UNPACKING

GENDER AND
DEVELOPMENT
WARNING:
ANG USAPANG
ITO AY RATED
SPG.
WARNING:
-Not a war of the sexes.
-Not an anti-male stance.
-Both women and men
are victims although
women are affected
more than men.
In practically all cultures
women have a lower status than
men.
ACTIVITY No. 1
GENDER vs SEX:
AN ANALYTIC
TOOL
1. WOMEN EARN LESS
MONEY THAN THEN
MEN DO.
2. A HUSBAND CANNOT
FOLLOW HIS WIFE IN A
DIPLOMATIC POSTING.
3. GIRLS DROP OUT OF
SCHOOL MORE THAN
BOYS DO.
4. IN MOST
TRADITIONS, WOMEN
DO NOT OWN LAND.
5. A MAN IS THE HEAD
OF THE HOUSEHOLD.
6. IT IS NOT THE JOB OF
THE FATHER TO
CHANGE DIAPERS.
7. MEN DON’T CRY.
8. A WIFE CANNOT
INITIATE SEX WITH HER
HUSBAND.
9. THERE ARE MORE
MALE LEADERS THAN
FEMALE LEADERS.
10. BOYS CLIMB
TREES, GIRLS DON’T.
11. WOMEN
MENSTRUATE, MEN
DON’T.
12. A GIRL CANNOT
PROPOSE MARRIAGE
TO A BOY.
13. WOMEN CANNOT
BE RELIGIOUS LEADERS.
14. WOMEN ARE
NATURAL CHILD CARE
PROVIDERS.
15. A MAN CANNOT
GET PREGNANT.
16. Onlywomen
can breastfeed
babies.
17. Women are
emotional and men
are rational.
18. Malevoice
break at puberty.
19. Women have
broad hips than men
and so their gait is
more attractive.
20. Menare sexually
more aggressive
than women.
ACTIVITY No. 2

TRUE OR FALSE
 Question 1

Women have a greater ability

to detect smells than men
 Answer: True
Studies say that this may be linked to estrogen
hormones. The structure of the nose is the same in
women as men, and they don’t have any more
receptors in the nose, but studies have shown smells
activate a greater region in the brain in women than
men.
 Question 2

The female brain is bigger than the

male brain
 Answer: False
The male brain is larger than the female’s,
having about 4% more cells and weighing
100 grams more than female brains.
Question 3

Women are more talkative

than men
Answer: True
In females, the region associated with
language and social interaction is
significantly larger than males, and located
in both cerebral hemispheres, not just the
left (as in males).
Question 4

Men age faster than women

Answer: False
Women have particularly denser neurons
that deteriorate differently, which can
lead to dementia quicker than a man’s
brain would. But women generally have
faster blood flow to their brains, causing
them to lose less brain tissue as they age.
Question 5

Females are more tolerant to

physical pain than men
Answer: TRUE
Females have more coping
mechanisms than men do to deal with
pain (i.e. more complex endorphin
and ocxytocin responses
ACTIVITY No. 3

YES or NO
Ang babaeng bungangera ay dapat
lang bugbugin.
Kasalanan ng babaeng magahasa kung
siya ay naglalakad nang alas dose ng
gabi.
Sakit ang pagiging lesbyana o bakla.

Makasalanan ang babae sa prostitusyon.

 SEX vis-a-vis GENDER

❑ BIOLOGICAL ❑ SOCIO-CULTURAL
DIMENSION CONSTRUCTION
- chromosomes ❑ LEARNED
- hormones -gender of rearing
-gender identity
- reproductive parts
-gender role
- physical ❑ VARIABLE ACROSS
AGE AND TIME
❑ RELATIVELY FIXED ❑ VARIABLE ACROSS
AT BIRTH CULTURE
❑ UNIVERSAL ❑ SHIFTING AND FLUID
Gender Source: WHO

•Gender refers to the

socially constructed
characteristics of women
and men – such as norms,
roles and relationships of
and between groups of
women and men. It varies
from society to society and
can be changed.
Gender Roles
•Some maybe be rigid
•Some are more
flexible
•Stereotypes of roles
of women and men
These roles are prescribed as ideal or
appropriate behavior for a person of
that specific gender.
 Heeled Shoes
• High Heeled shoes, unanimously
considered feminine in Western
society.
• But this was initially designed for
upper class men to use when hunting
on horseback.
• Through the years the high heeled
shoes of the men became shorter and
fatter while it became thinner and
higher and is now associated with
being “feminine”
• There is nothing intrinsically feminine
about the high heeled shoes. Social
norms have made it so.
Violence is
made a
laughing or
made to
appear as
something
“cute”

Shirt sold in SM
“The Naked Truth” fashion show where Coco Martin pulled a female
model on a leash which netizens saw as an act commodifying women.

