Professional Documents
Culture Documents
▪ Pola pemboran
▪ Pemuatan
▪ Penyalaan
4
Peledakan Jenjang
5
Bidang Bebas (Free Face)
2
3 1
2
1
Two Free Faces
Three Free Faces
6
Kualitas Bidang Bebas
7
Pemilihan Diameter
Terlalu besar
▪ Distribusi energi dan Fragmentasi
▪ Batasan lingkungan
▪ Kerusakan batuan
Terlalu kecil
▪ Diameter kritis
▪ Biaya pemboran
▪ Target produksi
Pemilihan
Diameter
Adhikari, 1999
Hole diameter selection
While selecting the proper blasthole diameter, the average
production per hour, or excavation, must be taken into
account (Table 4). In addition, the type of material
excavated must also be accounted. An important aspect
when drilling is the drilling cost. The cost usually goes
down as the diameter of the hole increases.
Hole diameter selection
Much of the same criteria for drilling parameters are the
same for large diameter blasts as they are for small
diameter blasts. The average production per hour and type
of rock being fragmented is still the variables needed for
consideration (Table 8)
Penentuan Burden (B)
Cratering &
Fly rock
Poor
Fly rock & Fragmentation
throw
1 1
Energi potensial bahan peledak yang dipakai3 BP x [VODBP ]2 3
AF1 = = 2
Energi potensial bahan peledak standar 1.2 x [12000]
1 1
Bobot Isi batuan standar 3 160 pcf 3
AF2 = =
Bobot Isi batuan yg diledakkan Batuan
Penentuan Kb Empirik
KB = 12 [B/De]
▪ B = Burden (ft)
▪ De = Diameter lubang tembak (inci)
Burden Determination
Anderson [1] developed the following empirical equation:
where:
▪ B = burden (m)
▪ K = a proportionality constant (1-6)
▪ Dh = blasthole diameter (mm)
▪ H = bench height (m)
▪ In the above equation, for a good fragmentation: H/B 4.
Burden Determination
Fraenkel [2] suggested the following more sophisticated equation:
where:
▪ K = experimental constant (between 1 to 6 for most rock types)
▪ h = length of the Charge in the blasthole (m).
Burden Determination
Lambooy and Jones [3] expressed the following formula for determination of
burden:
where:
▪ S = spacing between the blastholes (m)
▪ We = weight of explosive in kg/m run in a blasthole
▪ q = weight of explosive to break unit volume of rock (kg/m3)
Burden Determination
Pearse (1955)
▪ Where,
▪ B = maximum burden (m)
▪ K = Constant, value varies from 0.7-1.0
▪ Ps = Detonation pressure of the explosives (Kg/cm2)
▪ σt = Tensile strength (Kg/cm2)
▪ d = Diameter of borehole
Burden Determination
The equation for maximum burden value proposed by
Allsman (1960) is;
Where,
▪ PD= Mean adverse detonating Pressure, N/m2
▪ t= Duration of average detonation, sec
▪ ρ= Specific rock weight, N/m3
▪ u= minimum velocity which must be imparted to the
rock, m/s
▪ g= acceleration due to gravity=9.81 m/s2
▪ D= Diameter of blasthole, m
Burden Determination
Langefors and Kihlstrom (1968)
Where,
▪ Bmax = Maximum burden for good fragmentation (m)
▪ D = diameter of hole (m)
▪ ρe =Density of the explosive in the borehole (Kg/m3)
▪ PRP = Relative Weight strength of the explosive
▪ f = Degree of confinement of the blasthole.
▪ S/B = Spacing to burden ratio
▪ Co = Corrected blastability factor (Kg/m3)
= C + 0.75 for B max =l.4-1.5m
= C + 0.07/B for B max < 1.4m
When C = rock constant (0.4 for average rock for first trial)
Burden Determination
Lopez Jimeno, E (1980) modifies the ash’s formula by incorporating the seismic
velocity to the rock mass, resulting in
Where,
▪ B= Burden, m
▪ D= Diameter of blasthole, inches
▪ F= correction factor based on rock group = Fr× Fe
Lopez Jimeno, E (1980) cont.
Where,
▪ ρ'= specific gravity of rock, gm/cm3
▪ VC= seismic propagation velocity of the rock mass
▪ ρ''= specific gravity of explosive charge, gm/cm3
▪ VD= Detonation velocity of explosive, m/s
Burden Determination
Konya and Walter (1990)
Where,
▪ B = Burden, (ft)
▪ ρe = Specific gravity of explosive, (lb/in3)
▪ ρr = Specific gravity of rock, (lb/in3)
▪ D = Diameter of explosive, (in)
Konya & Walter (1990) cont.
