Teacher’s notes

Each candidate to be provided with the following;

Solution A 250cm3
Solution B 250cm3
Solution C 250cm3
1.0 M Nitric acid 50ml
Calcium carbonate 5 grams
Conical flasks 3x250ml
Burette 2x50ml
Pipettes 2x25ml and 2x10ml

Methyl orange indicator

Potassium chromate indicator

NB:
Solution A: contains 3.6g/l of NaOH and 0.458g/l of NaCl (mixture)
Solution B: 0.1M Standard HCl solution
Solution C: Silver Nitrate 1.60g/l solution

SECTION A
PRACTICAL- 40 MARKS
Task: You are required to determine the percentage by mass of sodium chloride and sodium
hydroxide in the mixture

You are provided with following;

- Solution A contains a mixture of sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide
- Solution B contains 0.1M standard hydrochloric acid solution
- Solution C contains 16.99 g/l silver Nitrate
NB; Solution A is to be used for part I and II
Na = 23, Cl = 35.5, H = 1, O = 16, Ag = 108, N = 14, I = 127, C = 12

Proceed as follows;

Part I
a) (i) pipette 25.0cm3 of aliquots of solution A into a conical flask and add three drops of
methyl orange indicator
(ii) Fill the burette with solution B
(iii) Carry out the titration to end point
(iv) Repeat the titration three more times and complete the table below 4 marks
 Trial 1st 2nd 3rd
Final Burette reading 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0
(cm3)
Initial Burette reading 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
(cm3)
Volume of 0.1M HCl 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0
used (cm3)

b) Calculate the average volume of HCl used 1 mark

25+25+25 75
/ /
3= 3= 25
c) Write an equation for the reaction between HCl and the substance in solution A 2 marks
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) →NaCl (aq) + H2O (aq)
d) Calculate the mass concentration (g/l) of the substance that reacted in solution A 4 marks
Method one;
Volume of HCl used is 25.0 from the titre
No. of moles of HCl = 25x0.1/1000 = 0.0025 moles
Mole ratio is 1:1
Therefore moles of NaOH is 0.0025 moles
Moles = mass (g)/RMM
Therefore mass = moles x RMM = 0.0025x 40 = 0.1g
These are grams in 25ml (amount pipetted)
Therefore in a litre = 1000ml x 0.1/25 = 4g/l

Method two;
Volume of HCl used is 25.0 from the titre
No. of moles of HCl = 25x0.1/1000 = 0.0025 moles
Mole ratio is 1:1
Therefore moles of NaOH is 0.0025 moles
The student may then determine the Molarity of NaOH from the moles
i.e. Molarity = 0.0025 x 1000/25 = 0.1M
Molarity is moles/litre
If 1M is 40g in a litre
Then 0.1 = 0.1x40/1 = 4g/l

e) Name the type of titration 1 mark

Neutralization reaction/acid-base titration/acidimetry- alkalimetry
Part II
a)
i) pipette 25.0cm3 of solution A into a clean conical flask
 ii) Add 5cm3 of 1.0 M Nitric acid followed by the addition of powdered calcium carbonate a
little at a time and with swirling until some solid remains undissolved
iii) Add three droops of potassium chromate indicator to the solution in the conical flask
iv) Fill the burette(rinsed properly) with solution C
v) Carry out the titration to the first permanent red-brown end point
vi) Repeat the titration three more times and tabulate your results in the table below
4 marks

Trial 1st 2nd 3rd

Final Burette reading 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2
(cm3)
Initial Burette reading 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
(cm3)
Volume of silver 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2
nitrate used (cm3)

b) Calculate the average volume of solution C used in the titration 1 mark

19.2+19.2+19.2 57.6
/ 3= /3 = 19.2
c) Write the equation for the reaction between solution C and the substance that reacted in
solution 2 marks
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) → AgCl (aq) + NaNO3 (aq)
Or Ag (aq) + Cl (aq) → AgCl (aq)
d) Calculate the mass concentration (g/l) of the substance that reacted in solution A 4 marks
Method one;
Molarity of AgNO3; 169.9g in a litre is 1M
Therefore 16.99g in a litre is 16.99/169.9 = 0.1M
No. of moles of AgNO3 = 19.2 x 0.1M/1000 = 0.00192 moles
Mole ratio is 1:1
Therefore moles of NaCl is 0.00192 moles
Mass = RMM x moles
Mass of NaCl = 58.5 x 0.00192 = 0.011232g; this is in 25ml
Mass in a litre = 1000 x 0.011232/25 = 4.4928 g/l

