EE2-M1 Finals 1st Sem

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.01: EE 2-2nd Semester-2022-2023
College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang
Bachelor of Science in
DEGREE PROGRAM COURSE NO. EE 02
Electrical Engineering
SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE Electrical Circuits 2
nd
YEAR LEVEL 2 Year TIME FRAME WK NO. IM NO. 01
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE
AC Circuit
II. LESSON TITLE
1. Generation of AC voltage
2. Frequency and Electrical degrees
3. RMS value of an AC
4. AC phase difference
III. LESSON OVERVIEW
This module will provide students with an explanations of the specific characteristics of AC waveform and
give students the skills necessary to calculate the current and voltage in a simple AC resistive circuit.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Identify a sinusoidal waveform and measure its characteristics

2. Describe how sine waves are generated
3. Calculate the voltage and current values of sine waves
4. Describe angular relationships of sine waves
5. Apply the basic circuit laws to AC resistive circuits
V. COURSE CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
AC is either a voltage or current that alternates. The alternating effect is due to the way that it is generated.
When AC is graphed out it follows a sinusoidal waveform. The positive and negative sides of the graph
represent one direction then the other
GENERATION OF ALTERNATING EMF
AC is produced using laws and properties of magnets and their relationship to electricity. Metal rods are
rotated in a magnetic field. This is what generates AC. There are different ways to generate AC. One set
up is to have permanent magnets with the north and south poles facing each other. The attraction
between the two poles creates a magnetic field between the magnets. A loop of wire or armature is
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rotated inside of the magnetic field. The rotation causes the magnetic flux to change within the wire, this
generates electricity.
To improve the amount of electricity that is produced, more magnets or loops can be added.
A permanent magnet that’s placed center and is rotated, if windings of wire are placed close to the
magnet, will produce electricity in the windings.
Emf can be developed in a coil of wire in one of three ways:
1. By changing the flux through a coil

2. By moving a coil through a magnetic field
3. By altering the direction of the flux with respect to the coil
The induced emf can be calculated as
𝒅𝜱
𝒆=𝑵
𝒅𝒕
where :
N- number of turns in the coil

𝑑𝛷
- rate at which the flux changes through the coil (unit: Weber)
𝑑𝑡
1 weber= 108 Maxwells
If there is a physical motion of coil or magnet, generated voltage is equal to
𝒆 = 𝜷𝒍𝒗
where
β- flux density ( unit :Tesla)
1 Tesla = 1 Weber/m2
l- length of wire (unit: m)
v- velocity of the wire (unit: m/sec)
Example 1.1
Calculate the average voltage induced in a coil of 300 turns, through which the flux changes from 250,
000 maxwells to 20, 000 Maxwells in 0.15 sec.
Solution:
𝑁 = 300 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑠
𝑑𝜑 = 250, 000 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠 − 20, 000 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠 = 230, 000 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠

𝑑𝑡 = 15 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝛷 230,000 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠 1 𝑊𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑒=𝑁 = 300 𝑥 = 4.6 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑑𝑡 0.15 𝑠𝑒𝑐 108 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙
Example 1.2
How many turns of wire are there in a coil in which 35. 7 volts are induced when the flux through it
increases uniformly at the rate of 3 x10 6 maxwells per second?

Solution:
𝑒 = 35.7 𝑉
𝑑𝛷
= 3𝑥106 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝛷 3𝑥106 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 1 𝑊𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑁= 𝑒÷ = 35.7𝑉 ÷ 𝑥 = 1190𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝑑𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐 108 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙
GENERATION OF A SINE WAVE OF A VOLTAGE
The voltage developed in a coil of generator changes in magnitude from instant to instant as varying flux
are cut per second and in direction as coil sides changes positions under north and south poles, implies
that an alternating emf is generated. Thus, an alternating current (AC) follows a sinusoidal waveform.
The current/voltage starts at zero and increases to its maximum peak value. Then it drops back down to
zero and goes down to the negative value of its max peak value.
The emf generated is equal to
𝒆 = 𝑬𝒎𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 = 𝑬𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 = 𝑬𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒕)
Figure 1.
Definitions
The sinusoidal waveform in Fig.1 with its additional notation will now be used as a model in defining a
few basic terms.

