to the top surface of the cover and full cover and frame interface (see Figure
B.1).
B.4 Procedure
The manhole top shall be tested for water tightness as follows:
a) Place the cover within its frame.
b) Set up the unit in the same manner as it is intended to be installed in the field in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions.
c) Apply water to the water ponding assembly and bring it up to a level of 150 mm above the
top face of the cover.

d) Maintain the unit under the test water head of 150 mm for 10 min.
e) Record visible leakage, if any, which occurs during the test.
B.5 Test report
The test report shall consist of the following:
a) date of testing;
b) description, including class of unit and type of sealant (if any);
c) reference to this test method, e.g. SPAN TS XXXX, Annex B;
d) specification of the sealant, if any;
e) any visible leakage which occurs during the test; and
f) markings on the unit.
Figure B.1. Typical testing assembly for water tightness test

Annex C
(informative)
Determination of gas tightness
C.1 Scope
This annex sets out the method of testing gas tightness for covers when installed in
accordance with the manufacturer's written instructions.
C.2 Principle
Covers in their frames are subjected to pressurised air for a period of time to verify that these
covers are resistant to internal gas leakage.
C.3 Apparatus
The following apparatus is required:
C.3.1 Test rig
Consisting of two rigid plates suitable for placing horizontally in contact with the top and bottom
surfaces of the test manhole top. The test unit shall be secured tightly between the plates by
clamping studs (see Figure C.1). The top of the frame shall be lined with a rubber gasket clear
of the cover/frame interface and the bottom plate shall be lined with a rubber gasket.
C.3.2 Air compressor
Capable of supplying air at 1.5 kPa or other specified pressure, to be used to introduce air into
the testing assembly through an air inlet hole at the bottom plate (see Figure C.1).
C.3.3 Pressure gauge
Capable of measuring air pressure in kilopascals shall be attached to the air inlet connector
tube.
C.3.4 Gas tightness measuring device
An appropriate sensitive pressure gauge shall be connected to the air inlet hole at the bottom
plate (see Figure C.1). Alternatively, air leakage may be detected by connecting the air outlet
hole to a tube dipped in water in a container. The container shall be placed at the same level
as the bottom plate.

C.4 Procedure
The cover and frame shall be tested for gas tightness as follows.
a) Place the cover within its frame.
b) Set up the unit in the same manner as it is intended to be installed in the field in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions.
c) If the design of the cover is such that the manufacturer recommends a holding-down
device, then that device shall be in place during the test.
d) Introduce compressed air at a pressure of 1.5 kPa or as specified into the test assembly
using the air compressor.
e) Maintain the unit under the test air pressure of 1.5 kPa or as specified for 3 min.
f) Record drop in pressure or visible escape of air, if any, which occurs during the test.
C.5 Report
The test report shall consist of the following:
a) date of testing;
b) description, including class of unit and type of sealant (if any);
c) description of number and type of coating applied to the unit prior to the test;
d) specification of the sealant, if any;
e) pressure at which the unit was tested;
f) reference to this test method, e.g. SPAN TS XXXX, Annex C;
g) any drop in pressure or visible escape of air which occurs during the test; and
h) markings on the unit.

Figure C.1. Typical testing assembly for gas tightness test

Annex D
(normative)
Test to determine the unpolished skid resistance value (USRV) of manhole

covers
D.1 General
The measurement of USRV on a specimen shall be made using proprietary pendulum friction
test equipment to evaluate the frictional properties of the specimen. The pendulum friction
test equipment incorporates a spring loaded slider made of a standard rubber attached
to the end of the pendulum. On swinging the pendulum, the frictional force between the
slider and test surface is measured by the reduction in length of the swing using a calibrated
scale.
D.2 Apparatus
Apparatus shall be:
a) pendulum friction test equipment in accordance with EN 13036-4; and
b) potable water.
D.3 Calibration of pendulum friction test equipment
The pendulum friction test equipment shall be recalibrated at least once a year. This shall be
carried out in accordance with EN 13036-4 by an approved calibration body.
D.4 Selection of test samples
Test samples shall be manhole covers or frames selected at random from the stock of manhole
tops held by the manufacturer. Representative samples free from any temporary coatings, not
yet used and free from any corrosion shall be selected and tested for each surface pattern
design and for each material of manufacture.
This procedure shall also apply if the pattern is subsequently amended.
D.5 Test procedure
D.5.1 Validation and conditioning of the pendulum test equipment