Correction factor, Bc = Kd. Ks. Kr. B
Where, Bc = Corrected burden (ft);
Kd = Correction factor for rock deposition. Its value is as follows,
• for bedding steeply dipping into cut Kd = 1. 18
• for bedding steeply dipping into face Kd = 0.95
• for other cases Kd = 1.0
Ks = Correction factor for geologic structure. Its value is as follows,
• for heavily cracked, frequent weak joints, weakly cemented layers Ks
= 1.30
• for thin well cemented layers with tight joints Ks=1.1
• for massive intact rock Ks = 0.95
Kr = correction factors for number of row. Its value is a follows,
• for one or two rows of blastholes Kr = 1.0
• for third or subsequent rows Kr = 0.95
Burden Determination
Konya and Walter also suggested the following empirical relationship-
Where,
▪ S ANFO = relative strength of explosive
▪ ρr = density of rock, gm/c.c.
▪ d = diameter of blast-hole, m
Burden Determination
Russians suggested [10] a variety of equations to relate burden and blasthole
diameter. Amongst the most predominantly used are the ones as follows:
Russians cont.
where:
▪ 2x = length of the charge in the blasthole (m)
▪ r = radius of the fractured zone in rock (m)
▪ fp charge packing factor (see Table 1)
▪ d = decoupling = Dh/D e.
Burden Determination
Afrouz [11] presented an empirical formula to determine the burden in terms of
a single impact force to cause rupture (F) and the dynamic tensile strength of
rock (td) as follows:
where:
▪ n = a constant related to the effect of rate of explosion on the braking
properties of the rock = 1.04 for limestone, and 1.39 for concrete.
▪ c = constant related to the type of loading, for direct impact it was evaluated
to be 4.07.
Burden Determination
Hino [12] based on the propagation of the shock waves and its reflection at a
free face suggested the following equation:
where:
▪ n = a constant = 1.5, on average,
▪ Pd = detonation pressure (MPa)
Mishra (2009)
A relationship between burden with blast hole diameter
Contoh Variasi Penentuan Burden
31
Pengaruh Kekar Pada Peledakan
(Dyno Nobel, 1995)
Orientasi bidang diskontinuitas ke arah pit : Orientasi bidang diskontinuitas ke arah
- Ketidakmantapan lereng massa batuan :
- Backbreak berlebih - Toe tidak hancur
- Potensi batuan menggantung
A B
B’ = Kd x Ksg x B
Penentuan Spasi (S)
Penentuan Spasi Menurut Konya
Serentak S = ( L + 2B )/3 S = 2B
Tunda S = ( L + 7B )/8 S = 1,4B
Waktu tunda Ks
Long interval delay 1
Short period delay 1–2
Normal 1,2 – 1,8
Pemilihan pola Spasi
Square pattern
Burden = spasinya. Posisi lubang tembak pada baris berikutnya berada tepat
sejajar di belakang lubang tembak pada baris di depannya.
Rectangular pattern
Spasi > burden. Dalam penerapannya di lapangan, pola ini memiliki jarak spasi
maksimal sebesar dua kali jarak burden.
Staggered Pattern
Posisi lubang tembak pada baris berikutnya berada di tengah spasi baris di
depannya. Keuntungan menghasilkan distribusi energi peledakan lebih baik &
cenderung memberikan keseragaman fragmentasi.
Penentuan Tinggi Jenjang (H)
▪ Kh = H/B
B H B H
Burden
Vibrasi
Stifness Fragmentasi Air Blast Fly Rock Keterangan
tanah
(H/B)
Potensi terjadinya
back break dan toe.
1 Buruk Berpotensi Berpotensi Berpotensi
Harus dihindari dan
dirancang ulang
Sebaiknya dirancang
2 Sedang Sedang Sedang Sedang
ulang
Terkontrol dan
3 Baik Baik Baik Baik fragmentasi
memuaskan
Tidak menambah
Sangat Sangat Sangat keuntungan bila
4 Sangat baik
baik baik baik stifness ratio
dinaikkan lebih dari 4
Pengukuran Kedalaman
41
Penentuan Subdrilling (J)
▪ Lubang tembak yang dibor sampai melebihi batas lantai
jenjang bagian bawah
▪ Kj (subdrilling ratio) ≥ 0,2 & untuk batuan masif Kj = 0,3
▪ Lubang bor miring perlu KJ lebih kecil.