Waveform: The path traced by a quantity, such as the voltage in Fig. 2, plotted as a function of some
variable, such as time (as above), position, degrees, radians, temperature, and so on.
Instantaneous value: The magnitude of a waveform at any instant of time; denoted by lowercase letters
(e1, e2).
Peak amplitude: The maximum value of a waveform as measured from its average, or mean, value,
denoted by uppercase letters [such as Em for sources of voltage and Vm for the voltage drop
across a load]. For the waveform in the average value is zero volts, and Em is as defined by the figure.
Peak value: The maximum instantaneous value of a function as measured from the zero volt level. For
the waveform the peak amplitude and peak value are the same since the average value of the function
is zero volts.
Peak-to-peak value: Denoted by Epp or Vpp, the full voltage between positive and negative peaks
of the waveform, that is, the sum of the magnitude of the positive and negative peaks
Periodic waveform: A waveform that continually repeats itself after the same time interval. The
waveform in Fig.2 is a periodic waveform.
Period (T): The time of a periodic waveform.
Cycle: The portion of a waveform contained in one period of time.
Figure 3
Frequency ( f ): The number of cycles that occur in 1 s. The frequency of the waveform in Fig. 4a is 1
cycle per second, and for Fig. 4b is 2.5 cycles per second. If a waveform of similar shape had a period
of 0.5 s. Figure 4c the frequency would be 2 cycles per second.
Figure 4

The unit of measure for frequency is the hertz (Hz), where

1 hertz (Hz) = 1 cycle per second (cps)
𝟏 𝟏
𝑻= 𝒇=
𝒇 𝑻
Example 1.3
Given the period T= 1 s what is the frequency?

Solution:
𝟏 𝟏
𝒇= = so the frequency is 1 Hz
𝑻 𝟏𝒔
Example 1.4
What is the period when the frequency is 25 Hz, 50 Hz, and 100 kHz?
Solution:
1 1
𝑇= = = 0.04 s
𝑓 25𝐻𝑧
1 1
𝑇= = = 0.02 s
𝑓 50𝐻𝑧
1 1
𝑇= = = 0.00001 s or 10 microseconds
𝑓 100𝑘𝐻𝑧
Practice Problem 1.1
1. Calculate the period if frequency is:

a. 455 Hz
b. 689 Hz
c. 967 Hz
2. Find the frequency if period is :
a. .005 s
b. 65 ms
c. .04 ms
Frequency And Electrical Degrees
An ac generator having two poles will develop one cycle of voltage variations for each revolution of the
rotating machine. If rotation occurs at rhe rate of one revolution per second, the voltage has a frequency
of one cycle per second. If each cycle is generated for every pair of pole, then for a multipolar alternator
will generate P/2 cps per revolution and the frequency will be (P/2)x (rps) cycles per second.
Or f will be
𝑷
𝒇= 𝒙 𝒓𝒑𝒔
𝟐

or if the rotating speed is in revolution per minute(rpm)
𝑷
𝒇= 𝒙 𝒓𝒑𝒎
𝟏𝟐𝟎
Sinusoidal Alternating Currents
The Sinusoidal Waveform
The sinusoidal waveform is the only alternating waveform whose shape is unaffected by the
response characteristics of R, L, and C elements.
The unit of measurement for the horizontal axis can be time (as appearing in the figures thus far),
degrees, or radians. The term radian can be defined as follows: If we mark off a portion of the
circumference of a circle by a length equal to the radius of the circle, as shown in Fig. 5 the angle
resulting is called 1 radian. The result is
1 rad = 57.296°
Figure 5
For comparison purposes, two sinusoidal voltages are plotted in Fig. 6 using degrees and radians as
the units of measurement for the horizontal axis. It is of particular interest that the sinusoidal waveform
can be derived from the length of the vertical projection of a radius vector rotating in a uniform circular
motion about a fixed point.

