Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No.

8
Laboratory Manual

Name: Quirante jany paulenne. Date submitted: September 20, 2016

Subject & Schedule: CE 411BL Tue 1:30-4:30PM Instructor: Engr. Michael Angelo Barriga

EXPERIMENT NO. 8
DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT USING VENTURI METER

I. Objective

To determine the discharge of the liquid flow through the venturi meter.

II. Equipment/ Apparatus

Cussons Venturi Flow Apparatus

Hydraulic Bench
Bucket, graduated cylinder, and stopwatch

III. Theory

The venturi meter is a flow - measuring device in which consists of a pipe, which converges to a
throat and then diverges to the original diameter. The difference between the pressure head at the mouth
and the throat can be measured by piezometers, as shown in the figure below.

Apply Bernoulli’s Equation between points 1 and 2 using the axis of the meter as datum and neglecting
losses,
v 1 2 p1 v 2 2 p2
+ + z 1= + + z2
2g γ 2g γ

Here z 1=z 2

2 2
p1 p2 v 2 v 1
− = −
γ γ 2 g 2g

v 2 2 v 12
h= −
2 g 2g

Equation 1

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 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No. 8
Laboratory Manual

From continuity equation,

Q1=Q2

A 1 V 1=A 2 V 2

A1
V 2= V
A2 1

Equation 2

Combining equations 1 and 2,

V 21 A1 2
h=
2g [( ) ]
A2
−1

2 gh
V 1=

√ [( ) ]
A1
A2
−1
2
eqn. (3)

From the above equation, V1 is the theoretical velocity.

The theoretical discharge, Qt, can be obtained by multiplying the area, A1 by the theoretical velocity, V1.
The actual discharge, Qa = CQt. Therefore C = Qa /Qt where C is the coefficient of discharge.

IV. Description of Cussons Venturi Flow Apparatus

The Cussons Venturi Flow Apparatus type P6116 allows the flow rates and pressure distribution through
a venturi to be examined. The action of a venturi as a pump can also be demonstrated. The main passage
is formed from three sections of rigid transparent plastic tube cemented together. A parallel bore section
20 mm in diameter and 100 mm long is followed by a convergent section in which the bore is reduced to
10 mm. A divergent section is then fitted in which the bore expands to 20 mm diameter. The whole
assembly is supported in four plastic blocks, which house the four joints in the passage. At the inlet and
outlet are flanged joints to the supply pipe and control valve respectively. The control valve on the outlet
is a screw down type permitting a fine degree of pressure and flow regulation. At each change of section,
a drilling is made through the support block into the main passage to provide a manometer tapping point.
The upper ends of the manometer tubes are joined to a manifold, which can be pressurized.

This enables high pressures to be compared, which would normally force the water off the end
of the manometer scale. The manifold is pressurized via a cycle tyre valve by use of the cycle tyre air
pump provided with this apparatus.

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 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No. 8
Laboratory Manual

Pressurizing
Valve Manometer Manifold
Scale

Venturi Passage Control Valve

Schematic Diagram of Apparatus

V. Measurements to be Made

The following information is essential for analysis:

1. The difference of pressure heads
2. The cross-sectional area at the inlet and the throat
VI. Experimental Procedure

1. The Venturi meter apparatus was mounted on top of the hydraulic bench. The water supply hose was
then connected to the water supply tank.
2. The dimensions (diameters) of the inlet and throat of the venturi meter were noted as indicated on the
base of the apparatus.
3. The pump was then turned on and the control valve was turned counter clockwise to slowly open the
valve to allow water to pass through the Venturi meter. Once it was opened, the valve was adjusted to
attain the desired level of flow rate.
4. The heights with respect to the axis of the Venturi meter were recorded once the water levels in the
piezometers were stabilized.
5. A sufficient amount of water that passed through the Venturi meter was then collected and its time of
collection was noted.

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 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No. 8
Laboratory Manual

6. Three trials were done with different levels of discharge in each trial.
VII. Presentation of the Results

Diameter of the Inlet and Outlet of the Venturi Meter: 20 mm

Diameter of the Throat of the Venturi Meter: 10 mm

Pipe Cross – Sectional Area

Pressure Head (m) Theoretical
Flow Rate (m2) h Actual
Trial No. Velocity
(m3/s) Inlet/ Outlet Throat (m) Velocity
Inlet Throat Outlet (m/s)
(A1) (A2) (m/s)
1 0.150 0.124 0.142 7.41x10-5 3.14x10-4 7.85x10-5 0.026 0.184 0.236
2 0.253 0.215 0.240 8.12x10-5 3.14x10-4 7.85x10-5 0.038 0.223 0.259
3 0.365 0.315 0.350 9.40x10-5 3.14x10 -4
7.85x10-5 0.050 0.256 0.299

