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Difficulty Index
• Proportion of students who answered the item correctly.
Discrimination Index D
• Measure of the extent to which a test item discriminates or
differentiates between students who do well on the overall
test and those who do not do well on the overall test.
Discrimination Index (D)
Positive Discrimination Index
• Those who did well on the overall test chose the
correct answer for a particular item more often than
those who did poorly on the overall test.
Negative Discrimination Index
• Those who did poorly on the overall test chose the
correct answer for a particular item more often than
those who did well on the overall test.
Zero Discriminanation Index
• Those who did well and those who did poorly on the
overall test chose the correct answer for a particular
item with equal frequency
Quantitative Item Analysis
Item X
A B C* D
3 0 18 9
Note:
If P level > 0.75, the item is considered relatively easy.
If P level < 0. 25, the item is considered relatively difficult.
Options A B C* D
Upper 1 0 11 3
Lower 2 0 7 6
5. Compute D, by plugging the appropriate
numbers in the formula
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒘𝒉𝒐 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒘𝒉𝒐
𝒈𝒐𝒕 𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒈𝒐𝒕 𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒎
−
𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒊𝒏
𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑 𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑
𝑫=
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔
𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑
𝟏𝟏 − 𝟕
𝑫= = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟕
𝟏𝟓
Since the discrimination index of
item X is 0. 267, which is positive. More
students who did well on the overall test
answered the item correctly than students
who did poorly on the overall test.
Implication
Difficulty Level (p) = 0. 60
Discrimination Index (D) = 0.267
Item X YES
A B C* D
3 0 18 9
Options A* B C D Options A B* C D
Upper 4 1 5 4 Upper 3 4 3 5
Lower 1 7 3 3 Lower 0 10 2 3
Remember:
Testing is to discriminate between those students
who know their stuff and those who do not.
MISKEYING
Most students who did well on the
test will likely select an option that is
a distractor, rather than the option that
is keyed.
Consider the miskeyed item
Who was the first astronaut
to set foot on the moon?
a. John Glenn
Responses
b. Scott Carpenter
c. Neil Armstrong A B C D*
*d. Alan Sheppard Upper 1 1 9 2
A B C* D
Upper Half 4 3 3 3
A B C D*
Upper Half 7 0 1 7
QUALITATIVE ITEM ANALYSIS
Pretest Posttest
𝑁𝑜.𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 6 21
𝑃=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 25 25
= 0.24 =0.84
21 −6 15
𝐷= = = 0.60
25 25
The key has a positive discrimination
index.
3. Determine whether each option separately
discriminates negatively.
1−9 −8
Option A: 𝐷 = = = −0.32
25 25
1−7 −6
Option B: 𝐷 = = = −0.24
25 25
2−3 −1
Option C: 𝐷 = = = −0.04
25 25
Summary
1. There was sizeable increase in p value from
pretest to posttest.
2. The D index for the key was positive.
3. The distractors are all discriminated negatively.
What to do?
Percentage Passing Posttest – Percentage of Passing Pretest
The more positive the difference, the more the item tapping
the content you are teaching.
Analyzing Sample Data
Consider the following percentages for five test
items:
Item Percentage Percentage Difference
passing pretest passing posttest
1 16 79 +63%
2 10 82 +72%
3* 75 75 0%
4 27 91 +64%
5* 67 53 -14%
Result of Mary
Item Pretest Posttest
1* Incorrect Correct
2 Correct Correct
3* Incorrect Correct
4 Correct Incorrect
5 Incorrect Incorrect
18+15+22+20+13 88
= = 17.6
5 5
3. Divide by number
of test items.
THANK YOU…