Angular velocity( ω) -refers to how quickly the wave moves, it is directly proportional to the frequency.
𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇 (radians per second.)
the angle(θ) that has been covered in a particular amount of time is equal to
𝜽 = 𝝎𝒕
Example 1.5
Determine the angular velocity of a sine wave having a frequency of 60 Hz.
Solution:
𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇 = 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 60 𝐻𝑧 = 377 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
Example 1.6
If the frequency is 350 Hz. Find the angular velocity, then find the angle covered in 2 seconds.
Solution:
𝜔 = 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 350 𝐻𝑧 = 2199.11 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜃 = 2199.11 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐 ∗ 2 = 4398.22 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠
Example 1.7
Given 𝜔 = 200 rad/s, determine how long it will take the sinusoidal waveform to pass through an angle
of 90°.
Solution:
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜋
𝜔 = 200 𝜃 = 90 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 = ( 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠)
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝜋
𝜽(𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒅) 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝒕= = 2 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝝎 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝒆𝒄

Example 1.8
Find the angle through which a sinusoidal waveform of 60 Hz will pass in a period of 5 ms.
Solution:
𝑡 = 5 𝑚𝑠 𝑓 = 60 𝐻𝑧
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 60 = 377 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑟𝑎𝑑 180 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

𝜽 = 𝜔𝑡 = 377 ∗ 5𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 1.885 𝑟𝑎𝑑 ∗ = 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Find the angular velocity when the angle is covered in .5 seconds.

d. 699 Hz
e. 357 Hz
f. 865 Hz
GENERAL FORMAT FOR THE SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE OR CURRENT
The basic mathematical format for the sinusoidal waveform is
𝑨𝒎𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶
where Am is the peak value of the waveform and a is the unit of measure for the horizontal axis, as shown
in Fig 6. The equation 𝜶 = 𝝎𝒕 states that the angle a through which the rotating vector in Fig. 6 will pass
is determined by the angular velocity of the rotating vector and the length of time the vector rotates.
Figure 6.
For electrical quantities such as current and voltage, the general format is
𝒆 = 𝑬𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶
𝒊 = 𝑰𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶
𝒆 𝑬𝒎𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶
𝒊= = = 𝑰𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶
𝑹 𝑹
𝐸𝑚
Where: 𝐼𝑚 =
𝑅
Example 1.9
Given 𝑒 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼, determine e at 𝛼 = 40° and 𝛼 = 0.8𝜋
Solution:
a. 𝑒 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 5 sin(40) = 3.2139 𝑉
b. 𝑒 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 5 sin(0.8𝜋) = 2.93 𝑉
Note! if the given value for α is in degrees set your calculator in degree(D) mode and if α is in rad
set your calculator in to rad(R) mode
Example 1.10
Given 𝑖 = 6 𝑥10−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1000𝑡, determine i at 𝑡 = 2 𝑚𝑠.
Solution:
Since the ω is in rad/sec in the equation 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡, set your calculator to rad mode
𝒊 = 6 𝑥10−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1000𝑡 = 6 𝑥10−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1000(2 𝑥10−3 ) = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝑨
Or you can convert the rad unit to degree and set your calculator to D mode
180
𝒊 = 6 𝑥10−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1000𝑡 = 6 𝑥10−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1000(2 𝑥10−3 )𝑥 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝑨
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
PHASE RELATION
Thus far, we have considered only sine waves that have maxima at π/2 and 3π/2, with a zero value at
0, π, and 2π. If the waveform is shifted to the right or left of 0°, the expression becomes
𝑨𝒎𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 ± 𝜽)
where θ is the angle in degrees or radians that the waveform has been shifted.
If the waveform passes through the horizontal axis with a positive going (increasing with time) slope
before 0°, as shown in Fig.7, the expression is
𝑨𝒎𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽)