Actual Theoretical
Venturi Venturi Venturi Coefficient
Volume Time of Volume Venturi
Trial Meter Meter Flow Meter of
Collected Collection Flow Meter Flow
No. Inlet Area Rate Error Head Loss Discharge,
(m3) (s) Rate, Qa Rate, Qt
(m2) (%) (m) Cd
(m3/s) (m3/s)
1 3.14x10-4 5.00x10-4 6.75 7.41x10-5 5.78x10-5 28.2 0.026 1.28
2 3.14x10-4 5.70x10-4 7.02 8.12x10-5 7.00x10-5 16.0 0.038 1.16
3 3.14x10-4 7.10x10-4 7.55 9.40x10-5 8.04x10-5 16.0 0.050 1.17

Sample Computation

Solving for the Flow Rate/ Actual Volume Flow Rate

−4 3
V 5.00 x 10 m
Q= = =7.41 x 10−5
T 6.75 s

Solving for the Pipe Cross – Sectional Area

2
π d 2 π (0.02) −4 2
A 1= = =3.14 x 10 m
4 4

2
π d 2 π (0.01)
A 2= = =7.85 x 10−5 m2
4 4

Solving for h

h=P inlet −P throat =0.150−0.124=0.026 m

Solving for the theoretical Velocity

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 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No. 8
Laboratory Manual

2 gh 2 ( 9.81 )( 0.026) m
V 1=
A 2

√[ ] √[
( 1 ) −1
A2
=
(
3.14 x 10
7.85 x 10
Solving for the theoretical Venturi Meter Flow Rate
−4 2

−5
) −1
=0.184
s
]
Q t =A 1 V 1 =( 3.14 x 10−4 ) ( 0.184 )=5.78 x 10−5

Solving for the Venturi Meter Flow Rate Error

Qt −Qa ( 5.78 x 10−5 )−( 7.41 x 10−5 )

% Error= ( 100 )= ( 100 ) =28 %
Qt ( 5.78 x 10−5 )

Solving for the Coefficient of Discharge

Qa 7.41 x 10−5
C d= = =1.28
Qt 5.78 x 10−5

VIII. Discussion of Results

Our results and data are presented in the table above. The pressure head of the inlet,
throat and outlet were determined from the experiment. The time of collection and the volume collected
were obtained first to determine the flow rate. The pipe cross-sectional area of the inlet/outlet and the
throat can be obtained since the diameter of the inlet/outlet and throat were given. The value of h was
acquired by subtracting the pressure head of inlet from the pressure head of throat. The needed
parameters for the theoretical velocity were already found and it can be determined by using eqn. (3).
Since the theoretical velocity was obtained, the theoretical Venturi Meter flow rate can already be
computed. The Venturi Meter flow rate error was acquired by using the ratio of the difference of the
theoretical Venturi meter flow rate and the actual volume flow rate to the theoretical Venturi meter flow
rate, multiplied by 100. The parameters needed for the coefficient of discharge were already obtained
and we can finally solve for the coefficient of discharge of the three trials. The computed coefficient of
discharge for the Trials 1, 2 and 3 are 1.28, 1.16 and 1.17 respectively.

The published value for the coefficient of discharge lies between 0.96 to 0.99. It can be observed
that our computed values have a discrepancy. Possible errors that occurred from the experiment that
might cause the discrepancy are human errors. Parallax error can be involved in the readings of the
pressure head. The readings of the pressure head of the inlet/outlet and throat might have a little
discrepancy to the real value.

IX. Conclusion

Venturi Meter is used to measure the velocity of flow of fluids in a pipe. They consist of a
short length of pipe shaped like a vena contracta, or the portion with the least cross-sectional area, which
fits into a normal pipe-line. The obstruction caused to the flow of liquid at the throat of the venturi

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 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No. 8
Laboratory Manual

produces a local pressure drop in the region that is proportional to the rate of discharge. This
phenomenon, using Bernoullis equation, is used to calculate the rate of flow of the fluid flowing through
the pipe. The coefficient of discharge of the liquid flow through the venturi meter is the ratio of the
actual volume flow rate to the theoretical Venturi meter flow rate. Acquiring the parameters in solving
for the actual volume flow rate and theoretical Venturi meter flow rate is necessary.

X. Documentation

XI. Rating

Yu, Lexiejoy – 1.0

Quirante, Jany – 1.0
Patrimonio, Bea– 1.0
Ang, Rosie Marie– 1.0

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