Instructional Module: Republic of The Philippines Nueva Vizcaya State University Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.2: EE -1st Semester-2021-2022
College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang
Bachelor of Science in
DEGREE PROGRAM COURSE NO. EE 12
Electrical Engineering
Power System Analysis
SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE
YEAR LEVEL 4th Year TIME FRAME WK NO. IM NO. 2
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE
Short and Medium Length Transmission Lines
II. LESSON TITLE

1. ABCD parameters of short transmission lines
2. ABCD parameters of medium transmission lines
a. nominal π
b. nominal T
III. LESSON OVERVIEW

This module covers topics involving transmission line categories and the ABCD
parameters of short transmission lines, medium transmission lines(nominal π and nominal T)
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Differentiate between short transmission and medium transmission line

2. Identify the different parameters for a short and medium transmission line
3. Solve the ABCD parameters of a transmission line problems.
V. COURSE CONTENT
PERFORMANCE OF SHORT AND MEDIUM LENGTH TRANSMISSION LINES
The transmission lines are categorized as three types:

Short transmission line – the line length is up to 80 km
Medium transmission line – the line length is between 80km to 160 km
Long transmission line – the line length is more than 160 km
Whatever may be the category of transmission line, the main aim is to transmit power from one
end to another. Like other electrical system, the transmission network also will have some power
loss and voltage drop during transmitting power from sending end to receiving end. Hence,
performance of transmission line can be determined by its efficiency and voltage regulation.
𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏𝒅

𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 = 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏𝒅
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 1 of 14

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𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏𝒅 – 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏𝒅
Voltage regulation of transmission line is measure of change of receiving end voltage from no-
load to full load condition.
𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 − 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

% 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100%
𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
Every transmission line will have three basic electrical parameters. The conductors of the line will
have resistance, inductance, and capacitance. As the transmission line is a set of conductors
being run from one place to another supported by transmission towers, the parameters are
distributed uniformly along the line.
ABCD PARAMETERS
A major section of power system engineering deals in the transmission of electrical power from
one particular place (eg. Generating station) to another like substations or distribution units with
maximum efficiency. So its of substantial importance for power system engineers to be thorough
with its mathematical modeling. Thus the entire transmission system can be simplified to a two
port network for the sake of easier calculations.
The circuit of a 2 port network is shown in the diagram below. As the name suggests, a 2 port
network consists of an input port PQ and an output port RS. Each port has 2 terminals to connect
itself to the external circuit. Thus it is essentially a 2 port or a 4 terminal circuit, having
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑉𝑆
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐼𝑆
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑃 𝑄.

𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑉𝑅
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐼𝑅
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑅 𝑆.
the ABCD parameters or the transmission line parameters provide the link between the supply
and receiving end voltages and currents, considering the circuit elements to be linear in nature.
Thus the relation between the sending and receiving end specifications are given using ABCD
parameters by the equations below.

𝑽 𝒔 = 𝑨 𝑽 𝑹 + 𝑩 𝑰𝑹 equation 1
𝑰𝒔 = 𝑪 𝑽 𝑹 + 𝑫 𝑰𝑹 equation 2
To determine the ABCD parameters of transmission line let us impose the required circuit
conditions in different cases.
ABCD parameters, when receiving end is open circuited
The receiving end is open circuited meaning receiving end current IR = 0. Applying this condition
to equation (1) we get.
𝑽 𝒔 = 𝑨 𝑽 𝑹 + 𝟎 𝑰𝑹
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑨 𝑽𝑹 + 𝟎
𝑽𝒔
𝑨= |𝑰
𝑽𝑹 𝑹=𝟎
Thus its implies that on applying open circuit condition to ABCD parameters, we get parameter
A as the ratio of sending end voltage to the open circuit receiving end voltage. Since dimension
wise A is a ratio of voltage to voltage, A is a dimension less parameter.
Applying the same open circuit condition i.e 𝑰𝑹 = 𝟎 to equation (2)
𝑰𝒔 = 𝑪 𝑽 𝑹 + 𝑫 𝟎
𝑰𝒔 = 𝑪 𝑽 𝑹 + 𝟎
𝑰𝒔
𝑪= |𝑰
𝑽𝑹 𝑹=𝟎
Thus its implies that on applying open circuit condition to ABCD parameters of transmission line,
we get parameter C as the ratio of sending end current to the open circuit receiving end
voltage. Since dimension wise C is a ratio of current to voltage, its unit is mho. Thus C is the open
circuit conductance and is given by
𝑰𝒔
𝑪= 𝒎𝒉𝒐
𝑽𝑹
ABCD parameters when receiving end is short circuited

