LEO Chapter 4

CHAPTER 4
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

4.1. General
This research is to study the structural design of flexible pavement by using
AASHTO design method. The CBR value for subgrade in selected area is 11.5%. The
pavement is 18 ft wide and it is a two-lane, two-way road. The pavement is designed
for 10 years and it is flexible pavement type. Asphalt concrete is considered as the
paving material because it is the most paving material and usually used for high-type
pavement construction. The quality of paving materials contributes to part of the design
of pavement. In this study, the thickness design of flexible pavement is calculated by
using AASHTO design method with axle load distribution factors.
4.2. Data Collection

Various parameters are required for the selected design procedures, to get the
layer thicknesses. These include the structural-layer coefficients for asphalt concrete,
base and subbase layers, the resilient modulus or the CBR value for roadbed soil, loss
of serviceability and the traffic volume in terms of an 18-kip single axle load. These
include damage coefficients and loss of serviceability. Roadbed soil strength parameter
(Resilient Modulus of Roadbed) is obtained for the selected existing pavements in terms
of California Bearing Ratio (CBR). For AASHTO design procedure, the resilient
modulus is used as the subgrade strength parameter. The resilient modulus for sub-base
and base are taken as 15000 psi [4] and 29000 psi [4] due to their respective CBR values
(30% and 80%) [4].
For the structural components, the quality of materials is determined in terms of
layer coefficients. For subbase and base layer, the structural layer coefficients (a2, a3)
can be determined as 0.14 and 0.11 from their respective CBR values. For asphalt
concrete layer, the layer coefficient a1 is determined as 0.44. The required traffic data
is obtained from Htun Nyo Lu Co., Ltd. This data is shown in Table 4.1. The traffic
volume data of December is used for this design since it has the maximum traffic
volume compared to other months. This is shown in Table 4.2. and 4.3.
31
Table 4.1. Average Daily Traffic Volumes of Different Axles (According to Htun Nyo
Lu Co., Ltd)
Total Traffic Volume Average Daily Traffic

Month
( Both Direction) (ADT)
January 8591 277
February 6700 239
March 8245 266
April 7020 234
May 8113 262
June 8272 276
July 8584 277
August 8676 280
September 8279 276
October 8240 266
November 8387 280
December 8741 282
Table 4.2. Total Traffic Volume (According to Htun Nyo Lu Co., Ltd)
Total Cars
Date X Y
Total
(Mahlaing to Taungtha) (Taungtha to Mahlaing)
1.12.2019 136 145 281
2.12.2019 134 136 270
3.12.2019 134 143 277
4.12.2019 131 151 282
5.12.2019 143 126 269
6.12.2019 146 131 277

32
Table 4.2. Total Traffic Volume (According to Htun Nyo Lu Co., Ltd) (Continued)
Total Cars
Date
X Y
Total
7.12.2019 162 159 321
8.12.2019 130 144 274
9.12.2019 137 146 283
10.12.2019 135 145 280
11.12.2019 128 145 273
12.12.2019 131 148 279
13.12.2019 138 148 286
14.12.2019 132 153 285
15.12.2019 137 152 289
16.12.2019 133 157 290
17.12.2019 138 134 272
18.12.2019 135 140 275
19.12.2019 134 137 271
20.12.2019 145 126 271
21.12.2019 137 143 280
22.12.2019 140 148 288
23.12.2019 147 132 279
24.12.2019 147 153 300
25.12.2019 150 147 297
26.12.2019 139 141 280
27.12.2019 133 149 282
28.12.2019 150 130 280