The condition of the pendulum test equipment shall be checked according to the procedure
for validation of the performance of a pendulum tester as described in EN 13036-4. If the
validation results are outside the range of the standard surface, the used slider shall be
conditioned in accordance with EN 13036-4.
After this conditioning, if the validation results are still outside the range of the standard surface,
the apparatus shall be investigated and recalibrated if necessary.
The pendulum test equipment shall be conditioned for a period of at least 30 min prior to the
commencement of the test. The test equipment, test specimen and slider as well as water,
shall be kept at a temperature of (20 ± 5) °C, during this time.
D.5.2 Procedure to determine USRV
D.5.2.1 Preparation of sample
Surface irregularities (e.g. casting imperfections, etc.), dust or other contaminants shall be
removed from the sample under test prior to testing.
D.5.2.2 Location of test areas
Where possible the test shall take place within a 0.5 m x 0.5 m grid as shown in Figure C.1. If
it is clear that surface pattern varies across the test area, additional tests can be necessary to
take this into account.
Key
1. Test location 1
2. Test location 2
3. Test location 3
Figure D.1. Test locations
Testing shall be carried out at the three test locations as shown in Figure D.1, i.e. two shall
be parallel to the major axes of the cover and one at an angle of 45° to the major axes.
Where the test sample is smaller than 500 mm × 500 mm, a similar test pattern shall be
adopted.
D.5.2.3 Setting up
The setting up of the pendulum, its zeroing and method of measurement shall be undertaken
as described in EN 13036-4. In addition, the base of the pendulum tester shall be weighted
with a suitable material of mass > 6 kg and < 10 kg to arrest any possible movement during
testing.
D.5.2.4 Checking strike distance
Where the surface patterning of the cover does not enable a pendulum strike distance of
126 mm to be achieved (i.e. slider in contact with cover material at start and end of strike
distance), a length of less than 126 mm may be chosen. In this case, the actual strike
distance shall be recorded, and the values obtained after testing shall be modified by a
correction factor. The correction factor shall be determined by reference to standard test
materials. Such reference materials shall be tested using the same strike distance as on
the sample and also using the standard distance of 126 mm. The correction factor shall be
the ratio of the two results.
D.5.2.5 Measuring the value of each specimen
The height of the pendulum arm shall be checked and adjusted so that in traversing the
specimen, the rubber slider is in contact with it over the whole width of the slider and over
the specified sweep length. The upper surfaces of the specimen and the rubber slider shall
then be wetted with a copious supply of water just in front of the centre of the test location
applied immediately before each swing of the pendulum, being careful not to disturb the slider
from its set position.
The pendulum and pointer shall then be released from the horizontal position and the
pendulum arm caught on its return swing, before it touches the test specimen a second time.
The position of the pointer on the scale shall be recorded. This is the pendulum test value.
This operation shall be repeated five times at each of the three locations shown in Figure
D.1, rewetting the specimen each time. The last three of the five readings shall be recorded
for each test location.
The mean value of the last three of the five readings shall be determined for each test location
according to Figure D.1. This shall be the skid value for each location. The mean of the
two lowest skid values shall be calculated.