Receiving end is short circuited meaning receiving end voltage VR = 0 Applying this condition
to equation (1)
𝑽 𝒔 = 𝑨 𝟎 + 𝑩 𝑰𝑹
𝑽 𝒔 = 𝟎 + 𝑩 𝑰𝑹
𝑽𝒔
𝑩= |𝑽
𝑰𝑹 𝑹=𝟎
Thus its implies that on applying short circuit condition to ABCD parameters, we get parameter
B as the ratio of sending end voltage to the short circuit receiving end current. Since dimension
wise B is a ratio of voltage to current, its unit is Ω. Thus B is the short circuit resistance and is given
by
𝑽𝒔
𝑩=
𝑰𝑹
Applying the same short circuit condition i.e 𝑽𝑹 = 𝟎 to equation
𝑰𝒔 = 𝑪 𝟎 + 𝑫 𝑰 𝑹
𝑰𝒔 = 𝟎 + 𝑫 𝑰𝑹
𝑰𝒔
𝑫= |𝑽
𝑽𝑹 𝑹=𝟎
the ABCD parameters of transmission line can be tabulated as:
Specification Unit
Parameter
𝑽𝒔 Voltage ratio Unit less

𝑨=
𝑽𝑹
𝑽𝒔 Short circuit resistance Ω
𝑩=
𝑰𝑹
𝑰𝒔 Open circuit conductance mho
𝑪=
𝑽𝑹
𝑰𝒔 Current ratio Unit less
𝑫=
𝑰𝑹
SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE
The transmission lines which have length less than 80 km are generally referred as short
transmission lines.
For short length, the shunt capacitance of this type of line is neglected and other parameters
like resistance and inductance of these short lines are lumped, hence the equivalent circuit is
represented as given below

the vector diagram for this equivalent circuit, taking receiving end current Ir as reference. The
sending end and receiving end voltages make angle with that reference receiving end current,
of 𝜑𝑠 and 𝜑𝑟, respectively.
As the shunt capacitance of the line is neglected, hence sending end current and receiving
end current is same
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑟.
Now if we observe the vector diagram carefully, we will get,
𝑉𝑠 is approximately equal to
𝑉𝑟 + 𝐼𝑟𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑟 + 𝐼𝑟𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑟
That means,
𝑉𝑠 ≅ 𝑉𝑟 + 𝐼𝑟𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑟 + 𝐼𝑟𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑟 as it is assumed that 𝜑𝑠 ≅ 𝜑𝑟
As there is no capacitance, during no load condition the current through the line is considered
as zero, hence at no load condition, receiving end voltage is the same as sending end voltage
As per dentition of voltage regulation,
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑅
%𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100%
𝑉𝑅
𝐼𝑟𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑟 + 𝐼𝑟𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑟
%𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100%
𝑉𝑅

