1.

Name of the continent

Europe is the second-smallest continent, and it could be described as a large peninsula
or as a subcontinent. Europe is the western portion of the Eurasian landmass and is
located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. Several larger islands belong to Europe,
such as Iceland or the British Isles with the UK and Ireland.

Area
With an area of 10.2 million km² (3,938,000 sq mi), Europe is 20% larger than the
contiguous United States. The European Union has an area (without the UK) of over
4.23 million km² (1.6 million sq mi).

The term Europe is generally derived from Greek words meaning broad (eurys) and face
(ops). A minority, however, see a Semitic origin, pointing to the Akkadian word gharoob
or erebu which means "sunset". From a Middle Eastern viewpoint, the sun sets
over Europe: the lands to the west

2. Land forms & water forms

Thames River
The Thames River is the longest river of England, and it is also the second
longest river of the United Kingdom.

Pyrenees Mountains
The Pyrenees mountains are a mountain range in southwestern Europe. The
country Andorra is located in the mountains, and the countries France and Spain
have some land here.

North European Plain

The North European Plain goes through France, The Netherlands, Belgium,
Germany, Denmark, and Poland. The Rhine, Elbe, and Vistula River go through
this area.

Jutland
The Jutland is a landform of Northern Europe that contains most of Denmark and
some of Germany. It is located between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. 

Mount Etna Mount Etna is a mountain located in Italy. It is the tallest

volcano that is active of Europe.
 Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea located in southern Europe. It connects Europe
to Africa. The countries Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,
Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco,
Monaco, Montenegro, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey are located in
or along the sea.

Carpathian Mountains
The Carpathian Mountains are the second largest mountain range of Europe. It is
located in Central and Eastern Europe, and it goes through Austria, Slovakia,
Czech Republic, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Poland, and Hungary.

Danube River
The Danube River is the second largest river of Europe. It starts in Germany and
goes through Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria,
Moldova, and Ukraine. It empties into the Black Sea.

Dniester River
The Dniester River is a river in Eastern Europe. It starts in Ukraine, goes through
Moldova, and empties into the Black Sea through Ukraine. The capital of
Moldova, Chișinău, is located along the river.

Black Sea
The Black Sea is a body of water located in Eastern Europe. It connects Europe
to Asia. The countries Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, and Turkey
border the sea.

3. Mineral resources

With rocks and structures from virtually all geologic periods, Europe possesses a wide
variety of useful minerals. Some, exploited since the Bronze Age, are depleted; others
have been produced and consumed only since the Industrial Revolution. Useful minerals
include those that provide energy, ferrous and nonferrous metals and ferroalloys, and
those that furnish materials to the chemical and building industries. Europe has a long
and commendable prospecting tradition, and mining provides employment in all
countries—although for smaller numbers as mechanization is applied. As in the case
of North Sea gas and oil, new discoveries are still possible. But in relation to the ever-
mounting requirements of its economy, Europe—Russia and Ukraine apart—is heavily
dependent on mineral imports.

REFER TO: https://www.britannica.com/place/Europe/Resources-

and-power

for complete list

4. Flora and Fauna

Much like its physical regions, Europes plant and animal communities follow a
general north-south orientation. The tundra, found in Iceland and the northern
reaches of Scandinavia and Russia, is a treeless region where small mosses,
lichens, and ferns grow. Huge herds of reindeer feed on these tiny plants.

The taiga, which stretches across northern Europe just south of the tundra, is
composed of coniferous forests, with trees such as pine, spruce, and fir. Moose,
bear, and elk are native to the European taiga.

Just south of the taiga is a mixture of coniferous and deciduous trees, including

beech, ash, poplar, and willow. Although this area remains heavily forested, the
continents forests were drastically reduced as a result of
intense urbanization throughout human history. Intense trade introduced many
species, which often overtook native plants. The forests and grasslands of
western and central Europe have been almost completely domesticated, with
crops and livestock dominant.

Finally, small, drought-resistant plants border the Mediterranean Sea, Europes

southern edge. Trees also grow in that southernmost region, including the
Aleppo pine, cypress, and cork oak. The only primate native to Europe, the
Barbary macaque, inhabits this Mediterranean basin. A small troop of Barbary
macaques lives on the tiny island of Gibraltar, between Spain and the African
country of Morocco.

The waters surrounding Europe are home to a number of organisms, including

fish, seaweeds, marine mammals, and crustaceans. The cold water surrounding
northern Britain and Scandinavia is home to unique species of cold-water corals.
All of the major bodies of water in Europe have been fished for centuries. In
many places, including the Mediterranean and North seas, waters have
been overfished. About a quarter of marine mammals are threatened.
 Today, around 15 percent of Europes animal species are threatened
or endangered, mainly by habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, and
competition from invasive species. The European bison, the heaviest land animal
on the continent, is one of the most threatened species.

Beginning in the 20th century, many governments and non-governmental

organizations (NGOs) have worked to restore some of Europes rich biodiversity.
Establishing fishing limits, protecting threatened habitats, and
encouraging sustainable consumption habits are some efforts supported by
European conservationists.

5. People

https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/demographics-of-europe/ (GET
GRAPHS FROM THIS WEBSITE)

Overview
There are eight European ethno-linguistic groups with more than 30 million members
residing in Europe. These eight groups between themselves account for some 465
million or about 65% of European population:

1. Russians (c. 95 million residing in Europe),

2. Germans (c. 82 million),
3. French (c. 67 million),
4. British (c. 65 million),
5. Italians (60 million),
6. Spanish (c. 50 million),
7. Ukrainians (38–55 million),
8. Poles (38–40 million).
About 20–25 million residents (3%)[year needed] are members of diasporas of non-
European origin. The population of the European Union, with some five hundred million
residents, accounts for two thirds of the European population.
Both Spain and the United Kingdom are special cases, in that the designation
of nationality, Spanish and British, may controversially take ethnic aspects, subsuming
various regional ethnic groups, see nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain and native
populations of the United Kingdom. Switzerland is a similar case, but the linguistic
subgroups of the Swiss are not usually discussed in terms of ethnicity, and Switzerland
is considered a "multi-lingual state" rather than a "multi-ethnic state".
6. DIFFERENT COUNTRIES IN THE CONTINENT AND THEIR CAPITALS

 https://www.countries-ofthe-world.com/capitals-of-europe.html