10 10 cm

To design a dual band antenna with resonance frequency peaks at 145MHz and 435MHz. the dimension
can be calculated by formula or using online calculator who’s dimensions will be around 30 40 cm.

So in order to reduce the size of patch there are some techniques which helps to get same results with
half of original size of patch are even lower. One of them is shorting pin technique

The original size of antenna is slightly higher due to Fringing effect comes due to electric field lines which
makes the antenna size wider after excitation. The main cause of fringing effect is due to width and
position of feed in antenna.

A shorting pin can act like the feed line of the Microstrip antenna.

Shorting pins are added which connect patch and ground plane through substrate to create the direct
flow of current between patch and ground. This helps to get resonance peak or dip against the original
dimensions of antenna. So we can get resonance frequency with small size of design. The working
frequency band is considered below -10db which means 90 percent of power antenna is radiating in the
environment and 10 percent is loss. So return loss equal to -10db considered best where 95 percent is
antenna radiating the waves. So in order to get high dB we use more than one shorting pin to increase
the strength of surface current flow from patch to ground and here placed in symmetric manner
because as we need to shift the resonance band it become easy. By moving along feeding coaxial port
we optimize to get the require resonance frequency. Actually this can be observed with surface current
in cst.

Shorting pins increase the flow of current so that force antenna to resonate with less dimensions as
compare to original dimensions that that optimize position in this way we can decrease the size of
antenna.

Shorting pin can be used for three different purposes.

When shorting pin is used near to feeding position about 3mm apart which enhance the db or dip
improvement. With slightly change in position or radius can optimize the resonance to the require
frequency of operation.

Second way is using shorting pin at diagonal of square patch and moving along diagonal which helps to
generate new resonance frequency and with the optimization of position and radius of shorting pin can
shift the band upto some extent. This diagonal movement of shorting pin should be symmetric in order
to get equal dip of each band.

Third way is moving shorting pin way from feeding position to words corner can shift the frequency
band with same dimension of antenna.

So everything has some limits can shift the band upto certain frequency after that dip of band start
decreasing so in this case we need to change substrate or increase the dimensions and optimize again.
As we say shorting pin force antenna to resonate at particular frequency without original size of antenna
for that frequency the gain of antenna is compromised , which is more changes from directional to
bidirectional or omni directional so due to side lobes increases in results the forward gain reduced.

Position of feeding pin is optimize to get 50ohm that point lies at 1/4 th of patch surface with slightly
moving towards a corner or vertically moving towards the side can be optimized.

Now here dimension restriction is 10 10 cm so shorting pin is lies at corner can not move further way
because of corner so results are shown below .
10 15 cm

Now need to increase the size of patch the frequency will shift towards the desire one. But with moving
shorting pins towards corner te frequency bands will also shift accordingly.

Similarly which is again possible upto certain level again we will reach the corner so further shift in
frequency is not possible so increase the size of antenna and moving pin can achieve the desired
frequency band.
These results are obtained when the pins is placed diagonally from center of patch here can see we are
getting three bands periodically Also the patch dimensions are no longer square shape so diagonally
placement of shorting pins technique no longer much effective. Also our interest is to get two bands
with high dip of band so shorting pins are placed at corner of patch which gives maximum shift in
frequency in given dimensions. So as the shorting pins are reached at corner the further length is
increase to further shift the frequency band.

This is optimized results in 10 15

Another technique is using L or T shape slot in patch and ground plane with same dimensions.

And moving it along patch dimensions and with optimizing the length of slot with trial and error method
can get the require band with little high bandwidth but the technique require a lot of simulations and
experiment to get require band with even further reduced size of patch as compare tousing shorting
pins. Results with slots are shown below
10 17.7 cm

Here is final optimize parameters for 145 and 435MHz frequency band. The feeding pin is placed at 1/4 th
of patch are slightly moved. And shorting pins are placed symmetric space between them because we
are controlling one band 145MHz frequency band with shorting pin. If we work on three band then
these pins will not place symmetric manner. And 435MHz band is controlled with length dimensions
17.7 cm of patch.
The I port impedance is matched at 50ohm.
VSWR of working band should be in-between 1 to 2 to minimize the losses. Here for 145MHz is 1.21 and
435MHz is 1.13 which is consider good.

Here in surface current can be observed the red color current movement shows maximum strength of
current. So 435MHz band resonance is dip obtained with length of patch so which are distributed all
along.

Unlike 435MHz band here is 145MHz band resonance is obtained with shorting pins position and
strength of current flow into ground plane so can see the maximum strength.