𝐼𝑟𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑟 𝐼𝑟𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑟
𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = + = 𝑉𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑟 + 𝑉𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑟
𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝑅
Where 𝑉𝑟 and 𝑉𝑥 are the per unit resistance and reactance of the short transmission line.
Any electrical network generally has two input terminals and two output terminals. If we consider
any complex electrical network in a black box, it will have two input terminals and output
terminals. This network is called two – port network. Two port model of a network simplifies the
network solving technique. Mathematically a two port network can be solved by 2 by 2 matrixes.
A transmission as it is also an electrical network; line can be represented as two port network.
Hence two port network of transmission line can be represented as 2 by 2 matrixes. Here the
concept of ABCD parameters comes. Voltage and currents of the network can represented as
𝑉𝑠 = 𝐴 𝑉𝑅 + 𝐵 𝐼𝑅
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐶 𝑉𝑅 + 𝐷 𝐼𝑅
Where A, B, C and D are different constant of the network.
If we put 𝐼𝑟 = 0 at equation (1), we get
𝑽𝒔
𝑨= |𝑰
𝑽𝑹 𝑹=𝟎
Hence, A is the voltage impressed at the sending end per volt at the receiving end when
receiving end is open. It is dimension less.
If we put 𝑉𝑟 = 0 at equation (1), we get
𝑽𝒔
𝑩= |𝑽
𝑰𝑹 𝑹=𝟎
That indicates it is impedance of the transmission line when the receiving terminals are short
circuited. This parameter is referred as transfer impedance.
𝑰𝒔
𝑪= |𝑰
𝑽𝑹 𝑹=𝟎
C is the current in amperes into the sending end per volt on open circuited receiving end. It has
the dimension of admittance.
𝑰𝒔
𝑫= |𝑽
𝑰𝑹 𝑹=𝟎
D is the current in amperes into the sending end per amp on short circuited receiving end. It is
dimensionless.
from equivalent circuit, it is found that,

𝑽 𝒔 = 𝑽 𝑹 + 𝑰𝑹 𝒁
and
𝑰𝒔 = 𝑰𝑹
Comparing these equations with equation 1 and 2
𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = 𝑍, 𝐶 = 0 and 𝐷 = 1.
As we know that the constant A, B, C and D are related for passive network as
𝐴𝐷 − 𝐵𝐶 = 1
In Matrix form
𝑽𝒔 𝑨 𝑩 𝑽𝑹
[ ]= [ ][ ]
𝑰𝒔 𝑪 𝑫 𝑰𝑹
𝑽𝒔 𝟏 𝒁 𝑽𝑹
[ ]= [ ][ ]
𝑰𝒔 𝟎 𝟏 𝑰𝑹
Efficiency of Short Transmission Line
The efficiency of short line as simple as efficiency equation of any other electrical equipment,
that means
𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏𝒅
% 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏𝒅
MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE
The transmission line having its effective length more than 80 km but less than 250 km, is generally
referred to as a medium transmission line. Due to the line length being considerably high,
admittance Y of the network does play a role in calculating the effective circuit parameters,
unlike in the case of short transmission lines. For this reason the modelling of a medium length
transmission line is done using lumped shunt admittance along with the lumped impedance in
series to the circuit.
These lumped parameters of a medium length transmission line can be represented using two
different models
1. Nominal π representation
2. Nominal T representation
Nominal π representation of a medium transmission line
In case of a nominal π representation, the lumped series impedance is placed at the middle of
the circuit where as the shunt admittances are at the ends. As we can see from the diagram of
the π network below, the total lumped shunt admittance is divided into 2 equal halves, and

each half with value Y ⁄ 2 is placed at both the sending and the receiving end while the entire
circuit impedance is between the two. The shape of the circuit so formed resembles that of a
symbol π, and for this reason it is known as the nominal π representation of a medium
transmission line. It is mainly used for determining the general circuit parameters and performing
load flow analysis.
𝑽𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑽𝑹 is the supply and receiving end voltages respectively.
𝑰𝒔 is the current flowing through the supply end
𝑰𝑹 is the current flowing through the receiving end of the circuit
𝑰𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑰𝟑 are the values of currents flowing through the admittances
𝑰𝟐 is the current through the impedance Z.
applying KCL, at node P

