A.

Europe

Land structures

 The Alpine area, Central Uplands, Northern Lowlands, and Western Highlands are the four major
landforms.

 The Pyrenees and the Apennines, which span the length of Italy, are both parts of the Alpine
Range. The Pyrenees are on the border between France and Spain.

 The North European Plain stretches from the southern part of the United Kingdom east to
Russia. Parts of France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark are included.

 Apennines, Black Forest, Black Sea, Carpathians, Central Uplands, Danube River, Dinaric Alps,
Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, and Northern Lowlands are all included in the
region.

 Mountain ranges in the Balkans. Lowland clays, when broken down, also demonstrate good
quality in that region's temperate-climate, podzols, and loess loams.

 Sea organisms
 The Aegean Sea has a 214,000 square mile surface area. The fourth-largest marginal sea in the
Mediterranean, the Aegean Sea is situated between the Anatolian and Balkan Peninsulas. Many
islands and islets dot the Aegean Sea, which is divided into seven main groups: the Cyclades,
Crete, Dodecanese, North Aegean Islands, Saronic, Sporades, and West Aegean Islands.

 The Adriatic Sea, the northernmost extension of the Mediterranean Sea, divides the nations of
the Balkan Peninsula from the eastern portion of the Italian Peninsula. It is a semi-enclosed body
of water. The Apennine Mountains, Dinaric Alps, and other nearby mountain ranges round the
Adriatic Sea. Many of the largest nations around the Adriatic Sea Italy, Croatia, Albania,
Montenegro, Slovenia, and Bosnia & Herzegovina are located near the sea. There are over 1,300
islands along the heavily indented eastern Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea.

 The Black Sea has a surface size of 436,402 sq. miles. The Black Sea, which is located in the
Atlantic Ocean's periphery between the continents of Europe and Asia, is one of its marginal
 waters. The nations of Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Georgia, Bulgaria, and Turkey border the
Mediterranean Sea. The Danube, Dniester, Don, Dneper, Rioni, Southern Bug, and other rivers
empty into the Black Sea. Many islands of all sizes may be found in the water, including the
Dzharylhach Island, Nova Zemlia, St. Ivan, St. Cyricus, and Bird Island.

 The westernmost region of the Mediterranean Sea is known as the Alboran Sea, and it is located
a region that lies between the Iberian Peninsula and northern Africa. Spain is to the north,
Algeria and Morocco are to the south, and the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar lies to the
west. The Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean are linked by the Strait of Gibraltar, which
is located at the most westernmost point of the Alboran Sea. Moreover, the Alboran Sea is
home to the greatest bottlenose dolphin population and is a vital feeding area for loggerhead
turtles.

 The Baltic Sea has a 377,000 square mile (sq. The Baltic Sea is one of the Atlantic Ocean's
peripheral waters, measuring about 6,000 km. The Baltic Sea's 8,000 km of coastline are shared
by Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Germany, and Denmark and the
Kaliningrad area of Russia. More than 250 rivers and small streams are thought to empty into
the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is home to some notable islands, including Gotland, Saaremaa,
Oland, and Lolland.

 Climate: The weather in Europe is generally regarded as temperate. The majority of Western
Europe has an oceanic climate, which includes cool to warm summers and cool winters with
frequent overcast sky, according to the Köppen climate classification.

 Resources - A large range of natural resources can be found throughout Europe. Among these
are iron, wood, soil, water, fish, natural gas, and coal. Both fish and water can be found in the
Mediterranean Sea. Due to the abundance of aquatic bodies, Europe has abundant water
resources.

B. Africa

-Land structures

 Great Rift Valley - The Great Rift Valley is a striking dip on the earth's surface that stretches from
the Red Sea region near Jordan for around 4,000 miles (6,400 km).

 The Ethiopian Highlands started to rise 75 million years ago when magma from the Earth's
mantle elevated a wide dome of old rock.
 The most noticeable landforms in Africa are plateaus, which account for the majority of them. At
its shores, Africa mostly consists of a narrow plain that swiftly climbs into plateaus.

 Deserts and mountain ranges predominate across the northern part of Africa and the Middle
East. Except where it is nourished by rivers, this region is generally desert.

 Hoggar (Ahaggar) Mountains, often referred to as the Ahaggar Mountains The Ahaggar are a
group of highland people who live in southern Algeria or central Sahara.

-Sea Forms

 The Nile River, which is sometimes described as the longest river in the world, originates in
Burundi and travels 4,132 kilometers before emptying into the Mediterranean Sea.

to the Mediterranean Sea coast of Egypt, where it creates a standard delta. The shorter Blue
Nile headstream, which originates from Ethiopia's Lake Tana and meets the longer White Nile,
whose headwaters include Lake Victoria, at Khartoum, accounts for more than 80% of the Nile's
flow. The Aswan High Dam at the first of the Nile's six cataracts creates Lake Nasser and
significantly lessens the annual floods.