Figure 7
If the waveform passes through the horizontal axis with a positive-going slope after 0°, as shown in Fig.
8, the expression is
𝑨𝒎𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 − 𝜽)
Figure 8
The terms leading and lagging are used to indicate the relationship between two sinusoidal
waveforms of the same frequency plotted on the same set of axes. In Fig. 9 the cosine curve is said to
lead the sine curve by 90°, and the sine curve is said to lag the cosine curve by 90°. The 90° is referred
to as the phase angle between the two waveforms. In language commonly applied, the waveforms are
out of phase by 90°. Note that the phase angle between the two waveforms is measured between those
two points on the horizontal axis through which each passes with the same slope. If both waveforms
cross the axis at the same point with the same slope, they are in phase.
Figure 9
The geometric relationship between various forms of the sine and cosine functions can be derived as

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛼 + 90°)

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛼 − 90°)
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛼 ± 180°)
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛼 − 90°)
An angular measurement that tells the position of a sine wave with respect to something, usually the
origin, is referred to as phase. Basically the phase is the angular offset of one wave relative to another.
One wave could lead or lag another.
0 1
o
0
0
o
Figure 10
Figure 10 shows that wave 1 leads wave 2 by 100o, or you can say that wave 2 lags by 100o
- 0
o
1
0
0
o
Figure 11
Figure above shows that wave 1 leads wave 2 by 100o, or wave 2 lags wave 1 by 100o.
Example 1.11
What is the phase shift between wave Y and Z

Figure 12
The difference between the two waves is 45 o, and wave Y is before Z. Therefore ,Wave Y leads wave Z
by 45o. Or Wave Z lags wave Y by 45o.
Example 1.12
What is the phase relationship between the sinusoidal waveforms of each of the following sets?
a. 𝑣 = 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 30°)
𝑖 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 70°)
Solution
i leads v by 40⁰, or v lags i by 40⁰.
Figure 13
b. 𝑖 = 15 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 60°)
𝑣 = 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 20°)
Solution:

Figure 14
c. 𝑖 = 2 cos (𝜔𝑡 + 10°)

𝑣 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 10°)
Solution:
Note! Convert the cosine function to sine function
𝑖 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜔𝑡 + 10°) = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑡 + 10° + 90°)

𝒊 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑣𝑡 + 100°)
Figure 15
PHASORS
The addition of sinusoidal voltages and currents is frequently required in the analysis of ac circuits. A
shorter method uses the rotating radius vector This radius vector, having a constant magnitude
(length) with one end fixed at the origin, is called a phasor when applied to electric circuits.
The addition (or subtraction) of two sinusoidal voltages of the same frequency and phase angle
is simply the sum (or difference) of the peak values of each with the sum (or difference) having
the same phase angle.

For in phase and out of phase phasors the resultant vector can be computed using the general
equation for adding vectors as
𝒗𝒕 = 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐 +𝒗𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒗𝒏
Figure 16.
The sinusoidal waveform of figure 16 a can be drawn to its phasor diagram in figure 16 b. Getting the
resultant of v1 and v2
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 = 𝟐∠𝟎 and 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 = 𝟑∠𝟎
𝒗𝒕 = 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐∠𝟎 + 𝟑∠𝟎 = 𝟓∠𝟎

Figure 17.
The resultant phasor for the out of phase phasor voltage v1 and v2 can be computed using the general
equation
𝒗𝒕 = 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐 +𝒗𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒗𝒏
Since
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 = 𝟐∠𝟎 𝑽
And
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 + 𝟗𝟎) = 𝟒∠𝟗𝟎 𝑽
𝒗𝒕 = 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐∠𝟎 + 𝟒∠𝟗𝟎 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟕∠𝟔𝟑. 𝟒𝟑 𝑽