33
Table 4.2. Total Traffic Volume (According to Htun Nyo Lu Co., Ltd) (Continued)
Total Cars
Date
X Y
Total
29.12.2019 138 143 281
30.12.2019 133 154 287
31.12.2019 136 146 282
Total 4289 4452 8741
Table 4.3. Total Traffic Volume for Difference Axle of Traffic (According to Htun Nyo
Lu Co., Ltd)
Date A B C D E F G H
1.12.2019 53 82 12 52 1 60 3 18
2.12.2019 51 83 10 50 2 51 4 19
3.12.2019 52 84 12 49 3 57 2 18
4.12.2019 56 82 10 51 1 58 5 19
5.12.2019 54 80 11 48 2 53 3 18
6.12.2019 55 86 8 49 3 53 4 19
7.12.2019 124 31 43 56 5 41 10 11
8.12.2019 56 82 12 48 1 56 3 16
9.12.2019 59 83 10 49 2 58 5 17
10.12.2019 57 81 10 52 1 57 4 18
11.12.2019 56 80 12 50 2 52 2 19
12.12.2019 58 82 10 49 3 59 3 15
13.12.2019 59 83 12 52 1 59 2 18
34
Table 4.3. Total Traffic Volume for Difference Axle of Traffic (According to Htun Nyo
Lu Co., Ltd) (Continued)
Date A B C D E F G H
14.12.2019 60 86 9 50 2 28 4 16
15.12.2019 69 81 10 53 1 51 5 19
16.12.2019 67 82 12 50 2 57 2 18
17.12.2019 50 81 10 51 3 56 3 18
18.12.2019 58 82 11 50 2 53 2 17
19.12.2019 49 80 12 49 1 57 4 19
20.12.2019 50 81 10 52 2 58 2 16
21.12.2019 59 82 9 49 3 56 3 19
22.12.2019 68 90 8 50 2 50 2 18
23.12.2019 50 89 9 51 1 59 4 16
24.12.2019 70 86 12 53 2 57 2 18
25.12.2019 69 90 10 52 3 51 3 19
26.12.2019 58 88 10 50 2 52 2 18
27.12.2019 54 87 12 49 1 56 4 19
28.12.2019 57 86 10 51 2 54 2 18
29.12.2019 59 80 9 50 3 58 3 19
30.12.2019 68 89 10 49 2 49 2 18
31.12.2019 58 88 8 52 0 53 4 19
Total 1863 2547 353 1566 61 1699 103 549

Average Daily
60 82 11 51 2 55 3 18
Traffic
ADT = 282
35
6.30%
1.18%
21.31%
19.44%
0.70%
29.13%
17.90%
4.04%
A B C D E F G H
Figure 4.1. Pie Chart for Average Daily Traffic (%)

Table 4.4. Maximum Allowable Weights
Type of Cars Maximum Allowable Weights, lb (k)
A 4409.25 (4.41)
B 11023.11 (11.02)
C 28660.09 (28.66)
D 37478.58 (37.48)
E 52910.94 (52.91)
F 61729.43 (61.73)
G 108026.51 (108.03)
H 112435.75 (112.44)
A = Under 2 tons
B = 2 axle 4 tire (5 tons)
C = 2 axle 6 tire (13 tons)
D = 3 axle 6 tire (17 tons)
E = 3 axle 10 tire (24 tons)
36
F = 4 axle 12 tire (28 tons)

G = 5 axle 18 tire (49 tons)
H = 6 axle 22 tire (51 tons)
4.3. CBR Testing for Selected Location

To find the value of subgrade CBR for Mahlaing-Taungtha road from 30/0 mile
to 31/0 mile, the optimum moisture content (OMC) is needed. Therefore, the standard
proctor test is tested firstly. Result of standard proctor test is shown in Table 4.5 and
Table 4.6 is table of water content determination. The optimum moisture content is
12.4% and Figure 4.2 is Graph for Optimum Moisture Content. Result of CBR test is
shown in Table 4.7.
Table 4.5. Result of Standard Proctor Test
Determination No; 1 2 3 4 5
Volume of mould, V (cm3) 947.87 947.87 947.87 947.87 947.87
Weight of mould, W1 (g) 1751.8 1751.8 1751.8 1751.8 1751.8

