HL Paper 3A

1. [25 marks]

Jurgis wanted to investigate the path, velocity and the length of an arc traced by a pen that was affixed to a
small spinning top.
Jurgis found that he could represent the displacement of the tip of this pen with a column vector
−𝑡
𝑥
(𝑦) = ( 2𝑒−𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 ) for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋.
4

3𝑒 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝜋
Let A be the initial position and B be the position of the tip of the pen at 𝑡 = 2 .

a. (i) Find the position A. [2]

(ii) Find the position B. [1]

b. Hence or otherwise, sketch the path of the tip of this pen in the xy-plane. [2]

c. Describe the path over time. [2]

d. (i) Find the velocity vector in terms of t. [4]

(ii) Find the magnitude of the velocity in the form of
√𝑝(𝑡)(𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)2 + 𝑞(𝑡) (𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)2
where p(t) and q(t) are some functions of t, and a, b, c and d are some real numbers.
[2]
(iii) Find t when the pen tip has the maximum velocity. [2]

𝑑𝑦 −𝑡 cos 𝑡+3 sin 𝑡

e. (i) Show that 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 12 (sin 𝑡−4 cos 𝑡) [2]
𝑑𝑦
(ii) Interpret 𝑑𝑥
. [1]

Author: Kokming Lee

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 Note: Diagrams are not drawn to scale.

Let P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2). Jurgis wanted to find out the length of any arc PQ on the trace.
He used the chord PQ to approximate the arc PQ as in the diagram in the far left but this approximate is
not good. If he allowed x to approach 0 then his approximations improved.
Let s be the arc length PQ and 𝑠 = Δ𝑠1 + ⋯ + Δ𝑠𝑛 , where nx = y2 – y1.

Δ𝑠 2 Δ𝑦 2
f. (i) Show that (Δ𝑥) ≈ 1 + (Δ𝑥 ) . [2]
𝑥 d𝑦 2
(ii) Explain why 𝑠 = ∫𝑥 2 √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥. [3]
1 d𝑥

Let P(0,3) and Q(1,0).

g. Hence, find the arc length of PQ. [2]

Author: Kokming Lee

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 2. [30 marks]
Salma wanted to find out how changes in labour and physical capital (e.g. machineries etc.) affect production
change in the agricultural sector in her province. Salma has collected the information below.

Production value in Labour days in millions of

Year millions of dollars, Y days, L
7640 127
0
9280 124
1
9580 127
2
11400 130
3
13200 140
4
12700 138
5
13400 136
6
7 14500 132

Salma learned about the Cobb-Douglas production function below from her economics class.
Y = DLaKb where Y, L and K are production value, labour input and capital input respectively.
D, a and b are some real constants.

Salma used ln Y = d + a ln L model for her investigation.

a. Explain the reasoning for her choice. [1]

Report the data accurate to 4 decimal places.

b. (i) Find the correlation coefficient for your model. [2]
(ii) Perform a test on the data above to decide whether or not there is a linear relationship between ln
Y and ln L at the 1% significant level. [3]

c. (i) Write down the value a for your model. [1]

(ii) Comment on the validity of the estimated a in your model. [2]

Author: Kokming Lee

© Oliver Bowles & Jim Noble,
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 Capital input in millions of
Year dollars, K
8190
0
8410
1
9570
2
10200
3
12300
4
14500
5
15400
6
7 19200

Salma realized her model in (a) was not realistic because workers and machineries are needed in the agricultural
sector. She collected the above data and organized all her data into a system of equations.
ln(7640) = d + aln(127) + bln(8190)
ln(9280) = d + aln(124) + bln(8410)
⋮ ⋮
ln(14500) = d + aln(132) + bln(19200)

Salma further reorganized her system of equations into

Y = XB
𝑑
where Y is an 8 x 1 matrix, X is a m x n matrix and 𝑩 = [𝑎 ].
𝑏
d. (i) Write down the value of m and n. [2]
(ii) Explain why all the entries in the first column of X are 1s. [1]
(iii) Explain why X is non-invertible. [1]

𝑎 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Salma knows that if A = [𝑏 𝑒 ] then the transpose of A is AT =[ ].
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑐 𝑓

e. Show that B = (X TX)-1(X TY). [4]

Salma can find the transpose matrix by using button 2 in the screenshot below.

f. (i) Hence, find matrix B. [2]

(ii) Comment on the implication of using the estimate a from model (a) instead of the estimate from
matrix B. [1]

Author: Kokming Lee

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g. The goodness of fit for the model in (e) can be measured with sum of squared residuals, SSres.
(i) Find SSres in terms of X, Y and B. [3]

(ii) Find the value of SSres. for the model in (e). [1]

𝑑𝑦
h. (i) Find 𝑑𝐿 in terms of Y and L. [3]
(ii) Interpret the estimate for a above. [1]
The provincial government wants to increase the value of agricultural production.
(iii) Explain whether the government should increase labour or capital input.
Justify your answer. [2]

END OF TEST

Author: Kokming Lee

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