𝑰𝒔 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐
Similarly applying KCL, to node Q
𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝟑 + 𝑰𝑹
substituting equation 2 to equation 1
𝑰𝒔 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟑 + 𝑰𝑹
𝒀 𝒀
𝑰𝒔 = 𝑽 + 𝑽 + 𝑰𝑹 ----------------------------3
𝟐 𝒔 𝟐 𝑹
applying KVL to the circuit
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑽𝑹 + 𝒁𝑰𝟐
𝒀
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑽𝑹 + 𝒁 (𝑽𝑹 + 𝑰𝑹 )
𝟐
𝒀
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑽𝑹 (𝒁 + 𝟏) + 𝒁 𝑰𝑹 ----------------------4
𝟐
Substituting equation 4 to equation 3,

𝒀 𝒀 𝒀
𝑰𝒔 = ( 𝑽𝑹 (𝒁 + 𝟏) + 𝒁 𝑰𝑹 ) + 𝑽𝑹 + 𝑰𝑹
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒀 𝒀
𝑰𝒔 = 𝑽𝑹 (𝒀 (𝒁 + 𝟏)) + ( 𝒁 + 𝟏) 𝑰𝑹 --------------------5
𝟒 𝟐
Comparing equation (4) and (5) with the standard ABCD parameter equations

𝑽 𝑺 = 𝑨 𝑽 𝑹 + 𝑩 𝑰𝑹
𝑰𝑺 = 𝑪 𝑽 𝑹 + 𝑫 𝑰 𝑹
the derived parameters of a medium transmission line as:

𝒀
𝑨=𝒁 +𝟏
𝟐
𝑩=𝒁
𝒀
𝑪 = 𝒀 (𝒁 + 𝟏)
𝟒
𝒀
𝑫 = ( 𝒁 + 𝟏)
𝟐
In Matrix form
𝑽𝒔 𝑨 𝑩 𝑽𝑹
[ ]= [ ][ ]
𝒀 𝑽𝑹
𝑽𝒔 +𝟏 𝒁 𝒁
[ ]= [ 𝟐 ][ ]
𝑰𝒔 𝒀 𝒀
𝒀 (𝒁 + 𝟏) ( 𝒁 + 𝟏) 𝑰𝑹
𝟒 𝟐
Nominal T representation of a medium transmission line
In the nominal T model of a medium transmission line the lumped shunt admittance is placed in
the middle, while the net series impedance is divided into two equal halves and and placed on
either side of the shunt admittance. The circuit so formed resembles the symbol of a capital T,
and hence is known as the nominal T network of a medium length transmission line and is shown
in the diagram below.
𝑽𝑺 and 𝑽𝑹 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦,

𝑰𝑺 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑑.
𝑰𝑹 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡.
Let M be a node at the midpoint of the circuit, and the drop at M, be given by 𝑽𝑴
Applying KVL to the above network

𝑽𝒔 − 𝑽𝑴 𝑽 𝑴 − 𝑽𝑹
= 𝑌𝑽𝑴 +
𝑍/2 𝑍/2
Or
𝟐 (𝑽𝒔 + 𝑽𝑹 )
𝑽𝑴 = ………………6
𝑌𝑍 + 4
The receiving end current
𝟐 (𝑽𝑴 − 𝑽𝑹 )
𝑰𝑹 = … … … … … .7
𝑍/2
substituting 𝑽𝑴 from equation 6 to 7

((𝟐𝑽𝑺 + 𝑽𝑹 )/𝑌𝑍 + 4) − 𝑽𝑹
𝑰𝑹 =
𝑍/2
Rearranging
𝒀 𝒀
𝑽𝑺 = ( 𝒁 + 𝟏) 𝑽𝑹 + 𝒁 ( 𝒁 + 𝟏) 𝑰𝑹 … … … … . 𝟖
𝟐 𝟒
Now the sending end current is
𝑰𝑺 = 𝒀 𝑽𝑴 + 𝑰𝑹 … … … … … … . . 𝟗
Substituting the value of 𝑽𝑴 to equation 9