Weight of mould + Compacted
3473.1 3661.5 3654.7 3648.1 3638
soil, W2 (g)
Weight of compacted soil,
1721.3 1909.7 1902.9 1896.3 1886.2
W (g) = W2  W1
W
Unit weight, γ = ( g/cm3) 1.82 2.01 2.01 2 1.99
V
Table 4.6. Water Content Determination
Container No; 1 2 3 4 5
Weight of container + wet soil(g) 65.7 65.6 65.8 67 70.8
Weight of container + dry soil(g) 64.5 63.4 63.3 63.7 67.2
Weight of water, Ww(g) 1.2 2.2 2.5 3.3 3.6
Weight of container(g) 45.7 45.6 45.8 46 50.8
Weight of dry soil, Ws(g) 18.8 17.8 17.5 17.7 16.4
Water content, ω (%) 6.4 12.4 14.3 18.6 22

37
Table 4.6. Water Content Determination (Continued)
Container No; 1 2 3 4 5
γ
Dry density, γ d  (g/cm3) 1.71 1.79 1.76 1.7 1.63
1 ω
(Dry Density, g/cm3)

2.5
(12.4,1.79)
2
1.5
0.5
Water Content, ω (%)
0 6 12 18 24 30
Figure 4.2. Graph for Optimum Moisture Content
Table 4.7. Result of CBR Test

Stress, kPa
Penetration(mm) Piston Load Dial Reading (5.678 N/div)
σ = DR(5.678)/A
0 0 0
0.5 32 93.89
1 72 211.27
1.5 123 360.93
2 188 551.66
2.5 270 792.28
3 372 1091.58
4 524 1537.61
5 737 2162.63
38
Table 4.7. Result of CBR Test (Continued)

Stress, kPa
Penetration(mm) Piston Load Dial Reading (5.678 N/div)
σ = DR(5.678)/A
7.5 1125 3301.16
10 1682 4935.61
12.5 2404 7054.22
DR = Piston load dial reading

A = 19.35 cm2 = standard area produced by penetration piston
At penetration 2.5 mm,
Standard unit stress = 6.9 MPa
= 6900 kPa
Test unit stress = 792.28 kPa
Test unit stress
CBR = × 100
Standard unit stress
792.28
= × 100
6900
= 11.5 %
The value of CBR is 11.5% and the type of soil is sandy soil from Table A.5.
4.4. Calculation of Axle Weights by Axle Load Distribution Factors

The axle load distribution is the classification of traffic loading in terms of the
number of load application by each axle type (single axle, tandem axle) within a given
range of axle load. The axle load distribution factors are taken from Table A.4. The
Axle Weights are;
For A = Under 2 ton (passenger)
Steering, Single axle = 0.5 W
= 0.5×4.41
= 2.205-kip
Drive, Single axle = 0.5 W
= 0.5×4.11
= 2.205-kip
For B = 2 axle 4 tire
39
Steering, Single axle = 0.2×11.02

= 2.204-kip
= 0.8×11.02
= 8.816-kip
For C = 2 axle 6 tire
= 0.2×28.66
= 5.732-kip
= 0.8×28.66
= 22.928-kip
For D = 3 axle 6 tire,
= 0.2×37.48
= 7.496-kip
Drive, Tandem axle = 0.4 W+0.4 W
= (0.4×37.48) + (0.4×37.48)
= 29.984-kip
For E = 3 axle 10 tire,
= 0.112×52.91
= 5.926-kip
= 0.444×52.91
= 23.492-kip
Trailer, Single axle = 0.444 W
= 0.444×52.91
= 23.492-kip
For F = 4 axle 12 tire,
= 0.1688×61.73
= 10.42-kip
40
Drive, Single axle = 0.2981×61.73