@inquirerdotnet
Sexist Comments and
statements on women
including rape

President elect Duterte

Rate of Incidence of rape in Phil.
• In 2013, PNP’s annual report based on Directorate for
Investigation and Detective Management (DIDM) data tallied as
much as 7,409 reported rape incidents, or one every 72
minutes.

• In the past 15 years, three out of four rape incidents reported

to the PNP WCPC involved child victims.
= 14,296

= 44,034

Source: PNP Women and Children

Protection Center

http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/376614/news/specialreports/special-report-rape-in-the-philippines-numbers-reveal-disturbing-trend
 Abusive Cultural Practices
• Child Brides
• Circumcision – both male and female (FGM)
• Breast ironing
• Acid Throwing, eve teasing
• Stoning to death
• Defense of honor
On Women Leadership
Women Leaders in Place in 2015
•Germany
Germany •South Korea
Germany
Liberia Cyrpus (North)
Argentina Senegal
Bangladesh Norway
Lithuania Latvia
Trinidad and Tobago Central African Republic
Brazil Chile
Kosovo Malta
Denmark Poland
Jamaica Switzerland
Slovenia Croatia

http://www.jjmccullough.com/charts_rest_fe
male-leaders.php
World's 10 most populous nations
and female leader status:

1 China No
2 India Yes
3 United States No
4 Indonesia Yes
5 Brazil Yes
6 Pakistan Yes
7 Bangladesh Yes
8 Nigeria No
9 Russia No
10 Japan No
“Womennomics” Shinzo Abe

“All women should shine”

 In the Corporate World

The number of female CEOs at Fortune 500 companies stands at 23, with
exactly the same number occupying equivalent positions in the rest of the
Fortune 1000.
http://www.topmba.com/admissions/women-leadership-top-10-b-
schools-females
 In the Corporate World
Women in the workforce (they now occupy more than
40% of all managerial positions in the United States)

Consider the most highly paid executives of Fortune 500

companies—those with titles such as chairman, president,
chief executive officer, and chief operating officer.
6% are women
2% of the CEOs are women
15% of the seats on the boards of directors are
held by women

On the top corporations in each nation of the European

Union:
11% of the top executives are women
4% of the CEOs heads of boards

Women and the labyrinth of leadership

Harvard Business Review
 Gender Issues in the
Workplace

Women:
an all-important resource for human
talent
Some Statistics
Women Men
Not working full-time/ 1 in 3 1 in 20
with MBA
% who opt out 37 24
Age 25-29 87% 100%
Age 40-44 71% 100%
With ambition 33% 50%
Growth rate of graduate degrees 16% 1.3%
Keeping Talented Women

•Why Women Leave

•Why Reentry is Difficult
•The Penalties of Time-out
•Downsizing Ambition
Top 5 Reasons for Leaving
• Women
Family time 44%
Earn a degree/other training 23%
Work not enjoyable/satisfying 17%
Moved away 17%
Change careers 16%
• Men
Change careers 29%
Earn a degree/other training 25%
Work not enjoyable/satisfying 24%
Not interested in field 18%
Family time 12%
Reasons/Stats for Reentry
Reasons
43% For enjoyment and satisfaction
38% Household income no longer sufficient
24% Desire to give something back to the
community
16% Regain power and status

