Synchronous Machine

Both air gap field and rotor rotate at synchronous speed

Doubly-excited machine – can draw lagging/leading reactive current from supply
Unique feature: power factor control capability

dc
Synchronous Motor
Synchronous Machine
 Synchronous Machine
Air gap flux is the resultant of fluxes due to both stator and rotor currents

Rotor current Stator current

Just to excite No reactive current
Decreased Draw lagging reactive current to aid magnetization by rotor
current
Increased Draw leading reactive current to oppose the magnetization

Synchronous condenser- SM with no load

Stator - Three-phase distributed winding

Rotor- connected to ac supply (designed for high voltage and current rating)
Cylindrical – uniform air-gap, high speed machines, larger rating
(several hundred MW), long and have small diameter,
distributed winding

Salient pole- non-uniform air-gap, low-speed machines, large number

of poles (up to 50), hydro electric generators, shorter and
large diameter, (0.05- 5 MW), concentrated winding
 Synchronous Motor
It is not self-starting

No starting torque but it vibrates

Starting Methods:
Using variable-frequency supply
Start as Induction motor

Start with low-frequency supply

Expensive
Useful when the SM has to run at variable-speed
 Synchronous Motor
Start as an IM:
Rotor field winding is left unexcited and motor terminals are connected to the
supply, motor will start as IM because current will be induced in the damper
winding (mounted on the rotor) to produce torque.

At Ns , no current will be induced in the damper winding.

Change in speed due to load change- current will be induced in the damper
winding

Equivalent circuit of SM:

Reactance of magnetizing/
armature reaction.
Synchronous Motor
 Determination of Synchronous Reactance
Open-circuit Test:

Short-circuit Test:

Unsaturated reactance

Saturated reactance:
Synchronous Generator
Phasor Diagram

Synchronous Motor
 Power and Torque Characteristics
Per-phase equivalent ckt
 Power and Torque Characteristics
If the stator losses are not considered, then air gap power and the power
developed at the terminals are equal.

where

-Maximum/pull out torque

Power-Angle Curve Torque-Speed Characteristics
 Synchronous Motor

Home Work
 Speed Control of Synchronous Motor
Vary the supply frequency
Wide range of frequency
variation

Frequency can be varied below 1/3 of

supply frequency
 Speed Control of Synchronous Motor

Torque-Speed Characteristic of VVVF Operation of SM

Speed Control of Synchronous Motor
Speed Control of Synchronous Motor
 Applications of Synchronous Machines
-Mainly used as generator
-Motor-constant speed, high efficiency (92-96%), power factor control capability
-MG sets, air compressor, centrifugal pump, blowers, crushers
-Disadvantage- requirement of dc supply

Ship propulsion, rubber mills,

Pulp grinder

Variable speed drives- urban transit system, locomotives

Motor Applications
 Single-Phase Synchronous Motors

- No need of dc field excitation

- Do not use permanent magnets
- Simple in construction.
- Low power applications requiring constant speed
e.g Clocks, Timers, Turntables
 Reluctance Motors
1. To provide required no. of poles some rotor teeth are removed and some saliency is
introduced in the rotor structure .
2. Can start similar to induction motor
3. Reluctance torque is developed due to saliency of the motor if motor rotates at
synchronous speed.
4. Large power reluctance motors of integral horsepower
rating are invariably of 3-φ type.

(a) Four pole rotor structure (b) Torque- speed characteristics

Requires large amount of reactive current for its excitation.

Maximum torque reduces as no dc excitation is present.
Reluctance motor is several times larger than synchronous motor with dc excitation having
same hp and speed ratings.
No-slip rings, no brushes, no dc field winding, low cost maintenance free operation.
 Hysteresis Motors

(a) Stator and rotor field. (b) T-n characteristic.

Principles Of Electrical Machines and Power

21 Chapter 7: Single Phase Motors
Electronics
 Stepper Motor
Digital electro-mechanical device – each pulse input results in a movement of
shaft by discrete angle
-number of pulses decide the angle through which shaft rotates(position control)
-The rate at which pulses are supplied decide the speed (speed control)
- Motor is suitable for open loop position and speed control
- Control is simple (no need of position/speed sensor, and feedback loop)
-Applications: printers, tape/disk drives, X-Y recorders, robotics, textile industry

Types: Variable reluctance type

Permanent magnet type
Hybrid type
 Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
Four-phase 4/2 Pole:
Excitation sequence- A-B-C-D for clock-wise rotation of 900
A-D-C-B-A for counter clock-wise rotation of 900
-Direction of current flow does not alter the direction of rotation

-Gating sequence to obtain a step angle of 450 - A, A+B, B, B+C, C+D, D, D+A-
Microstepping
 Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
Four-phase 8/6 Pole:

Detent or residual torque: The torque required to rotate the motor’s output
shaft with no current applied to the windings.
Salient features:
-High torque to inertia ratio- high rates of acceleration and fast response
- don’t have detent torque