= 18.402-kip
Trailer, Tandem axle = 0.2793 W + 0.2583 W
= 0.2793×61.73+0.2583×61.73
= 32.908-kip
For G = 5 axle 18 tire,
= 0.155×108.03
= 16.745-kip
= 0.197×108.03
= 21.282-kip
Trailer, Triple axle = 0.216 W + 0.216 W+0.216 W
= 0.216×108.03+0.216×108.03+0.216×108.03
= 70-kip
For H = 6 axle 22 tire,
= 0.0755×112.44
= 8.489-kip
Drive, Tandem axle = 0.196 W+0.196 W
= 0.196×112.44+0.196×112.44
= 22.038+22.038
= 44.076-kip
Trailer, Triple axle = 0.1875 W + 0.1875 W+0.1575 W
= 0.1875×112.44+0.1875×112.44+0.1575×112.44
= 21.082+21.083+17.709
= 59.874-kip
4.5. Calculation of Design Pavement Thickness by AASHTO Method

Total daily 18-kip ESAL is calculated by using axle load equivalency factors
from Table A.1, Table A.2 and Table A.3. The total number of traffic volume counted
by one month is considered as an input data in designing the pavement thickness. The
subgrade CBR value of 11.5% is used as input data. These traffic data are collected
from Htun Nyo Lu Co.,Ltd and list of total traffic volume is shown in Table 4.2 and
41
Table 4.3. Traffic (total axle accumulations) 10 years design period will be calculated
and the structural number (SN) is assumed. In this study, the initial serviceability P i is
used 4.2 and terminal serviceability Pt is 2.5.
Let SN = 6
For A = under (2 tons)
2.205-kip single axle = 0.0004 (Table A.1)
Total 18-kip ESAL = 0.0008
For B = 2 axle 4 tire (5 tons)
For C = 2 axle 6 tire (16 tons)
For D = 3 axle 6 tire (17 tons)
29.984-kip tandem axle = 0.6317 (Table A.2)
For E = 3 axle 10 tire (24 tons)
For F = 4 axle 12 tire (28 tons)
For G = 5 axle 18 tire (49 tons)
70-kip triple axle = 4.84 (Table A.3)
42

For H = 6 axle 22 tire (51 tons) tractor semi-trailer trucks
59.874-kip triple axle = 2.5586 (Table A.3)
Total daily 18-kip ESAL,
Daily W18 = (0.0008×60)+(0.0513×82)+(2.7582×11)+(0.6572×51)+(6.0559×2)
+(2.1565×55)+(7.6236×3)+(5.7854×18)
= 325.84-kips 18-kip ESAL
Traffic (total axle accumulations) 10 yrs design period = 325.84×365×10 = 1189316
Design standard axle for 10 yrs = 1189316
Amount of serviceability loss. ΔPSI = Pi – Pt
= 4.2  2.5
= 1.7
CBR value of subgrade = 11.5%
Resilient Module of subgrade, MR = 1500×CBR
= 1500×11.5 =17250 psi
To find SN3 above the subgrade by using Equation 2.10,
 ΔPSI 
log10  
 2.7  
Log10 W18 = ZR So + 9.36 log (SN3 +1)  0.2 +
   
 1094
0.4   
  SN  15.19  
 3 
+ 2.32 log10MR  8.07

 1.7 
log10  
Log10( 1189316) =  1.645×0.45+9.36log10(SN3+1)  0.2+  2.7  

  1094   
0.4   5.19  

  SN 3  1   
+2.32log1017250  8.07
By trial and error method,
The required SN above the subgrade, SN3=2.77  3
This value differs from the SN=6 assumed derive the axle load equivalency factors.
Recomputing the axle load equivalency factors with SN=3
Let SN = 3
43

For H = 6 axle 22 tire (51 tons)
44

Daily W18 = (0.0014×60)+(0.079×82)+(2.6122×11)+(0.7442×51)+(5.7291×2)
+(2.2291×55)+(7.2738×3)+(5.5403×18)
Again to find SN3 above the subgrade by using Equation 2.10,
 1.7 
log10 
 2.7  
Log10( 1200339) =  1.645×0.45+9.36log10(SN3+1)  0.2+