Statistics
93% want to return
74% manage to do so
40% return to full-time jobs
24% take part-time jobs
9% become self-employed
Career Goals of Women
82% ability to associate with people they
respect
79% freedom to be themselves
64% opportunity to be flexible with
schedule
61% opportunity to collaborate with
others
56% give back to the community
51% recognition from the company
Reversing the Brain Drain
•Reduced-Hour Jobs
•Flexibility in the Day
•Flexibility in the Arc of a Career
•Removing the Stigma
•Stopping Burning Bridges
•Providing Outlets
•Nurturing Ambition
Adopting an On-Ramp
• Why do women leave careers after having invested
heavily in developing skills?
• Would men leave their careers if they ahd a spouse
who was earning enough?
• What would employers have to do? How would the
other women (and the men) be affected?
• Why do more women work part-time than men?
• What are the costs and benefits of having part-time
employees?
• What are the risks of this kind of policies?
• Are women more likely to leave a job than men?
ENGENDERING JOBS
KEY MESSAGES
• Gender inequality is a major part of global jobs
challenge. Appropriate responses require levelling
the playing field and creating the types of jibs that
can empower women.
• Reducing gender gaps in the world of work can
yield big development pay offs. These extend
beyond benefits to the women themselves,
including spillover effects on children, enhanced
poverty reduction, catalyzing business
productivity, and broader social cohesion.
FACTS ABOUT GENDER AT WORK
KEY MESSAGES
• Gender gaps in the world of work arise in multiple
forms, including types of jobs, firms and farming;
earnings; and rates of participation.
• Women and men sort into different types of
economic activity, including different occupations,
sectors, industries, and types of firms.
• Women consistently earn less than men.
• Women’s labor for participation globally has
stagnated.
IGNITING GENDER EQUALITY IN THE
WORLD OF WORK
KEY MESSAGES
•Government can play a critical role in
levelling the playing field for women’s
economic opportunities.
•Sound job strategies to reduce gender
inequality in the world of work star with
careful country-level diagnostics to
understand local priorities and key
constraints to women’s work.
•To private sector is the largest source of
jobs and therefore essential to engage
for equality in the world of work.
•Significant data and knowledge gaps
pose major challenges to evidence-
based policy-making and need to be
addressed.
 Why study gender?

• Gender is an important human variable

• Women and men show a wide range of
variations within and between genders
• People react differently to men and women
• Women are less visible than men in many
important areas
Gender Analysis
We need to conceptualize
gender as a social
structure, to better
analyze the ways in which
gender is embedded in
the individual,
interactional, and
Barbara J. Risman
institutional dimensions
of our society.
 Effects of Gender Construction on Women
and Men

• Violence
• Exclusion
• Discrimination
• Marginalization
• Exploitation
Effects of Gender Construction on
Women and Men
•Stereotypes men’s roles,
identities and attributes
•Places on men expectations
and roles not of his own choice
and decision
•Puts unnecessary burdens on
men
•Perpetuates Violence
It is not what you see; it is how (filter) you see.
Context and Social Location

• Human beings are historical agents located in time, place,

and culture. All ideas are geographically located.
• Our interpretations are marked by our social locations:
• Class-based – poor, middle-class, elite
• Gender-based – through male/woman’s eyes
• Ethnic-based – indigenous perspectives
• Sexual orientation-based – heterosexual, LGBTQ and more
• Faith- or humanistic based – Islam, Buddhist, Christian and
other faiths/atheist, pagan, scientology, new age movements
• Note: Honesty with our universal claims (validity and limits)
• Danger: Exclusivistic, hegemonic, judgmental, single meta
narrative
 GENDER STUDIES

The challenge is to claim personal and

shared core values and not to assimilate
values defined by dominant socio-cultural
forces in our lives.
Until you finally intentionally
claim what really matters to you
and articulate your own
life-project.
 Key feminist
interpretative
principle
• The personal is political.
Context is everything
 We are fired into life
by a madness that
comes from our
incompleteness. We
Spirituality of Creative
awake to life tense,
Nonviolence: Nonviolent
aching, erotic, full of sex
Communications for anda restlessness.
Peaceful
Community Living.
This dis-ease is,
societal cosmic
singularly, the most
important force within
existence.
Rolheiser
Restlessness
interpersonal community

self 88
Existential Restlessness
• Augustine’s interpretation of this eros was seen
as the proper one: “You have made us for
yourself, Lord, and our hearts are restless until
they rest in you.”
• And so we should ask ourselves the question:
What kind of lovers are we?
• Are we still fired into life by a madness which
lets us understand the insatiability of our hearts
as a call to infinite love?
• Do we still see ourselves as pursuing each other,
embracing each other, and loving each other
against the horizon of the infinite?
Fire -metaphor

•We come into this world with insatiable

desires, huge talents, boundless energy, and
grandiose dreams.
•Like a god or goddess, we’d like to drink up
the planet, taste every wine, and know
every experience; but, in all this desire and
potential, we, all of us, eventually find
ourselves in a very limited, circumscribed
place and situation.
Fire –Eros-Passion

What matters most to you?

