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Alcohols are organic compounds containing the hydroxyl functional group. They are
formed
by replacing the hydrogen atom of a hydrocarbon with a -OH group. Alcohols are
classified
further classified as primary (1), secondary (2�) and tertiary (3�) according to
the
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Sodium Metal Test
sodium metal, test tubes, funnel, filter papers, spatula and forceps.
Procedure:
Shake the test tube well to remove any water content in the organic compound.
Now, take a small piece of sodium metal using the forceps and place it on a filter
paper.
Dry sodium metal by pressing it between the folds of the filter paper.
Now, put the dry piece of sodium into the organic compound using the forceps.
Alcohol reacts with active metals like sodium to produce effervescence due to the
liberation
of hydrogen gas.
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Ester Test
Materials required:
Organic compound, glacial acetic acid, concentrated sulphuric acid, cold water,
test tube, droppers
Procedure:
Using another dropper, add a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid to the test
tube.
Warm the mixture in a water bath for few minutes. Now, pour the mixture into about
20 milliliters
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Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Test
Materials required:
Organic compound, ceric ammonium nitrate reagent, test tube and dropper.
Procedure:
Add it into the test tube containing a small quantity of organic compound.
Shake the test tube well. Alcohols react with ceric ammonium nitrate
to give a red colouration due to the formation of alkoxy cerium (IV) complex.
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Procedure:
To this, add a small quantity of anhydrous calcium sulphate using the spatula.
Shake the test tube well to remove any water content in the organic compound.
Using the dropper, add a small quantity of acetyl chloride into the compound.
Shake the test tube well. Alcohol reacts with acetyl chloride to give
Now, dip the glass rod in ammonium hydroxide solution and bring it over the mouth
of the
Iodoform Test
Materials required:
Organic compound,1% iodine solution, dilute sodium hydroxide, test tube, droppers
and
water bath.
Procedure:
Then, add dilute sodium hydroxide dropwise until the brown colour of iodine is
discharged.
Warm the mixture gently on a water bath. When alcohol containing CH3-CH-OH group is
warmed with sodium hydroxide solution and iodine, a yellow precipitate of iodoform
is
formed.
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Lucas Test
Materials required:
Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, Lucas reagent, dropper and water bath.
Procedure:
Take small quantity of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol in three different
tests
Shake the test tube well. Tertiary alcohol reacts instantaneously with
Lucas reagent to form alkyl chloride, which being insoluble, results in cloudiness
in
the solution.
Then add a small quantity of Lucas reagent into secondary alcohol taken in test
tube
B and shake the test tube well. Secondary alcohol reacts in about 1-5 minutes
with Lucas reagent to form alkyl chloride, which being insoluble, results in
cloudiness
in the solution.
Now add a small quantity of Lucas reagent into primary alcohol taken in test tube A
and shake the test tube well. Warm the test tube on a water bath.
On warming, primary alcohol reacts with the Lucas reagent to form alkyl chloride,
which