Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No.

Name: Quirante, Jany Paulenne S. Date Submitted: September 6, 2016

Subject & Schedule: CE 411 BL/ 1:30-4:30 PM TTH Instructor: Engr. Michael Barriga

EXPERIMENT NO. 6

DETERMINATION OF LOSSES IN PIPE BENDS AND FITTINGS

1. Objective: To determine the loss factors for flow through a range of pipefittings including bends, a
contraction, an enlargement and a gate-valve.

2. Equipment/Apparatus:
• Hydraulics Bench
• The F1-22 Energy Losses in Bends and Fittings Apparatus
• Stopwatch
• Clamps for pressure tapping connection tubes
• Thermometer

Description of F1-22 Energy Losses in Bends and Fittings Apparatus

The F1-22 Energy Losses in Bends and Fittings Apparatus consists of pipe in vertical position with
fittings and bends. In the pipe run are the long bend, area enlargement, area reduction, short bend,
elbow bend, gate valve fitting and the mitre bend. Fitted into the pipe run before and after each
fitting are manometer tappings. In between the pipes is the vertical panel with manometer tubes
which can be connected by means of a flexible rubber tubing to the manometer tappings on both
sides on the fittings, the manometer can be pressurized by the use of the cycle tyre type air pump
supplied with the apparatus. The apparatus is designed for use with the Cussons Hydraulics Bench.
Below is the schematic diagram of the apparatus.

Schematic View of the Apparatus

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 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No.
6

3. Measurements to be Made

The following information is essential for analysis.

• volume flow rate in m3/s
• manometer readings before and after fitting

4. Experimental Procedure

Part A.

1. The opening of the pipe was connected to a water tank.

2. Rubber tubings were connected to the manometer tappings for all the bends and fittings.
3. The rubber hoses were each connected to manometers.
4. The end of the pipe was then connected to a drainage valve via a hose.
5. The valve was opened and water was allowed to flow.
6. The discharge and the piezometric heads were recorded for each manometer.
7. The valve discharge was changed and three trials were made.
8. Calculations and computations were made to solve for the required values.

Part B

1. For part B of the experiment, the head loss and loss coefficient across the gate valve was to
be determined.
2. The gate valve was 50% opened and valve discharge was changed. The discharge and
pressure readings were recorded.
3. After that, the gate valve was then 75% opened. The discharge and pressure readings were
then recorded.
4. Calculations and computations were made to solve for the required values.

5. Presentation of the Results/Calculations:

Pipe Fittings Cross-sectional

area(m^2)
long bend 0.000415
enlargement 0.000686
area reduction 0.000415
short bend 0.000415
mitre bend 0.000415
gate valve 0.000415

Part A.

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 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No.
6

Pipe Fittings Trial Volume time flow rate Velocity Dynamic

collected(m3) (sec) (m^3/s) (m/s) Head(m)
Long bend 1 0.0008 5.70 0.000140 0.00580043
0.33735
9
2 0.0009 4.06 0.000222 0.01458514
0.53494
5
3 0.00091 3.20 0.000284 0.02386939
0.68434
9
enlargement 1 0.0008 5.70 0.000140 0.00212279
0.20408
9
2 0.0009 4.06 0.000222 0.00533775
0.32362
6
3 0.00091 3.20 0.000284 0.00873553
0.41399
4
area reduction 1 0.0008 5.70 0.000140 0.00580043
0.33735
9
2 0.0009 4.06 0.000222 0.01458514
0.53494
5
3 0.00091 3.20 0.000284 0.02386939
0.68434
9
short bend 1 0.0008 5.70 0.000140 0.00580043
0.33735
9
2 0.0009 4.06 0.000222 0.01458514
0.53494
5
3 0.00091 3.20 0.000284 0.02386939
0.68434
9
elbow bend 1 0.0008 5.70 0.000140 0.00580043
0.33735
9
2 0.0009 4.06 0.000222 0.01458514
0.53494
5
3 0.00091 3.20 0.000284 0.02386939
0.68434
9
mitre bend 1 0.0008 5.70 0.000140 0.00580043
0.33735
9
2 0.0009 4.06 0.000222 0.01458514
0.53494
5
3 0.00091 3.20 0.000284 0.02386939
0.68434
9

Manometer Reading
Head loss Loss
Pipe Fitting Trial Before fitting, After fitting, (m) coefficient,K
h1(m) h2(m)
Long bend 1 0.191 0.185 0.006 1.034404439
2 0.17 0.165 0.005 0.342814554
3 0.15 0.13 0.02 0.837892903
enlargement 1 0.199 0.189 0.01 4.710762
2 0.21 0.17 0.04 7.493785829
3 0.209 0.15 0.059 6.754023478
area reduction 1 0.213 0.197 0.016 2.758411837
2 0.21 0.204 0.006 0.411377465
3 0.21 0.198 0.012 0.502735742