  1094   
0.4   5.19  

  SN 3  1   
+2.32log1017250  8.07
The required SN above the subgrade, SN3=2.8  3
This is very close to the value that was assume (SN=3) to get the load equivalency
factor from tables.
Again, to find SN2 above the subbase course by using Equation 2.10,
 1.7 
log10 
 2.7 
Log10( 1200339) =  1.645×0.45+9.36log10(SN2+1)  0.2+
  1094  
0.4   5.19  
  SN 2  1  
+2.32log1015000  8.07
The required SN above the subbase, SN2=2.9  3
This is very close to the value that was assume (SN=3) to get the load equivalency
factor from tables.
Again, to find SN1 above the base course by using Equation 2.10,
 1.7 
log10 
 2.7 
Log10( 1200339) =  1.645×0.45+9.36log10(SN1+1)  0.2+
  1094  
0.4   5.19  
  SN 1  1  
+2.32log1029000  8.07
45

The required SN above the base, SN1=2.3  2
This value differs from the SN=3 assumed derive the axle load equivalency factors.
Recomputing the axle load equivalency factors with SN=2
Let SN = 2
46

For H = 6 axle 22 tire (51 tons)
Daily W18 = (0.0016×60)+(0.0702×82)+(2.9103×11)+(0.6862×51)+(6.4327×2)
+(2.1874×55)+(7.9564×3)+(5.9353×18)
Again to find SN1 above the base by using Equation 2.10,
 1.7 
log10  
Log10( 1229101) =  1.645×0.45+9.36log10(SN1+1)  0.2+  2.7 
  1094  
0.4   5.19  
  SN 1  1  
+2.32log1029000  8.07
The required SN above the base, SN1=2.2  2. This is very close to the value that was
assume (SN=2) to get the load equivalency factor from tables.
SN 1
D1 =
a1
2.2
D1 =
0.44
= 5 in
Use the thickness of asphalt concrete surface course = 5 in
SN1 = a 1 D1
SN1 = 0.44 x 5 = 2.2


 SN 2  SN 1
D 2 
a 2m2
2.9  2.2
D2 
0.14  1
47
D2  5 in
Use the thickness of untreated granular base course = 5 in
SN 2 = SN1 + a 2 m2 D2
SN 2 = 2.2+0.14x1x5 = 2.9 in

 SN 3  SN 2
D 3 =
a 3m3
2 . 8  2 .9
D3 = =  0.9 in (The negative value is impossible.)
0.11 1
The thickness of asphalt concrete sub-base course is omitted.
SN 3 = SN 2 + a 3 m 3 D3
SN 3 = 2.9+0.11x1x (  0.9) = 2.801
SN 3 = 2.801  SN 3
Asphalt concrete surface course = 5 in

Untreated granular base course = 5 in
Total thickness of the pavement = 10 in
Therefore, the pavement structure consists of 5 in of asphalt concrete surface
course, 5 in of crushed rock base course and the granular subbase course is omitted.
Total thickness of the pavement is 10 in.
24 ft
Formation Width
3 ft 18 ft 3 ft
Pavement Width
Shoulder Shoulder
5" Thick (compacted) Bituminous Surface

5" Thick (compacted) Crushed Rock Base
Course (CBR≥80%)
Subgrade (CBR=11.5%)
Figure 4.3. Typical Design Cross Section of Mahlaing-Taungtha Road Section for the
Testing CBR Value of 11.5%
48
4.6. Estimate of the Selected Highway