𝒀
𝑰𝑺 = 𝒀 𝑽 𝑹 + ( 𝒁 + 𝟏) 𝑰𝑹 … … … … … . 𝟏𝟎
𝟐
comparing Comparing equation (8) and (10) with the standard ABCD parameter equations
𝑽𝑺 = 𝑨 𝑽𝑹 + 𝑩 𝑰𝑹
𝑰𝑺 = 𝑪 𝑽 𝑹 + 𝑫 𝑰 𝑹
The parameters of the T network of a medium transmission line are
𝒀
𝑨= ( 𝒁 + 𝟏)
𝟐
𝒀
𝑩 = 𝒁( 𝒁 + 𝟏) 𝑰𝑹
𝟒
𝑪=𝒀
𝒀
𝑫= ( 𝒁 + 𝟏)
𝟐
In matrix form

𝑽 𝑨 𝑩 𝑽𝑹
[ 𝒔] = [ ][ ]
𝒀 𝒀
𝑽𝒔 𝒁 +𝟏 𝒁 (𝒁 + 𝟏) 𝑽𝑹
[ ]= [ 𝟐 𝟒 ][ ]
𝑰𝒔 𝒀
𝒀 ( 𝒁 + 𝟏) 𝑰𝑹
𝟐
Example: A 66 kV, 60 km-long line delivers a load of 25 MW at 0.8 lagging power factor. If the
line has a series resistance and inductance of 0.08 Ω /km and 1.25 mH/km, respectively,
compute (a) sending end voltage and current, (b) voltage regulation. Assume a power
frequency of 50 Hz.
Solution:
𝑍 = ((0.08 + 𝑗(2𝜋(50)(1.25 x 10−3 ))(60) = 24.04∠78.48 Ω
𝑉𝑅 = (345 𝑘𝑉)(0.95) = 327.8 𝑘𝑉 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
66 𝑘𝑉
𝑉𝑅 = ∠0 = 38.11∠0 𝑘𝑉 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
√3
25 x 106 ∠ − 36.87
𝐼𝑅 = = 273.37 ∠ − 36.87 𝐴
√3((66 x 103 )(0.8)
Since the length of the line is 60 km, it is classified as a short line. Hence the ABCD parameters of
the line are:
𝐴 = 𝐷 = 1
𝐵 = 𝑍 = 24.04∠78.48 Ω
𝐶 = 0
𝑉 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉𝑅
[ 𝑠] = [ ][ ]
𝐼𝑠 𝐶 𝐷 𝐼𝑅
𝑉 1 24.04∠78.48 38.11∠0 𝑘𝑉
[ 𝑠] = [ ] [ ]
𝐼𝑠 0 1 273.37 ∠ − 36.87 𝐴
𝑉𝑆 = 38.11∠0 x 103 (1) + ( 24.04∠78.48)(273.37 ∠ − 36.87)

𝑉𝑆 = 43.244 𝑘𝑉 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑉𝑆 = √3 ( 43.244 ) = 74.519 𝑘𝑉 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐼𝑆 = 0 + 273.37 ∠ − 36.87
𝐼𝑆 = 273.37 ∠ − 36.87 𝐴
43.244 − 38.11
% 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑥 100 = 13.46 %
38.11
Example: A 400-kV, three-phase fully transposed line of length 250 km has the following line
constants:
𝒛 = (0.032 + 𝑗0.30)Ω/𝑘𝑚
𝑦 = 𝑗3.5 x 10−6 ℧/𝑘𝑚
Determine the ABCD constants of the line assuming distributed parameters.
Solution: The total series impedance and shunt admittance values

𝑍 = 𝑧𝑙 = (0.032 + 𝑗 0.30)(250) = 75.425 ∠83.91 Ω
𝑌 = 𝑦𝑙 = ( j 3.5 x 10−6 )(250) = 8.75 x 10−4 ∠90 ℧

