Fractional Horse Power Motor (FHP) –

Introduction –
In this PPT, the construction, working principle,
torque speed characteristics and applications of some special
machines such as Synchronous reluctance motor, Switched
reluctance motor, BLDC, Permanent magnet synchronous
motor, DC and AC servo motors and stepper motors also
have been discussed.
1. Single phase Synchronous Motors:
There are some special types of synchronous motors working on
the single phase ac supply. Two of them are :
1.Reluctance motor 2.Hysteresis motor
•Synchronous Reluctance Motor –
Introduction :
1. A reluctance motor is a type of electric motor that induces temporary
magnetic poles on the ferromagnetic rotor.
2. The rotor does not have any windings. It generates torque through
magnetic reluctance.
3. Reluctance motor subtypes include synchronous, variable, switched and
variable stepping.
4. Reluctance motors can deliver high power density at low cost. This makes
them attractive for many applications.
•Working-
• Synchronous reluctance motors are designed to run at
exact, “synchronous” speeds. They accomplish this by
using a three-phase stator winding (producing a true RMF)
and a rotor which implements salient rotor poles and
internal magnetic flux barriers (usually notches or air gaps
within the rotor, see Figure 1).
Construction –
• The rotor in this motor does not include any field winding but
the stator includes 3- phase symmetrical winding.
• This winding will create the sinusoidal turning magnetic field
within the air gap & the reluctance torque can be developed
when the induced magnetic field within the rotor.
• This rotor comprises a tendency to
make the rotor connect through
 the stator field at the least reluctance
location.
Merits –
• This motor has constant speed like three phase synchronous
motor.
• But it does not require d.c. supply for excitation2.purpose.
Hence it is less complicated and needs lessmaintenance.
• Rotor synchronicity, which leads to a more accurate speed
ccontroll
Limitations-
• It is not very widely manufactured yet.
• Also rotor must be light in weight to start rotating
• Power factor of the motor is also low.
• Higher cost than induction Motor.
Applications-
• Timing devices (clocks)
• Gramophones (to rotate the disc)
• Recording instruments
• Hard Disk Drive motor.
2.Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)-
Introduction-
•The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is basically an AC synchro
motor in which the field excitation is provided by permanent magnets, and has a
sinusoidal back EMF waveform.
•The PMSM can be viewed as a cross between an induction motor and a brushles
motor. Because, like a brushless DC motor,
•it has the statorwindings and a permanent magnet rotor.However, the stator stru
with windings is similar to that of an induction motor.
•Construction and working-
• The stator carries windings connected to an AC supply to produce
a rotating magnetic field.
• A PMSM uses permanent magnets embedded in the steel rotor to
create a constant magnetic field.
• These motors do not have the field (rotor) winding. Instead they
have a permanent magnet rotor. No external dc excitation is
needed.
• This will eliminate the need for the slip rings and brushes. This
reduces the winding losses and necessity of maintenance
• At synchronous speed the rotor poles get locked with the
rotating magnetic field and the motor rotates in synchronism
with the rotating magnetic field.
• Permanent magnet synchronous motors are similar to brushless
DC motors.
•Torque speed Characteristics-
• The torque produced by a PMSM remains constant at all the
speeds.
• With permanent magnets the PMSM can generate torque even at
zero speed.
• The maximum synchronous torque of these motors is about 150
percent of the rated torque.
• If they are loaded beyond this point, then the motor will lose its
synchronism and will run either as an induction motor or stall.
•Advantages:
1. Maximum efficiency.
2. Dynamic speed control possible.3
3. Fast reaction to load change.
4. Small installation space, low weight.
5. No sparking because of absence of brushes and slipring.
Disadvantages PMSM Motors:
6. They are expensive..
7. Complex construction.
8. Need complex electronic controllers.
Applications:
• Most suitable for applications Requiring The maintenance of
precise speed.
• For synthetic-fiber drawing.
• PMSM are good for the applications that do not require a
particularly high field weakening ability. For example, ship's
propellers, generators, or auxiliary drives such as compressors.
•Servomotor-
Introduction –
A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise
control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration. It consists of
a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position
Definetion –
•This is nothing but a simple electric motor, controlled with the help of
servomechanism.
•If the motor as a controlled device, associated with servomechanism is DC
motor, then it is commonly known DC Servo Motor.
•If AC operates the controlled motor, it is called AC Servo Motor.
A.C Servomotor:
• Construction –
In AC servomotors we have two parts rotor and stator. A
stator has two windings reference winding and
controlled winding which are displaced by 90 degrees.
Fixed signal is applied at reference
winding while a variable error signal
is applied at the controlled winding.
Torque speed characteristics
• The basic requirement of a servomotor is that its torque-speed
characteristics should be linear.
• The linearity of the characteristics improves with increase in rotor
resistance.
• The conclusion is that the characteristics become more and more
linear as resistance is increased as comparedto reactance.
Advantages of AC Servomotors:
1. No maintenance as slip rings and brushes are not used.
2. Light weight.
3. Robust construction.
4. Quick response due to small reactance to resistanceratio (X is small as
compared to R).
5. Operation is smooth and quiet.
6. Controllers are simple.
• Apllications-
1. Process control equipments
2. Robotics
3. Machine tools
4. Instrumentservos
5. Sewing machine
6. Process controllers
7. AC position control applications
8. Portable drilling machines
Dc servomotor-
• DC servomotor is an ordinary dc motor. But it is a separately
excited dc motor.
• The DC servo motors are further classified into twotypes :
1. Armature controlled type
2. Field controlled type.
Field controlled dc servomotor-
Construction-
• The signal from the servo amplifier is applied to the field
winding.
• The armature is connected to the constant currentsource.
• The field current is controlled by the voltage from
servoamplifier. This in turn controls the flux.
• The voltage from the servo amplifier is proportional tothe
error signal produced in the control system in whichthe
servomotor is being used.
• This amplified error signal obtained from the servo amplifier
is used for controlling the field current.
Armature controlled DC Servomotor-

• The constant current source is now applied to the field

winding hence I, remains constant.
• Whereas the servo amplifier output is now connected to
the armature so that the armature current is dependent on
the error produced in the system in which the servomotor
is being used.
Sr.no. A.C. Servomotor D.C. Servomotor

1 Operates with low power. Operates with higher power.

2 No brushes and gives noiseless Noisy operation.

operation.

3 Low efficiency. High efficiency.

4 More stable. Less stable.

5 Less maintenance required. More maintenance required.