For all engineering works it is required to know beforehand the probable cost of
construction known as the estimated cost. The purpose of estimating is to predict the
cost required to complete a construction project. The detail of measurement, builder’s
estimate, bill of quantities and abstract of cost are estimated. Detail of measurement is
shown in Table 4.8. Builder’s estimate is described in Table 4.9. Bill of quantities is
shown in table 4.10. Finally, abstract of cost is described in Table 4.11. All of these are
estimated for one-mile long. Typical cross section of the selected area is shown in
Figure 4.3.
Table 4.8. Detail of Measurement
Measurement
Item Particular No Content Unit Total
L B H
1 Site Clearing 1 1 5280 30 158400 sq-ft 158400
Construction of
2 Base Layer with 3" 1 1 5280 20 0.42 44352 cu-ft 44352
Down Crushed Rock
Construction of
Wearing Surface
3 1 1 5280 18 0.42 39916.8 cu-ft 39916.8
with 1.5" to 2"
Crushed Rock
Hot Bitumen 2.5"

Depth (Semi-Grout)
4 1 1 5280 18 95040 sq-ft 95040
with 1/4" to 3/4"
Chipping
Hot Bitumen 2.5"

Depth Surface
Dressing Over
5 Crushed Rock 1 1 5280 18 95040 sq-ft 95040
Surface with 1/4" to
3/4" Chipping (First
Seal)
49
Table 4.8. Detail of Measurement (Continued)
Measurement
Item Particular No Content Unit Total
L B H
Construction of
6 Shoulders with
Gravelly Soil
For Base 2 1 5280 2 0.42 8870.4 cu-ft

22176
For Wearing 2 1 5280 3 0.42 13305.6 cu-ft
Table 4.9. Builder’s Estimate

Rate Amount
Item Particular Quantity Unit Per Total
(Kyats) (Kyats)
1 Site Clearing 158400 sq-ft
Labour
Worker 396 No 7000 No 2772000 2772000
Construction of
Base Course 5"
Depth
2 44352 cu-ft
(Compacted)
Using 3" Down
Crushed Rock
Material
3" Down
Crushed Rock 266.11 Sud 55000 Sud 14636050
(48%)
1"x2" Crushed
232.8 Sud 60000 Sud 13968000 31168750
Rock (42%)
3/4" Chipping
27.74 Sud 65000 Sud 1803100
(5%)
50
Table 4.9. Builder’s Estimate (Continued)
Rate Amount
(Kyats) (Kyats)
3/8" Chipping
6.91 Sud 65000 Sud 449150
(25% of 5%)
Coarse Sand
20.83 Sud 15000 Sud 312450
(75% of 5%)
For Operation
H.S.D 624 Gal 9000 Gal 5616000
Engine Oil 9.6 Gal 12000 Gal 115200
Gear Oil 1.44 Gal 16000 Gal 23040 5789696
Hydraulic Oil 2.11 Gal 15000 Gal 31650
Grease 1.73 Lb 2200 Lb 3806
Machine
Smooth-wheel
355.2 Hr 20000 Hr 7104000 7104000
Roller
Labour
Head Worker 57.6 No 8500 No 489600
Worker 681.6 No 7000 No 4771200 5692800
Operator 48 No 9000 No 432000

Laying of 1.5"
to 2" Crushed
Rock for 5"
3 39916.8 cu-ft
Depth
(Compacted)
Thickness
Material
1"x2" Crushed
611.92 Sud 60000 Sud 36715200
Rock (73.6%)
51
Rate Amount
(Kyats) (Kyats)
1/2" Crushed
36.72 Sud 65000 Sud 2386800
Rock (4.4%)
3/8"-3/4"
Chipping 122.94 Sud 65000 Sud 7991100
(14.8%)
50745800
<3/8" Chipping
55.093 Sud 65000 Sud 3580850
(6.6%)
Coarse Sand
4.79 Sud 15000 Sud 71850
(0.6%)
For Operation
H.S.D 1463.75 Gal 9000 Gal 13173750
Gear Oil 3.19 Gal 16000 Gal 51040 13568840
Grease 4 Lb 2200 Lb 8800
Machine
Smooth-wheel
831.47 Hr 20000 Hr 16629400 16629400
Roller
Labour
Worker 798.34 No 7000 No 5588380 7053100
Operator 99.79 No 9000 No 898110