1
𝐴 = 𝐷 = 1 + (8.75 x 10−4 ∠90)(75.425 ∠83.91) ( ) = 0.967∠ 0.2050 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
2
𝐵 = 𝑍 = 75.425 ∠83.91 Ω Ω
1
𝐶 = (8.475 x 10−4 ∠90) [((8.75 x 10−4 ∠90)(75.425 ∠83.91) ( )) + 1]
4
𝐶 = 8.606 x 10−4 ∠ 90.102 ℧
Example: A three-phase, 60-Hz, completely transposed 345-kV, 200-km line has two 795,000-cmil
26/2 ACSR conductors per bundle and the following positive sequence line constants:
𝑧 = 0.032 + 𝑗 0.35 Ω/𝑘𝑚 y = j4.2 x 10−6 ℧/𝑘𝑚
Full load at the receiving end of the line is 700 MW at 0.99 p.f. leading and at 95% of rated
voltage. Assuming a medium-length line, determine the following:
a. ABCD parameters of the nominal π circuit
b. Sending-end voltage VS, current IS
c. Percent voltage regulation
Solution: The total series impedance and shunt admittance values

𝑍 = 𝑧𝑙 = (0.032 + 𝑗 0.35)(200) = 6.4 + 𝑗70 = 70.29 ∠84.78 Ω
𝑌 = 𝑦𝑙 = ( j4.2 x 10−6 )(200) = 8.4 x 10−4 ∠90 ℧
1
𝐴 = 𝐷 = 1 + (8.4 x 10−4 ∠90)(70.29 ∠84.78) ( ) = 0.9706 ∠ 0.159 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
2
𝐵 = 𝑍 = 70.29 ∠84.78 Ω
1
𝐶 = (8.4 x 10−4 ∠90) [((8.4 x 10−4 ∠90)(70.29 ∠84.78) ( )) + 1] = 8.277 x 10−4 ∠ 90.078 ℧
4
The receiving-end voltage and current
𝑉𝑅 = (345 𝑘𝑉)(0.95) = 327.8 𝑘𝑉 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

327.8 𝑘𝑉
𝑉𝑅 = ∠0 = 189.2 ∠0 𝑘𝑉 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
√3
700 x 106 ∠8.1096

𝐼𝑅 = = 1.246 ∠8.11 𝑘𝐴
√3((345 x 103 )(0.95)(0.99)
The sending voltage and current
𝑉𝑆 = (0.9706 ∠ 0.159)( 189.2 x 103 ∠0) + ( 70.29 ∠84.78 )(1.246 x 103 ∠8.11)
𝑉𝑆 = 199.6 ∠26.14 𝑘𝑉 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑉𝑆 = √3 ( 199.6) = 345.8 𝑘𝑉 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐼𝑆 = (8.277 x 10−4 ∠ 90.078)( 0.9706 ∠ 0.159 ) + (0.9706 ∠ 0.159)( 1.246 x 103 ∠8.11
𝐼𝑆 = 1.241 ∠15.5 𝑘𝐴
No-load receiving end voltage
𝑉𝑠 345.8 𝑘𝑉 356
𝑉𝑅𝑁𝐿 = = = 𝐾𝑉 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐴 0.9706 3
356.3 − 327. 8
% 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑥 100 = 8.7 %
327.8