Method two;
Molarity of AgNO3; 169.9g in a litre is 1M
Therefore 16.99g in a litre is 16.99/169.9 = 0.1M
No. of moles of AgNO3 = 19.2 x 0.1M/1000 = 0.00192 moles
Mole ratio is 1:1
Therefore moles of NaCl is 0.00192 moles
The student may then determine the Molarity of NaCl from the moles
i.e. Molarity = 0.00192 x 1000/25 = 0.0768M
Molarity is moles/litre
If 1M is 58.5g in a litre
Then 0.1 = 0.0768x58.5/1 = 4.4928 g/l

f) Explain the role of the following in the titration:

i) Nitric acid 1
mark
To prevent precipitation of other insoluble salts e.g. carbonates, phosphates so that only the
AgCl ppt is formed
ii) Calcium Carbonate 1
mark
To neutralize the NaOH available because this precipitation takes place in a neutral
environment
g) With the help of equations , explain the principle of formation of the red-brown precipitate at
the end point of titration 4 marks
Fractional precipitation takes place when the sparingly soluble salts of AgCl and AgCrO4
are deposited respectively when AgNO3 react with them
Ag (aq) + Cl (aq) → AgCl (s)
2Ag (aq) + CrO42- (aq) → Ag2CrO4 (s)
Precipitation occurs when the solubility products of each salt is exceeded

For any salt AB the solubility product is dedudced as follows;

Ksp = [A+][B-]
The ion to be precipitated first is the one that requires the less Ag ion concentration from
AgNO3 to exceed the ksp of its salt
AgCl is precipitated first much more readily than Ag2CrO4
When all the Cl- has precipitated,addition of an extra drop of AgNO3 produces sufficient
Ag+ ions to exceed the ksp Ag2CrO4 which is then precipitated to the brick red

h) Name the type of titration in part II 1 mark

Argentimetry/precipitation/Mohr’s method
Part III
a) Halides may be assayed by a back titration method called? 1 mark
b) Name the indicator used in the above titration and by using equations, show how end point is
detected in the above technique 4 marks
c) How is this technique different from the one in titration II above in terms of conditions for
titration 2 marks
d) Define a blank titration and when is it employed in quantitative analysis 2 marks
SECTION B
1. Explain how a solution of Iodine(0.5M,250ml) may be prepared 3 marks
2. Explain the rationale behind Non Aqueous Titration 2 marks
3. Explain the measures taken in Non Aqueous Titration to ensure the solvents used are
anhydrous 3 marks
4. a) Disodium Edetate complexes in a one to one ratio with di- tri and tetra valent metal
cations.
Justify this statement by use of simple equations representing the metal cation as Mn+
Where M = the metal and n+ = the valency of the metal cation
And [H2X] 2- = Anion of the disodium salt 6 marks
e) Explain how end point is detected in complexometric reactions 3 marks
f) A sample of magnesium sulphate was analyzed using a 0.05M EDTANa2 solution. Using an
appropriate equation, derive the equivalence for this reaction i.e. 0.05M EDTA ≡ x grams of
MgSO4(Mg =24 ,S = 32 , O = 16) 4 marks
5. Explain the meaning of the following terms 4 marks
a) Ligand
b) Sequestering agent
c) Co-ordination compound
d) Chelating agent
6. A tincture of Iodine in the market was assayed with 0.2 M sodium thiosulphate
(Na2S2O3).10mls of Iodine ,diluted with 20.0ml of distilled water reacted completely with
9.85ml of 0.2M sodium thiosulphate.by using appropriate equations, calculate the
concentration of Iodine in the grams/100ml in the tincture(I=127, S=32, O=16, Na=23)
6 marks
7. A solution of NaXO3(X-unknown element) was prepared by dissolving 0.393g of the salt in
250cm3 of solution. 25cm3 of this solution, when treated with excess KI under acidic
conditions liberated iodine which reacted completely with 8.20cm3 of 0.1452M sodium
thiosulphate solution. The equation for the reaction of XO3-(aq) and iodide ions (aq) is given
below:

XO3- (aq)+ 6I-(aq) + 6H+(aq) → 3I2(g) + 3H2O(aq)

i) Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction between the iodine solution generated
in the titration and thiosulphate ions (S2O32-) (aq) 1 mark
-
ii) Write the stoichiometric ratio between XO3 ,I2 generated in the reaction and
thiosulphate ions (S2O32-) (aq) and hence deduce the stoichiometric ratio of XO3- and
S2O32-(aq) ions
2 marks
iii) Calculate the mole of sodium thiosulphate that reacted and hence the moles of XO3-
ions in 250cm3 solution 2 marks
iv) Determine the mass of NaXO3,atomic mass of X and consequently the identity if X
3
marks