▪ Kj = J/B
▪ J = Subdrilling (ft)
▪ Pada peledakan lapisan penutup diatas lapisan batubara tidak
diperlukan subdrilling, tetapi justru harus diberi jarak antara
ujung lubang tembak dgn lapisan batubara yg disebut dgn
standoff, maksudnya untuk menghindari penghancuran
batubara akibat peledakan & diharapkan batubara yg tergali
akan bersih.
No sub drilling
Penentuan Stemming (T)
46
Pengaruh Stemming Pada Kinerja Peledakan
Alternatif penggunaan Stemtite
✓ B = burden (m).
Pemilihan Waktu Tunda
TH Konstan
Tipe Batuan
(ms/m)
Batu pasir, marls, batubara, lempung 5,7 – 6,6
Batu gamping, salt, shales 4,7 – 5,7
Batu gamping kompak, marmer, granit, kuarsa, gneiss, dan
3,8 – 4,7
gabro
Diabas, diabas porphirite, gneiss kompak dan magnetit 2,8 – 3,8
TR Konstanta
Hasil
(ms/m)
6,25 Air blast berlebih, backbreak
6,25 – 9,4 Muckpile tinggi menutupi face, airblast cukup, backbreak
9,4 – 12,5 Tinggi muckpile sedang, airblast dan backbreak sedang
12,5 – 18,8 Rockpile tersebar dengan bacbreak minimum
Pengaruh Waktu Tunda Terhadap Kondisi
Tumpukan
material terlempar
kembali ke jenjang
Interval tunda antar baris
sukar digali < 6 ms/m dari burden
muckpile
compact 6 9
loose 9 18
spread out 15 33
improved fragmentation 9 24
limit back break 12 33
control flyrock 9 33
minimise airblast 9 18
minimise ground vibration 15 33
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
Delay Interval (milliseconds per metre of burden)
55
Urutan Penyalaan – Baris per Baris
▪ Free face
▪ Good forward movement and low profile
▪ Fragmentation? Can be slabby
▪ Soft and friable rocks
▪ Higher Vibrations
109ms
Cord
56
Urutan Penyalaan V
▪ Free face
▪ Restricted forward movement
▪ High muckpile profile
▪ Good fragmentation
42ms
176ms 176ms
42ms
57
Urutan Penyalaan – Echelon
▪ More free faces
▪ Side movement
▪ Fragmentation 109ms
▪ Simple
42ms
176ms
42ms
58
Centre Lift Patterns
▪ Top free face
▪ Good for box cut
▪ Restricted forward movement
▪ Top movement
▪ Big heave
▪ Damage?
109ms 42ms
109ms 42ms
59
Merancang Fragmentasi Peledakan
Batuan – Kuz Ram
▪ Tingkat fragmentasi batuan yang diinginkan dapat diperoleh dari percobaan
peledakan di lapangan dengan mengevaluasi perubahan variabel-variabel
peledakan.
▪ Variabel tersebut adalah sifat-sifat batuan, pola peledakan, dan jumlah
pengisian bahan peledak.
▪ Sebuah model yang banyak dipakai oleh para ahli untuk memperkirakan
fragmentasi hasil peledakan adalah model Kuz-Ram.
▪ Kuznetsov (1973) telah melakukan penelitian untuk mengukur fragmentasi,
yang hasilnya dikenal dengan persamaan Kuznetsov:
0,8
V
X = A 0 Q1/6
Q
▪ X - Rata-rata ukuran fragmen, cm
▪ A - Faktor batuan, diperoleh dari pembobotan batuan berdasarkan nilai
blasting index (Lilly, 1986) yang merupakan fungsi dari deskripsi massa
batuan, jarak antar kekar, orientasi kekar, berat jenis batuan, dan kekerasan
Mohs.
▪ V0 - Volume batuan pecah per lubang tembak, Vo = B x S x Hjenjang
▪ Q - Jumlah bahan peledak TNT (kg) pada setiap lubang tembak
▪ Qe - massa bahan peledak per lubang tembak
▪ E : Relatif weight strength bahan peledak, ANFO = 100, TNT = 115
▪ Qe x E = Q x 115
Qe
19/30
115
X = A (k )−0,8
Qe 1/6
E
n
x
−
R= e xc
x
Xc =
(0,693) 1/n
B W (A − 1) L
n = 2,2 − 14 1 − 1 +
d B 2 H
Joint Spacing Close ( < 0,1 meter ) Intermediate (0,1–1m) Wide ( > 1 meter )
Bobot 10 20 50
Joint Horizontal Dip Out of Strike Normal to Face Dip Into Face
Orientation Face
Bobot 10 20 30 40
Skala Kekerasan Mohs
END