EMT KK NOTES UNIT 1

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY [EE303] KK
Notes
Module I: Coordinate Systems and Transformation:
 Basics of Vectors: Addition, subtraction and

multiplications;
 Cartesian, Cylindrical, Spherical transformation.
 Vector calculus: Differential length, Area and volume,

Line surface and Volume integrals,
 Del operator, Gradient,
 Divergence of a vector,
 Divergence theorem,
 Curl of a vector,
 Stokes’s theorem,
 Laplacian of a scalar.
Department of Electrical Engineering, RCIT, Bishrampur Page 1

Notes
Scalar:
A scalar quantity is defined as the physical quantity with only magnitude and no direction. Such
physical quantities can be described just by their numerical value without directions. The addition
of these physical quantities follows the simple rules of algebra, and here, only their magnitudes are
added.
Example: Mass, Speed, Distance, Time, Volume, Density, Temperature.
Vector:
A vector quantity is defined as the physical quantity that has both directions as well as magnitude.
A vector with the value of magnitude equal to one is called a unit vector and is represented by a
lowercase alphabet with a “hat” circumflex i.e. “û”.
Example: Linear momentum, Acceleration, Displacement, Momentum, Angular velocity, Force,
Electric field, Polarization.
Vector Algebra:
Vector algebra is algebra where the essential elements usually denote vectors. We perform
algebraic operations on vectors and vector spaces. This branch has rules and hypotheses based on
the properties and behaviour of vectors. The addition and subtraction of vector quantities do not
follow the simple arithmetic rules.
Addition and Subtraction of Vectors:

To add two vectors graphically, we'll use either-one of the following two methods:
1. The Tail-to-Head Method (Triangle method)

2. The Parallelogram Rule
METHOD 1: TAIL-to-HEAD METHOD for ADDING VECTORS
Given two vectors, such as a and b shown here, to add these two vectors using the Tail-to-Head
Method we can follow 3 steps:
Step 1: Draw a Step 2: Draw b Starting From Step 3: Draw the Resultant
the Head of a Vector a +b by joining the
Tail of a to the Head of b

Notes
METHOD 2: The PARALLELOGRAM RULE for ADDING VECTORS
Given two vectors a and b , if we draw a and b from the same starting point and let them form
two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then the resultant vector, a +b , is the parallelogram's
diagonal that leaves the same point as a and b .
This method is illustrated further down and summarized with the following 3 steps:
Step 1: draw the two vectors a Step 2: draw (or visualise) the Step 3: draw the resultant
and b from the same starting parallelogram formed by the vector, a +b , along the
point. two vectors drawn in step 1. parallelogram's diagonal with
the same starting point as a
and b .
Note :
1. For any vector v , v + 0 = v Here, 0 vector is the additive identity.

2. Addition is commutative; for any two arbitrary vectors c , and d , c + d = d + c .
3. Addition is associative; for any three arbitrary vectors i, j, and k, i + j + k = i + j + k. The
order of addition does not matter.
Vector Subtraction:
The vector subtraction of two vectors a and b is represented by a - b and it is nothing but
adding the negative of vector b to the vector a. i.e., a - b = a (- b Thus, subtraction of
vectors involves the addition of vectors and the negative of a vector. The result of vector
subtraction is again a vector. The following are the rules for subtracting vectors:
1. It should be performed between two vectors only (not between one vector and one scalar).
2. Both vectors in the subtraction should represent the same physical quantity.

Notes
Vector Subtraction by Parallelogram Law
We can determine the vector as follows.
We interpret a - b as a + (-b ), that is, the vector sum of a and

−b .
Now, we reverse vector b , and then add a and -b using the

parallelogram law.
Vector Subtraction by Triangle Law
Denote the vector drawn from the end-point of b to the

end-point of a by c .
Note that b + c = a .
Thus, c = a - b .
In other words, the vector a - b is the vector drawn from
the tip of b to the tip of a (if a and b are co-initial).
Note that both ways (using parallelogram law and triangle

law) are described above give us the same vector for a -
b . This becomes clearer from the figure.

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EMT KK NOTES UNIT 1

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ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY [EE303] KK

Module I: Coordinate Systems and Transformation:

 Basics of Vectors: Addition, subtraction and

 Cartesian, Cylindrical, Spherical transformation.

 Vector calculus: Differential length, Area and volume,

 Del operator, Gradient,

Department of Electrical Engineering, RCIT, Bishrampur Page 1

Addition and Subtraction of Vectors:

1. The Tail-to-Head Method (Triangle method)

METHOD 1: TAIL-to-HEAD METHOD for ADDING VECTORS

Department of Electrical Engineering, RCIT, Bishrampur Page 2

METHOD 2: The PARALLELOGRAM RULE for ADDING VECTORS

1. For any vector v , v + 0 = v Here, 0 vector is the additive identity.

Department of Electrical Engineering, RCIT, Bishrampur Page 3

Vector Subtraction by Parallelogram Law

We can determine the vector as follows.

We interpret a - b as a + (-b ), that is, the vector sum of a and

Now, we reverse vector b , and then add a and -b using the

Vector Subtraction by Triangle Law

Denote the vector drawn from the end-point of b to the

Note that both ways (using parallelogram law and triangle

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