Outline

This Lecture
• Rotating DC powers machines
• Definitions:
• Stator, rotor
• Armature windings , field windings
• Commutator
• Loss mechanisms in a DC motor
• Torque vs speed curves
• Shunt vs series configurations
• Reading a motor nameplate
• Brushed vs brushless DC motors
• Controlling motor speed and direction
• unidirectional with transisitor
• Bidirctional control: H-bridge
Motor Universe
• DC Motors
• AC Motors
• Stepper

• Servo
Rotating Machines
• Whether, DC, Synchronous(AC) or
Induction(AC), all have Stators and
Rotors
• have magnetic cores
• have windings on at least one (stator
and/or rotor)

• Current in: windings produce mag fields

(motor)
• Voltage out: df/dt in windings produce
voltages (generators)
• Motor rotation caused by poles of rotor
aligning itself with poles of stator
• Generator output caused by external
force on rotor creating moving mag
fields that induce voltages.

• The more B and/or i, the more Force

DC motor Construction
Video with very good graphics
on DC motors
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWulQ1ZSE3c

National Electrical
Manufacturers
Association
DC Motor Characteristics
Torque / Speed curves
• These should remind you of
something…

• Overlay the “load line” of the source

with the torque/speed curve of the
load.
Losses in a motor
Shunt and Series connected
motors
Given a DC motor…
• If you have rotor and stator windings
separately connected, could you
configure it to be…shunt or series
connected??
Attributes of Shunt and Series
Formal analysis given in
Rizzoni

• Choosing a DC motor depends on use…

• High starting torque (trains, hoists,

conveyers)…Series is best
• Adjustable speed, higher speed
constant torque …Shunt
Nameplate data
• Name plate data. No two alike
• Power draw I x V
• Power factor
• Max mechanical power (HP or kW)
• Efficiency (optimal since not the same at
all conditions of use)
• Type of wiring
Choosing a motor example

• Need a motor to lift an animal:

- 1-5 cm/sec
- Gearing allowed
- Animal weight 25-200 lbs

What mechanical power do you need?

Shunt or series motor?
Brushed vs Brushless DC
motors
• Contact to the armature requires brushes that
sweep along the shaft.
• A commutator is a brushed contact that
switches current direction
• Brushless motors have no brushes
• They use electronic sensors and switches to
change the direction of current
• More complex : commutating devices
(controllers, rotary encoders, drives).

• Brushed motors are cheaper and simpler.

• Brushless motors have a higher efficiency (85-

90%) then brushed (75%-80%).
Hall Effect Sensors
• The brushless DC motor often employs
a sensor to detect the orientation of the
permanent magnet.
• This is how the system knows when to
switch current direction.
• Hall Effect sensors can be used in MANY
applications to detect presence of a
magnetic field
• They are contactless, purely electronic
so are more reliable.
• Used in automotive all over the place
• Poll

ee101_13
Motor Universe
• DC Motors
• Permanent magnet
• Shunt / series winding configurations
• Pros /cons
• Brushed / brushless
• Pros cons

• AC Motors
• Stepper

• Servo