SPAN-TS manhole tops
Annex E
(normative)
Tilt test
E.1 General
The stable behaviour of covers according to 6.5 is to be tested by the tilt test.
E.2 Test procedure
At the edges of the cover and the frame a test block of 75 mm diameter (smallest test block
according to test samples, equipped with a rubber sheet of 75 mm diameter with a thickness
of 10 mm, hardness (60 ± 5)°, shore A according to EN ISO 868 at the bottom, shall be applied
at the test points according to Figure E.2 to Figure E.6 (if applicable). The axis centre of the
test block is positioned at the gap between cover and frame.
Key
Fx tilt test load

∆hx tilting height (maximum increase)
Figure E.1. Test equipment for measuring the tilting height

Table E.1. Application of test load for different designs of manhole tops
Design Application of test load

Round cover(s)/grating(s) In four places evenly distributed over the circumference according to Figure E.2.
Key
1. test point
Figure E.2. Circular covers/gratings
Cover(s)/grating(s) with In four places evenly distributed over the circumference, where one point of load
hinges shall be applied immediately adjacent to the hinge according to Figure E.3.
Key
1. test point
2. hinge
Figure E.3. Hinges
Cover(s)/grating(s) with In four places evenly distributed over the circumference, where one point of load
securing feature shall be applied immediately adjacent to one securing feature according to Figure
E.4.
Key
1. test point
2. road worthy anchorage
Figure E.4 . Securing feature
40 © SPAN 2020- All rights reserved

Table E.1. Application of test load for different designs of manhole tops (continued)
Design Application of test load

Rectangular According to Figure E.5.
cover(s)/grating(s)
Key
1. test point
Figure E.5. Rectangular covers/gratings

Annex F
(normative)
Testing of securing of covers within the frame
F.1. General
The aim of the test is to assess the securing of the covers(s) within the frame of a manhole
top by applying one or more pull-out forces to these covers/gratings and to measure their
vertical movement.
The pull-out force Fv and Fv,c, as applicable, and the vertical displacement, h of the cover(s),
measured in the test, shall be declared.
The securing methods, defined in 6.7 and shown in Table F.1 shall be tested with the vertical
pull-out test. The test shall be carried out after the tilt test described in Annex E.
NOTE. For 6.7 b) weighing of mass is sufficient (see 8.3.7).
Table F.1. Assignment of securing methods to the test(s)
Securing method according to clause
6.7 a) Securing feature

1 screws/bolts (on all multiple covers or on master one)
2 spring bars or other clips (on all multiple covers or on master one)
3 turn buckle device (on all multiple covers or on master one)
4 other securing features
6.7 b) Mass per unit area
1 2
surface mass value: 200 kg/m
2 2
3 2
4 2
5 other surface mass values
6.7 c) Other methods
1 hinged covers
2 multiple hinged covers
3 double tri (or other shape) coupled covers
4 ramp/slide-out covers (machined or not)
5 other designs

F.2 Vertical pull-out test procedure
F.2.1 Preparation of the test
The applied vertical pull-out forces shall be measured in newtons with a calibrated
dynamometer or similar apparatus with a resolution of at least 10 N, capable of applying a
force of at least 25 % greater than the maximum force.
The vertical direction of the pull-out force, Fv, shall be measured with an appropriate device
with an accuracy of ± 5°.
For safety reasons, it is recommended to fix the frame of the test samples.
The measurement device(s) shall have a range of at least 30 mm with a resolution of at least
0.1 mm and have a maximum overall accuracy of ± 5 % to measure the vertical movement.
The vertical pull-out force Fv shall be applied vertically on each single cover/grating by means
of a cable fixed at the geometric centre of the cover/grating. Examples are given in Figure F.1.
Figure F.1. Examples for determination of the geometric centre of cover(s)/grating(s)
F.2.2 Testing arrangements
An appropriate anchoring device where the cable/chain/strap is secured shall be installed at

the geometric centre of the cover/grating, e.g. screwed or welded.
This anchoring device, as shown in Figure F.2 shall be installed in such a way that:
a) the distance between the top of the cover and the cable/chain/strap shall be 100+5
0 mm;
and
b) its longitudinal axis is fixed perpendicular to the cover surface level.