VII. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
. Show your complete solution in a separate sheet of paper.Box your final answer.
1. A 220 kV three phase transmission line is 40 km long. The resistance per phase is 0.15 ohms per km
and the inductance per phase is 1.3263 mH/km. The shunt capacitance is negligible. Determine the
voltage regulation when supplying 381 MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging at 220 kV.
2. Each phase of a short 3-phase transmission line has an impedance of 15 + j20 ohms. The impressed
emf between the line conductors is 13,200 volts. The load connected to this line is balanced takes
1,000 kW at lagging power factor. The current per conductor is 70 Amperes. What is the receiving
end line voltage?
3. A 60 Hz, three-phase transmission line has an impedance of 12 + j16 ohms per conductor. The load
of the receiving end takes a current of 120 A at 0.85 lagging power factor. Calculate the sending
end voltage if the power factor at the sending end is 0.843 lagging.
4. A 69 kV, 16 km, 3-phase transmission line has an impedance of 0.125 + j0.4375 ohm per km.
Determine the transmission efficiency when the line delivers 70 MVA to a load at 64 kV with 80% pf
lagging.
5. A 30-km, 34.5-kV, 60-Hz, three-phase line has a positive-sequence series impedance 𝑧 = 0.19 +
𝑗0.34 Ω/𝑘𝑚. The load at the receiving end absorbs 10 MVA at 33 kV. Assuming a short line, calculate:
6. the ABCD parameters,
a. the sending-end voltage for a load power factor of 0.9 lagging,
b. the sending-end voltage for a load power factor of 0.9 leading.
7. A 200-km, 230-kV, 60-Hz, three-phase line has a positive-sequence series impedance 𝑧 = 0.08 +
𝑗0.48 Ω/𝑘𝑚 and a positive-sequence shunt admittance 𝑦 = 𝑗3.33 𝑥10−6 𝑆/𝑘𝑚. At full load, the line
delivers 250 MW at 0.99 p.f. lagging and at 220 kV. Using the nominal pi circuit, calculate:
a. the ABCD parameters
b. the sending-end voltage and current, and
c. the percent voltage regulation
VIII. EVALUATION
IX. REFERENCES
Prepared by:
JEMIMAH P. NATIVIDAD
Instructor 1
Recommending Approval:
Engr. HEHERSON ALCARAZ

Program Chair, BSEE
Approved by:
Engr. MARY B. PASION

Dean, College of Engineering


Instructional Module: Republic of The Philippines Nueva Vizcaya State University Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Short and Medium Length Transmission Lines

II. LESSON TITLE

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Differentiate between short transmission and medium transmission line

PERFORMANCE OF SHORT AND MEDIUM LENGTH TRANSMISSION LINES

The transmission lines are categorized as three types:

𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏𝒅

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 1 of 14

𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 − 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑉𝑆

𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐼𝑆

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑃 𝑄.

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐼𝑅

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑅 𝑆.

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 2 of 14

ABCD parameters, when receiving end is open circuited

Applying the same open circuit condition i.e 𝑰𝑹 = 𝟎 to equation (2)

ABCD parameters when receiving end is short circuited

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 3 of 14

Applying the same short circuit condition i.e 𝑽𝑹 = 𝟎 to equation

the ABCD parameters of transmission line can be tabulated as:

𝑽𝒔 Voltage ratio Unit less

SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 4 of 14

Now if we observe the vector diagram carefully, we will get,

𝑉𝑠 ≅ 𝑉𝑟 + 𝐼𝑟𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑟 + 𝐼𝑟𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑟 as it is assumed that 𝜑𝑠 ≅ 𝜑𝑟

As per dentition of voltage regulation,

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 5 of 14

Where A, B, C and D are different constant of the network.

If we put 𝐼𝑟 = 0 at equation (1), we get

from equivalent circuit, it is found that,

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 6 of 14

Comparing these equations with equation 1 and 2

Efficiency of Short Transmission Line

MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE

Nominal π representation of a medium transmission line

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 7 of 14

𝑽𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑽𝑹 is the supply and receiving end voltages respectively.

𝑰𝒔 is the current flowing through the supply end

𝑰𝑹 is the current flowing through the receiving end of the circuit

𝑰𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑰𝟑 are the values of currents flowing through the admittances

𝑰𝟐 is the current through the impedance Z.

applying KCL, at node P

Similarly applying KCL, to node Q

substituting equation 2 to equation 1

applying KVL to the circuit

Substituting equation 4 to equation 3,

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 8 of 14

the derived parameters of a medium transmission line as:

Nominal T representation of a medium transmission line

𝑽𝑺 and 𝑽𝑹 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦,

𝑰𝑹 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡.

Applying KVL to the above network

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 9 of 14

substituting 𝑽𝑴 from equation 6 to 7

Substituting the value of 𝑽𝑴 to equation 9

The parameters of the T network of a medium transmission line are

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 10 of 14