Jimenez, Jhon Sherwin B.

IPE 01-101A

13.1 VOTING METHODS

The majority vote is a common voting method. Voters mark their

ballots with their preferences, and the candidate with the
most votes is declared the winner. This means that more than
half of those on the boat must vote in order for a winner to
be declared. The term "majority" in parliamentary procedure
simply means "more than half," and More than half of all votes
cast constitutes a majority vote. When determining a majority
vote, abstentions and blank votes are not counted.

Plurality Method

It is possible to win an election without a majority of votes

cast. Each person has one vote. each and every candidate The
candidate with the most first-place votes is declared the
winner. In single-winner plurality voting, each voter may vote
for only one candidate, and the winner of the election is the
candidate who represents a plurality of voters, or received
the most votes. As a result, plurality voting is one of the
most straightforward electoral systems for voters and
election officials (though the drawing of district boundary
lines in the plurality system can be very contentious).
Count Borda

In this type of election procedure, weights are used. The

voters rank the candidates on preference ballots and assign
them a week. Each voter assigns a score to each candidate.
If there are n candidates, the first in the ranking sequence
receives n, the next receives n—1, the last receives 1.4, the
second to last receives two points, and the first receives
up to n points. The candidate with the most total points is
declared the winner.

The Hare Technique

The hare method is used if no candidate receives a majority

of votes. This method is employed. when the candidate with
the fewest votes is removed When one candidate is eliminated,
the other candidates are also eliminated. Candidates who rank
lower than the eliminated candidate are promoted to fill open
positions. Continue to eliminate the candidate who has
received the fewest first-place votes until only one candidate
remains. The quota in these voting systems is the number of
votes needed to ensure that a candidate or, in some cases,
a party wins a seat. The Hare quota is calculated by dividing
the total number of votes cast by the number of open seats.

Pairwise Comparison Method

In pairwise comparisons, each candidate is compared head to

head, or one to one, with every other candidate. A will receive
one point if A is preferred over B. B received one point for
mentioning A. The candidate with the most points is declared
the winner. The process of comparing candidates in pairs in
order to determine which candidate is preferred overall is
known as a Pairwise Comparison. In a one-on-one match, each
candidate competes against the other candidate. Pairwise
comparison is a method of voting or decision-making that is
based on determining the winner between every possible pair
of candidates. Each candidate receives one point for a
one-on-one victory and one-half point for a tie.
Method of Approval Voting

A single-winner system is referred to as approval voting. The

approval voting method allows each voter to cast one vote for
each approved candidate. A voter uses approval voting to cast
a ballot that includes all of the candidates who, in the voter's
opinion, would be an acceptable winner. The candidate who
receives the greatest number of votes is declared the winner.
With approval voting, each voter can express their support
for one or more candidates. The final tally shows how many
votes each candidate received, and the winner is the candidate
who received the most votes. Approval voting, on the other
hand, allows some of those voters to seek a consensus candidate
with broader support. Approval voting meets the majority
criterion if "prefer" includes an actual expression of the
preference ("giving it a better vote").

13.2 CONDORCET AND IRRELEVANT ALTERNATIVES

CRITERIONS

The Condorcet Criteria

The candidate who wins the most pairings is declared the winner.
If only one could The candidate who is preferred by the majority
in a one-to-one comparison with all other candidates should
be chosen. For example, if C wins in the pair between B and
C, we record C in column and row B,C are as follows. The
Condorcet winner is the candidate who receives a majority of
the vote in each head-to-head election against each of the
other candidates - that is, a candidate preferred by more
voters than any others - although Condorcet winners do not
exist in all cases. To determine the Condorcet winner, the
number of votes cast for runner over opponent (runner,
opponent) is compared to the number of votes cast for opponent
over runner (opponent, runner).

Criteria for Irrelevant Alternatives

If one of the candidates is declared the winner of an election,
a second round election is held for that candidate held.
Candidates are eliminated, and the first-round winner is
announced. According to the Independence of Irrelevant
Alternatives (IIA) criterion, election results should not
change if a losing candidate is excluded. To see if the IIA
is being violated, we must remove a losing candidate while
keeping the voters' preferences unchanged, and then find the
winner of the new election. If the winner of the new election
differs from the winner of the previous election, the IIA has
been violated.

13.3 APPORTIONMENT

Apportionment is the process of determining how many people

belong to each class. The upper quota is the result of rounding
up, and the lower quota is the result of rounding down.
According to the quota rule, the actual classes assigned to
each class must come from either the lower or upper quota,
but not both. In politics, apportionment frequently involves
allocating the number of representatives in proportion to the
number of constituents they represent. Problems arise when
you have states or regions of varying sizes. To ensure that
everyone has a fair say, sophisticated equations must be used
to determine how to give power to smaller states or regions
while denying power to larger populations. An apportionment
is the distribution of a loss among all insurance companies
that insure a piece of property.