Key
h vertical displacement
Fv vertical pull out force
Figure F.2. Example of vertical pull-out test arrangement
If, in the case of, as example gratings or specific covers, the geometric centre is not fit for the
securing of the anchoring device, washers/plates installed on top surface and underneath or
other accessories can be used to rebuild the centre, and allow the installation of the anchoring
device.
If the cover does not remain in a horizontal position while it is moving in a vertical direction, it
is necessary to determine the point of the largest change in position at which the measurement
shall be made.
F.2.3 Determination of the maximum permissible vertical displacement, h
The vertical displacement shall not exceed 50 % of the depth of insertion A in accordance with
6.3, but with a maximum of 25 mm. The appropriate value of A (with a minimum value, where
applicable) is to be determined.
F.2.4 Determination of the maximum pull-out force, Fv
F.2.4.1 Single cover
The maximum vertical pull-out force shall be determined according to Formula (F.2). The clear
area shall be determined as shown in Figure F.3.

𝐹𝑣 = CA x 0.4 x 10-2 F.2
Where
𝐹𝑣 is the maximum vertical pull-out in newtons; and

CA is the clear area in mm2 .
NOTE. The Clear Area, CA, is used instead of Clear Opening, CO, to achieve a consistent evaluation of the
various dimensions and types of covers.
Figure F.3. Examples of determination of clear areas of single covers/gratings
F.2.4.2 Multiple covers
The clear area of each individual cover shall be determined either on a drawing or at the
sample in accordance with Figure F.4. The maximum vertical pull-out force shall be calculated
in accordance with Formula (F.2) and applied at each individual cover.
𝐹𝑣, 𝑐 = 𝐶𝐴𝑐 𝑋 0.4 𝑋 10−2 F.2
Where
𝐹𝑣𝑐 is the maximum vertical pull-out force of each individual cover in N; and
CAc is the clear area of each individual cover in mm2.
NOTE. The Clear Area, CA, is used instead of the Clear Opening, CO, to achieve a consistent evaluation of the
various dimensions and types of covers.

Figure F.4. Examples of determination of clear areas of multiple covers/gratings
F.2.5 Application of the vertical pull-out force, Fv
The load shall be applied on each single cover at a rate of 0.01 kN/s up to 0.05 kN/s up to the
lifting of the cover with a maximum of 25 mm or up to the maximum pull out force Fv,c as
calculated in F.2.4.2.
The test shall be carried out 3 times consecutively and only the smallest vertical pull-out force,
Fv, and its corresponding vertical displacement h shall be considered and declared.
In case of triangular covers with loose couplings, the loose couplings shall not be removed
before the test.
F.2.6 Measurement of the vertical displacement h and of the pull-out force, Fv
The vertical displacement h shall be measured between the top of the frame and the highest
point of the cover at the moment of lifting as shown in Figure F.2.
When the maximum permissible vertical displacement h is reached, the Fv or Fv,c shall be
measured and recorded.
F.2.7 Declaration of results
The smallest pull-out force Fv and its corresponding vertical displacement h measured for a
single cover/grating in accordance with F.2.6 shall be declared.
In case of multiple covers the smallest pull out force Fv,c of each individual cover and its
corresponding vertical displacement h shall be declared.

Bibliography
[1] BS EN 124 series, Gully tops and manhole tops for vehicular and pedestrian areas
[2] Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guidelines, Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara
[3] Technical Standard for Sewage Collection and Conveyance - Part 1: Sewer Pipe,
Manhole, Pumping Station and Force Main, SPAN
[4] Uniform Technical Guidelines for water reticulation and plumbing, SPAN

Acknowledgements
SPAN and SIRIM STS would like to thank the organisations who have contributed their ideas,
time and expertise in the development of this technical specification.
Mr Iwan Nazri Mohd Nordin (Chairman) Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara

(SPAN)
Ms Noraslina Mat Zain (Technical Secretary) SIRIM STS Sdn Bhd
Ms Muzalifah Mohamad (Project Coordinator) Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara
(SPAN)
Mr Abd Hannan Mohd Khairi ANQAS
Mr Azrin Zahari/Mr Mohd Firdaus Ramaban Indah Water Konsortium
Mr Mohamad Akhir Abdullah IKRAM QAS
Ir Hasrul Nizam Abdul Rahman Jabatan Kerja Raya
Ir Huzaini Haji Husain Jabatan Perkhidmatan Pembetungan
Mr Eric Tan Heng Kok Lye Manufacturing Sdn Bhd
Mr Ng Choy Choon Perniagaan Logam Xing Fa Sdn Bhd
Ir Khairul Amran Md Rashid Pengurusan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd
Ms Wan Norisah Wan Awang/ SIRIM QAS International Sdn Bhd (Product
Mr Roslan Azizan Certification and Inspection)
Mr Azam Mohamad@Subari SIRIM QAS International Sdn Bhd (Testing
Services Department)
Mr Kwek Khai Tak TEM Casting Sdn Bhd
Ms Roselyn Low TPLI Ind Sdn Bhd
© SPAN 2020 - All rights reserved

© Copyright 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this module may be reproduced or utilised in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written
permission from SPAN.

SPAN-TS - MHT STD

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SPAN - TECHNICAL

Manhole tops - Specification

Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN) is a technical and economic regulatory

SPAN TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

SPAN-TS is developed through consensus by established committee, which consists of experts

For further info or enquiries on SPAN-TS, please contact:

Bahagian Pembangunan Industri

Tel: 60 3 8317 9333/334/335

2 Normative references .....................................................................................1

3 Terms and definitions .....................................................................................2

7 Performance requirements ...........................................................................17

8 Testing and inspection ..................................................................................20

Annex A Method of load test for manhole tops ...................................................26

Annex B Determination of water tightness ..........................................................30

Annex C Determination of gas tightness .............................................................32

Annex D Test to determine the unpolished skid resistance value (USRV) of

Annex E Tilt test…….……………………………………………………………..…...38

Annex F Testing of securing of covers within the frame......................................41

© SPAN 2020 - All rights reserved i

This technical specification was developed with the following objectives:

a) to provide a comprehensive standard that prescribes requirements for manhole

c) to provide the regulatory bodies a standard for monitoring of the products.

In the preparation of this technical specification, reference was made to EN 124-1,

ii © SPAN 2020 - All rights reserved

MS 145, Welded steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete - Specification

MS 1721, Structural steels - plates, wide flats and wide strips

MS 1796, Cast carbon steels for general engineering purposes

MS 1828, Spheroidal graphite cast iron - Classification

MS ISO 8062, Castings - System of dimensional tolerances and machining allowances

MS EN 10025 (series), Hot rolled products of structural steels

ISO 1083, Spheroidal graphite cast irons - Classification

BS EN 1563, Founding - Spheroidal graphite cast irons

BS EN 13369:2013, Common rules for precast concrete products

EN 206, Concrete. Specification, performance, production and conformity

3. Terms and definitions

3.1 clear area, CA

The unobstructed area between the seating.

2 © SPAN 2020 - All rights reserved

Figure 1a. Clear area (circular frame)

Figure 1b. Clear area (square frame)

Figure 1c. Clear area (rectangular frame)

3.2 clear opening, CO

© SPAN 2020 - All rights reserved 3

3.4 cushioning insert

3.5 depth of insertion, A

4 © SPAN 2020 - All rights reserved

Frame or cover of a manhole top.

Part of a manhole top which receives and supports a cover

3.8 frame size

3.9 frame depth

3.10 frame bearing area, Ab

NOTE. The bearing area is expressed in square millimetres (mm 2).

© SPAN 2020 - All rights reserved 5

Added component to prevent unauthorised lifting, opening or removal of cover/grating.

Structure with a removable cover constructed on a drain or sewer to permit entry by

3.13 manhole top

Upper part of a manhole consisting of a frame and cover and/or grating.

3.14 mass per unit area

NOTE. The mass per unit area is expressed in kg/m 2.

3.15 pedestrian area

3.16 pedestrian street

The surface on which the cover rests in the frame.

3.18 securing feature