Para kanino ka bumabangon?
Desire (Greek word “eros” – both sexual
drive and as spiritual energy)

•For many desire is over-identified

•with sex (lust)

•with power ( I control everything)
•with possessions ( I want to have more)
Sex is power - Foucault

• Sexuality, then, isn't

something that power
represses, but a great
conduit of power.
• We think of sexuality as
our essence, as the thing
that makes us what we
are, when in fact, it is just
a social construct that
makes us easier to
control.COCO MARTIN AT THE NAKED TRUTH.3gp
 sex

power

possession

India's Daughter.mp4
 Cultural ideologies

• Desire, in other words, has

little to do with material
sexuality; it is caught up,
rather, in social structures
and restrictions, in the
fantasy version of reality
that forever dominated our
lives after our entrance into
language.
Body Language & The Male Gaze - Tropes vs Women in Video Games -
YouTube[via torchbrowser.com].mp4
Sex is all in the mind

• In a sense, then, our desire is never

properly our own, but is created
through fantasies that are caught up
in cultural ideologies rather than
material sexuality.
• A woman is… • A man is…
• Female box • Male box

Passive ------------- Tough

Weak --------------- Athletic
Motherly ------------ Powerful
Feminine ------------ Masculine
Attractive ------------ Unemotional
Nurturing ------------ Dominant
Quiet ----------------- Outspoken
Submissive --------- Successful
Emotional ----------- Confident
• Man • Woman

Passive ------------- Tough

Weak --------------- Athletic
Motherly ------------ Powerful
Feminine ------------ Masculine
Attractive ------------ Unemotional
Nurturing ------------ Dominant
Quiet ----------------- Outspoken
Submissive --------- Successful
Emotional ----------- Confident
•How do I see you?
looking at my body.pptx
Male Gaze.mp4 How do you see me?
History Herstory
We are sexual beings

Female identity
Male identity-
✓ Work ❖ relationality
✓ Power ❖ Care
✓ Sex ❖ Nurturing
History Herstory
We are sexual beings

Female fears
3 fears of Men
Feelings –bad daughter
Death Bad wife
Woman - Bad mother
 intimacy
I care for you. I care for you too
I love you. I love you too.
Emotionally demanding insecurities
sex

Autonomy- Take care of me

Controlling relationality

I want to be free

Male Expectations Female expectations

✓ Submissive woman ▪ Caring man
✓ Affirming woman ▪ Thoughtful man
✓ Caring woman ❖ Process-oriented
✓ Result-driven
 power Emotionally demanding power

I want control
Autonomy- Share
relationality

Female desire
Male desire ▪ Connections
✓ hegemonic
✓ ambivalent ▪ Autonomy –self-
✓ Androcentric – male experience
as the norm love and self-
 sex Emotionally demanding sex

phallus
Autonomy- intimacy
relationality

Male sexual desire

✓ performance
Female sexual desire
✓ virility
✓ Possession/submission
▪ Pleasure/orgasm
▪ communion
 QUESTIONS:
Are Women born Feminine?
Are Men born Masculine?
MAJORITY OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENTISTS
AGREE THAT…

Gender Roles are not

INBORN.
They are LEARNED.
 How does our society or culture
teach us to:
Think
Feel
Behave
according to your gender role?
If you are a man, what does it
mean to be masculine?
If you are a woman, what
does it mean to be feminine?
 The process of LEARNING and
INTERNALIZING culturally approved
ways of:
Thinking
Feeling
Behaving
according to one’s gender is…
Gender Role
Socialization
 Learning of gender roles begin in
the early stages of childhood.

As an outcome:
Male gender-roles
and
Female gender-roles develop.
Traditional Gender Roles Divide
Men and Women

Deny women to the public world

of:
Work
Achievement
Power
Independence
 Deny men access to:

The nurturant--- other

oriented world of domestic
life.
Emotive
 Therefore, traditional
gender roles limit the
psychological and social
potentials of human
beings.
Gender as a Social Construct
Gender roles are deep- seated
in the culture as well as belief
and value systems of the society.
Pervasive social control further
reinforce, maintain and sanction
the gender roles.
ALL of us need to be conscious
of our
BELIEFS and ASSUMPTIONS
as these often impede the
attainment of our full potential as
human beings and of those for
which we are responsible.
Then, what is GAD?
•GAD is about recognizing that
gender biases impede development
because:
they prevent people from
attaining their full potentials (which
will enable them to become
effective contributors to
development).
But why focus more on
women?
First, women are half of the
country’s population. As such, they
•are half of the producers of
economic goods and services

but
•They are in the invisible and
marginalized sector or the so-
called non money economy
❖ bearing and rising children
❖ domestic and unpaid
economic labor
❖ subsistence agriculture
 Second, they are already in the
money economy