 The Congo River is the second-longest river in Africa and travels 2,900 kilometers
counterclockwise to reach the Atlantic Ocean. The Lualaba, which rises in the Katanga province
of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Chambeshi River in Zambia are the main
sources of the Upper Congo. The beginning of the Congo is marked by Boyoma Falls (originally
Stanley Falls), a series of seven waterfalls near Kisangani. River itself. The Lower Congo runs via
the Cabinda exclave in Angola before forming the Malebo Pool close to the global cities of
Kinshasa and Brazzaville. In Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, the oppressive circumstances
the Congo basin experienced as a Belgian colony are described.

 The third-longest river in Africa, the Niger, travels through Guinea, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria
before ending up in the Gulf of Guinea. The Niger, whose path was charted by the Scottish
explorer Mungo Park in the 1790s, served as the focal point of the medieval Mali and Songhai
Empires. Its principal tributary, the Benue River, enters Nigeria. There is growing social
discontent in the vast Niger Delta, which is famed for its fisheries, wildlife, and petroleum.

 Limpopo River – Originating in South Africa's Witwatersrand region as the Crocodile (or Krokodil)
River, it forms the Transvaal's boundary with Botswana and Zimbabwe before passing through
Mozambique. Mozambique's deforestation had a part in the huge flooding of the Limpopo in
2000. Rudyard Kipling may have given the most renowned description of the Limpopo when he
called it "the huge grey-green, greasy Limpopo River, all set about with fever-trees" in "The
Elephant's Child."
 Zambezi River - Rising in eastern Angola, the Zambezi travels through Zambia, Namibia,
Botswana, and Zimbabwe before crossing into Mozambique and entering the Mozambique
Channel of the Indian Ocean close to Chinde. The Caprivi Strip in Namibia was established to
provide access to the Zambezi. Cabora Bassa and Kariba Dams are two examples. identically
named big lakes. The Victoria Falls, also known as Mosi-oa-Tunya ("the smoke that thunders"),
are the most impressive feature of the Zambezi River. At over a mile wide, they are the greatest
waterfall in Africa based on flow rate.

 Africa's climate is diverse, with elements of the equatorial climate, tropical wet and dry climate,
tropical monsoon climate, semi-arid climate (semi-desert and steppe), desert climate (hyper-
arid and arid), humid subtropical climate, and subtropical highland climate.

 Resources in Africa - This continent contains up to 90% of the world's platinum and chromium
reserves. The largest reserves of uranium, cobalt, diamonds, and platinum are found in Africa.

C. Middle East

➤ Land Forms

➤ AR RUB' AL KHALI DESERT (Empty Quarter) also (Arabian Desert)Known as the Empty
Quarter, it's the largest (only sand) desert in the world and famed for huge sand dunes that can
extend for over 25 miles. It covers most of southern Saudi Arabia, and is almost moistureless.
The Ad Dahna' is the northern expanse that connects to the An Nafud Desert.

➤ ANATOLIAN PLATEAU This generally barren and arid plateau of central Turkey averages about
500 meters in elevation. Farming and livestock raising (the major industries), are difficult
occupations here as extreme temperatures, both summer and winter are commonplace.
Regardless, scattered towns and villages cover the landscape.

➤ CAUCASUS MOUNTAINS Located between the Black and Caspian Seas, these mountains
dominate the landscape of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia (all part of southeastern Europe,)
where the Middle East begins. Many of the volcanic peaks here exceed 15,000 ft., with the
highest point being Mt. Elbrus at 18,481 ft. (5,633m).

➤ DASH -E LUT (Lout Desert) This region of eastern Iran is an arid, wind-blown desert,
completely surrounded by mountains. In the summer months, it can be one of the hottest and
driest spots on the planet. In some areas here rain has not been measured.

➤ DASHT -E KAVIR (Kavir Desert)This plateau of north-central Iran is often referred to as the
"Great Salt Desert." It's the largest desert in the country and is mostly uninhabited wasteland
covered with crusty salt ridges.

➤ Sea Forms
➤ Persian Gulf (Arabian Gulf) - The Arabian Sea is the largest in the Middle East at 1,491,000
square miles. It connects many bodies of water, such as the Indian Ocean.

➤ Red Sea - Black Sea Mediterranean Sea Red Sea. Image: Sea. Lakes. Definition: A large body of
water surrounded by land. Lakes of the Middle East.

➤ Dead Sea - The Dead Sea is the smallest of all of the seas, bordered by Jordan, Israel, and the
West Bank of Palestine. It's the lowest body of water on earth.

➤ Tigris - Tigris River. One of the two largest rivers in Southwest Asia that flow from the
mountains in Turkey to the Persian Gulf. Image: Tigris River. Jordan River.

➤ Caspian Sea - Black Sea Mediterranean Sea Red Sea. Image: Sea. Lakes. Definition: A large
body of water surrounded by land. Lakes of the Middle East: Caspian Sea Dead Sea.

➤ Middle East Climate - A lot of areas have a Mediterranean climate, which is characterized by
hot, dry summers and wet, mild winters. Nonetheless, there are harsh winter conditions in the
highlands of Iran and Iraq. The annual range of precipitation is between 350 and 750 mm, which
is often relatively low (UNESCO - EOLSS, n.d.). The region is renowned for being dry and hot.

➤ Middle East Resources - The economies of the Middle East are driven by natural gas and oil.
Almost half of all known natural gas reserves and 53% of the world's proven oil reserves are
located in this area.