52
Rate Amount
(Kyats) (Kyats)
Hot Bitumen
2.5" Depth
Grouting
(Semi-Grout)
4 95040 sq-ft
Over Crushed
Rock Surface
with 1/4" to
3/4" Chipping
Material
Bitumen 46.88 Ton 651000 Ton 30518880

35516080
Chippings 76.88 Sud 65000 Sud 4997200
For Operation
Wood 18.75 Ton 95000 Ton 1781250
H.S,D 334.7 Gal 9000 Gal 30123000

4884710
Gear Oil 0.75 Gal 16000 Gal 12000
Grease 0.95 Lb 2200 Lb 2090
Machine
Smooth-wheel
191.25 Hr 20000 Hr 3825000 3825000
Roller
Labour
Worker 421.88 No 7000 No 2953160 3394765
Operator 22.5 No 9000 No 202500

53
Rate Amount
(Kyats) (Kyats)
Hot Bitumen
Surface
Dressing Over
Crushed Rock
5 95040 sq-ft
Surface with
1/4" to 3/4"
Chipping
(First Seal)
Material
Bitumen 13.5 Ton 651000 Ton 8788500

12688500
Chippings 60 Sud 65000 Sud 3900000
For Operation
Wood 5.4 Ton 95000 Ton 513000
H.S.D 267 Gal 9000 Gal 2403000

2988870
Gear Oil 0.6 Gal 16000 Gal 9600
Grease 0.75 Lb 2200 Lb 1650
Machine
Smooth-wheel
153 Hr 20000 Hr 3060000 3060000
Roller
Labour
Worker 300 No 7000 No 2100000 2441250
Operator 19.5 No 9000 No 175500

54

Rate Amount
(Kyats) (Kyats)
Construction
of Shoulders
6 22176 cu-ft
with Gravelly
Soil
Material
Gravelly Soil 277.2 Sud 16000 Sud 4435200 4435200
For Operation
H.S.D 46.42 Gal 9000 Gal 417780 417780
Machine
Smooth-
21.12 Hr 20000 Hr 422400 422400
wheel Roller
Labour

1430400
Worker 177.41 No 7000 No 1241870
Total 216029341
Add 5% for Contingencies and Workcharged Establishment 10801467.05
Grand Total 226830808.1

Say (Kyats) 226835000
Table 4.10. Bill of Quantity
Rate Amount
Item Particular Quantity Unit Per
(Kyats) (Kyats)
1 Material
3" Down Crushed Rock 266.11 Sud 55000 Sud 14636050
1"x2" Crushed Rock 844.72 Sud 60000 Sud 50683200

55
Table 4.10. Bill of Quantity (Continued)
Rate Amount
(Kyats) (Kyats)
3/4" Chipping 27.74 Sud 65000 Sud 1803100
3/8" Chipping 6.91 Sud 65000 Sud 449150
Coarse Sand 25.62 Sud 15000 Sud 384300
1/2" Crushed Rock 36.72 Sud 65000 Sud 2386800
3/8" - 3/4" Chipping 122.94 Sud 65000 Sud 7991100
<3/8" Chipping 55.09 Sud 65000 Sud 3580850
Bitumen 60.38 Ton 651000 Ton 39307380
Chippings 136.88 Sud 65000 Sud 8897200
Gravelly Soil 277.2 Sud 16000 Sud 4435200
Total Material Cost 134554330
2 For Operation
H.S.D 2735.87 Gal 9000 Gal 24622830
Gear Oil 5.98 Gal 16000 Gal 95680
Grease 7.43 Lb 2200 Lb 16346
Wood 24.15 Ton 95000 Ton 2294250
Total Operation Cost 27649896
3 Machine
Smooth-wheel Roller 1552.04 Hr 20000 Hr 31040800
Total Machine Cost 31040800
4 Labour
Head Worker 194.07 No 8500 No 1649595