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 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No.
6

short bend 1 0.232 0.211 0.021 3.620415536

2 0.224 0.205 0.019 1.302695307
3 0.225 0.198 0.027 1.131155419
elbow bend 1 0.262 0.159 0.103 17.7572762
2 0.285 0.165 0.12 8.227549306
3 0.32 0.17 0.15 6.284196774
mitre bend 1 0.292 0.269 0.023 3.965217015
2 0.355 0.31 0.045 3.08533099
3 0.435 0.36 0.075 3.142098387

Head Loss vs Dynamic Head

0.16
0.14
0.12 Long bend
Dynamic head

0.1 Enlargement
0.08 Area reduction
0.06 Short bend
0.04 Elbow bend
Mitre bend
0.02
0
0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03
Head Loss

Loss Coefficient (k) vs Flow rate

20
18
16
14 Long bend
12 Enlargement
Flow Rate

10 Area Reduction
Short bend
8
Elbow bend
6
Mitre bend
4
2
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Loss Coefficient

Part B.
Tria volume Time Flow Pressure P, Velocity Dynamic Head head Loss coeff.,
l collected (sec) Rate reading, bar (m/s) Head(m) loss, loss, K
(m3) (m^3/s) psi ft m
1 0.00155 4.200 0.000369 5 0.340 0.88825 0.04021 11.55 3.521 87.566
2 0.00118 2.740 0.000431 7.5 0.510 1.03654 0.05476 17.33 5.282 95.457
3 0.00110 3.370 0.000326 2.5 0.170 0.78563 0.03146 5.78 1.761 55.976
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 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No.
6

Sample Computations:

Part A

Long Bend (trial 1) Loss coefficient=K=

0.000140 hL 0.017
v =Q/ A= =0.33735 m/s = =1.1982
0.000415 v 2
0.01419
( )
2g
2
v 0.33735
Dynamic head= = =0.005800439 m
2 g (2∗9.81)
Head loss=hL=0.281-0.264=0.017 Part B

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 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2 Experiment No.
6

(trial 1) Head loss= 5psi(2.31)=11.55 ft=3.521m

0.000369 Loss coefficient=K=
v =Q/ A= =0.88825 m/s
0.000415 hL 3.521
2 2
= =87.566
v 0.88825 v 2
0.04021
Dynamic head= = =0.04021 m ( )
2 g 2∗9.81 2g

6. Discussion of Results

The data gathered from the experiment are shown above under the Results section. From the
experiment conducted and the data gathered, it can be observed that the relationship between pipe
diameter and fluid friction factor is inversely proportional; the larger the diameter the lower the friction
factor. Based on the data calculated of the loss coefficient on the four bends, each of which has values
which are higher/lower compared to other. The drastic change of values was generated as errors were
gradually entering in the recording of measurements and the computations. The largest value of the loss
coefficient indicates that there was more energy loss in the face of the turn of the specific pipe fitting. It
was also observed in part B that as the gate valve closed more, the loss coefficient increases drastically.
This is in accordance with the formula for loss coefficient that as the flow rate is decreased, when the
valve is closed, the velocity decreases thus the loss coefficient increases. However, 50% and 75%
opening of the gate valve was not perfectly achieved as the pressure reading was inconsistently constant.
It enabled us to have a reading on the 50% opening, but having 4 turns or approximately 40%, there we
recorded the gage reading and recorded as our first trial. The opening of the valve was based on the turns
wherein there was a gage reading.

7. Conclusion

In this experiment, we were able to determine the loss factors and head loss of pipes for the flow through
a range of pipefittings including elbows, bends, a contraction, an enlargement and a gate-valve. These
pipe fittings contribute to minor head loss. The losses are due to friction between the moving fluid and
the internal surface, change in direction of flow, obstruction in the flow path and change in fluid velocity
caused by different shape or cross-sectional area of the flow path. It was observed that the time taken for
the bends is shorter than the elbows for the fluid to rise at a particular volume. This is because bends will
allow the fluid to make turn easily rather than elbows that will restrict the fluid to move fast. It is
recommended to reduce head loss we use bends rather than elbows to have lower head loss.

To avoid any errors specifically parallax error, which plays a very important role in presenting data, we
must take reading from piezometric head carefully and patiently. We must also see to it that the pipe
fittings are properly connected and observe any damage to avoid leakage or any other destructions that
would result to having erroneous data.

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