•Informal sector
•Wage employment
•Trading
but, in being so, they experience a lot of
hardships
•Multiple roles
•Violence and sexual harassment
•Lack of protection
•Exploitation
•Poor skills
•Discrimination
 Third, women have unique stakes,
roles and insights to share in order to
attain development objectives, such
as in:
•Sustaining the environment
•Managing population growth
•Imparting values that have
profound impacts on
human progress and
economic development.
GENDER AWARENESS
IS THE ABILITY TO IDENTIFY
AND RESPOND TO PROBLEMS
ARISING FROM GENDER
INEQUALITY AND
DISCRIMINATION.
GENDER EQUITY
•Fairness of treatment for women
and men to their respective needs.
•May include equal treatment or
treatment that is different but
considered equivalent in terms of
rights, benefits, obligations and
opportunities.
GENDER EQUALITY
•Both women and men are free
to develop their personal
abilities and make choices
without the limitations set by
stereotypes, rigid gender roles
and prejudices.
•Different behavior,
aspirations and needs of
women and men are
considered, valued and
favored equally.
•Their rights,
responsibilities and
opportunities will not
defend on whether they
were born female o male.
 Gender equality implies that
the interests, needs and priorities
of both women and men are
taken into consideration----
recognizing the diversity of
different groups of women and
men.
Equality between women and
men is seen both as a human
rights issue and as a
precondition for, and indicator
of sustainable people-centered
development.
To be GENDER RESPONSIVE:
•To realize that social norms have
led to differences in the roles
and expectations of women and
men, resulting in discriminatory
practices against women and
men, especially women.
•To believe that human
relationships should be
guided by the principles of
equality, equity and active
non-discrimination in all
spheres of interaction.
•To work for the eventual
elimination of these sources
of discrimination in the home,
the workplace, the
community and society as a
whole.
Basic Principles of Gender Equality
• Belief in the full dignity of human beings.
• I am proud of myself. I am not an object.
• Belief in human freedom (informed consent).
• I am a subject. I choose, I decide what is best for me.
• No one possesses me.
• Belief in the giftedness of human life.
• My life is a gift. I am not an accident.
• Belief in the uniqueness of the human person.
• I am unique. I am different from others.
• Respect for personal conscience.
• I follow my conscience.
• No one can force me to act against my conscience.
•Belief in the goodness of the human
body, sexuality and sensual joy.
• My body is beautifully created. I am not
suspicious of my body. I celebrate my
body-blessings.
•Belief in friendship, intimacy, and love.
• Friendship is the best metaphor to
experience intimacy and love.
•Belief in the full dignity of
women and children
•Call us to listen to their
stories (herstory)
•Recognition of women rights
•End to the violence against
women and girls
Signification

• My desires are always focused on an Other (the

signifier), and most of the time I am not
consciously aware of this.
• I am always desiring something I have not got. It
may be
• an object,
• a person,
• an event
• a dream.
 CORE MESSAGES
STOP gender stereotypes in
behavior and expectations.

LOOK out for the real needs and

the security from violence of
girls/boys and women/men.

LISTEN to what girls/boys,

women/men have to say.
 CORE MESSAGES

RESPECT children’s rights

and women rights
according to law.

RECOGNIZE equally the

contribution of women
and men to social change.
 CORE MESSAGES
VALUE all human beings
fairly and in the same
way.

LOVE all human

beings.
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:

1. Does your Office/Agency

currently include PPA’s
addressing the prevention of
violence or gender based
violence?

2. How your Office/Agency can

reduce exposure to and
perpetration of GBV?
•Bringing
•Hearts
•And minds
•Together
•For ALL
 LetWeushave to move beyond our
own SURVIVAL – move
contribute
towards CREATING a
more EGALITARIAN
to the
SOCIETY
BIRTHING of
healingagainst
Oppression and anyone
contributes to an unequal world
caring
communities!
A GENDER FAIR AND
GREENER WORLD TO
ALL OF US.
 DIOS
MABALOS
PO!