56
Table 4.10. Bill of Quantity (Continued)
Rate Amount
(Kyats) (Kyats)
Worker 2775.23 No 7000 No 19426610
Operator 189.79 No 9000 No 1708110
Total Labour Cost 22784315
Total 216029341

Say (Kyats) 226835000
Table 4.11. Abstract of Cost
Rate Amount
(Kyats) (Kyats)
1 Site Clearing 158400 sq-ft 17.5 sq-ft 2772000
Construction of Base
2 Layer with 3" Down 44352 cu-ft 1121.826 cu-ft 49755226.75
Crushed Rock
Laying of 1.5" to 2"

Crushed Rock for 5"
3 39916.8 cu-ft 2204.51 cu-ft 87996984.77
Depth (Compacted)
Thickness
Hot Bitumen 2.5"

Depth Grouting
4 (Semi-Grout) Over 95040 sq-ft 501.06 sq-ft 47620742.4

Crushed Rock
3/4" Chipping
57
Table 4.11. Abstract of Cost (Continued)
Rate Amount
(Kyats) (Kyats)
Hot Bitumen Surface

Dressing Over
Crushed Rock
5 95040 sq-ft 222.84 sq-ft 21178713.6
3/4" Chipping (First
Seal)
Construction of
6 Shoulders with 22176 cu-ft 302.39 cu-ft 6705800.64
Gravelly Soil
Total 216029468.2

Say (Kyats) 226835000

LEO Chapter 4

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CHAPTER 4

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

4.2. Data Collection

Total Traffic Volume Average Daily Traffic

January 8591 277

February 6700 239

March 8245 266

April 7020 234

May 8113 262

June 8272 276

July 8584 277

August 8676 280

September 8279 276

October 8240 266

November 8387 280

December 8741 282

1.12.2019 136 145 281

2.12.2019 134 136 270

3.12.2019 134 143 277

4.12.2019 131 151 282

5.12.2019 143 126 269

6.12.2019 146 131 277

7.12.2019 162 159 321

8.12.2019 130 144 274

9.12.2019 137 146 283

10.12.2019 135 145 280

11.12.2019 128 145 273

12.12.2019 131 148 279

13.12.2019 138 148 286

14.12.2019 132 153 285

15.12.2019 137 152 289

16.12.2019 133 157 290

17.12.2019 138 134 272

18.12.2019 135 140 275

19.12.2019 134 137 271

20.12.2019 145 126 271

21.12.2019 137 143 280

22.12.2019 140 148 288

23.12.2019 147 132 279

24.12.2019 147 153 300

25.12.2019 150 147 297

26.12.2019 139 141 280

27.12.2019 133 149 282

28.12.2019 150 130 280

29.12.2019 138 143 281

30.12.2019 133 154 287

31.12.2019 136 146 282

Total 4289 4452 8741

Total 1863 2547 353 1566 61 1699 103 549

Figure 4.1. Pie Chart for Average Daily Traffic (%)

Type of Cars Maximum Allowable Weights, lb (k)

F = 4 axle 12 tire (28 tons)

4.3. CBR Testing for Selected Location

Volume of mould, V (cm3) 947.87 947.87 947.87 947.87 947.87

Weight of mould, W1 (g) 1751.8 1751.8 1751.8 1751.8 1751.8

Table 4.6. Water Content Determination

Weight of container + wet soil(g) 65.7 65.6 65.8 67 70.8

Weight of container + dry soil(g) 64.5 63.4 63.3 63.7 67.2

Weight of water, Ww(g) 1.2 2.2 2.5 3.3 3.6

Weight of container(g) 45.7 45.6 45.8 46 50.8

Weight of dry soil, Ws(g) 18.8 17.8 17.5 17.7 16.4

Water content, ω (%) 6.4 12.4 14.3 18.6 22