Example 1.13
Find the sum of the following sinusoidal functions

𝑖1 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 30°)𝐴
𝑖2 = 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 60°)𝐴
Solution:
𝑖1 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 30°)𝐴 = 5∠30 𝐴

𝑖2 = 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 60°)𝐴 = 6∠60 𝐴
𝒊𝒕 = 𝒊𝟏 + 𝒊𝟐 = 𝟓∠𝟑𝟎 + 𝟔∠𝟔𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟑∠𝟒𝟔. 𝟑𝟗 𝑨
Find the current i2 for the network in figure 18
Figure 18
Root- Mean- Square(RMS) or Effective Value Of A Sinusoidal Wave
Defined as the square root of the average of the squares of the given quantity taken over a period of time
𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝒓𝒎𝒔(𝒆𝒇𝒇 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆) =
√𝟐
Average Value Of A Sinusoidal Wave
𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟔 𝒙 𝒎𝒂𝒙. 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
Example 1.14
Convert the following to peak and rms values: 10 V pp, 40 V pp, and 10 A pp.
Solution:
Peak values: rms values:

10 𝑉𝑝𝑝 / 2 = 5 𝑉𝑝 5 𝑉𝑝 ∗ 0.707 = 3.535 𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠

40 𝑉𝑝𝑝 / 2 = 20 𝑉𝑝 20 𝑉𝑝 ∗ 0.707 = 14.14 𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠
10 𝐴𝑝𝑝 / 2 = 5 𝐴𝑝 5 𝐴𝑝 ∗ 0.707 = 3.535 𝐴 𝑟𝑚𝑠
Example 1.15
Convert the following to peak and peak to peak values: 20 A rms, 50 A rms, and 100 V rms.
Solution:
Peak values: Peak to Peak values:
20 𝐴 𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∗ 1.414 = 28.28 𝐴 𝑝 28.28 𝐴 𝑝 ∗ 2 = 56.56 𝐴 𝑝𝑝
50 𝐴 𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∗ 1.414 = 70.7 𝐴 𝑝 70.7 𝐴 𝑝 ∗ 2 = 141.4 𝐴 𝑝𝑝
100 𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∗ 1.414 = 141.4 𝑉 𝑝 141.4 𝑉 𝑝 ∗ 2 = 282.8 𝑉 𝑝𝑝
Example 1.16
If resistor is 100 ohms and AC voltage source of 25 Vrms What is the peak current?
Solution:
𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 25 𝑉
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 0.25 𝐴
𝑅 100 Ω
𝐼 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 1.414 ∗ 0.25 𝐴 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.3535 𝐴
Example 1.17
If current is 50 mA(peak to peak) and two resistors 7.5 kilo ohms each are in series, What is the voltage
in rms and peak value?
Solution:
𝑅𝑡 = 7.5 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 ∗ 2 = 15 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠

𝑉𝑝𝑝 = 0.05 𝐴 ∗ 15000 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 = 750 𝑉𝑝𝑝

𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝑽
𝑽𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌 = = 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝑽
𝟐
𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝑽𝒑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕 = 𝟐𝟔𝟓. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝑽
Example 1.18
A 500 ohm, 300 ohm, and 1,000 ohm resistors are in parallel. A 10 V peak voltage is applied. What is
the value of current in rms, peak, and peak to peak?
Solution:
1
𝑅𝑡 = 1 1 1 = 157.895Ω
+ +
500Ω 300Ω 1000Ω
10 𝑉
𝐼𝑡 = = 0.0633 𝐴
157.895Ω
𝑰 𝒑𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟑 𝑨 ∗ 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟔 𝑨 𝒑𝒑
𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟑 𝑨 𝒑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟓 𝑨 𝒓𝒎𝒔
1. Convert to peak value:

a. 40 V pp
b. 25 V rms
c. 10 V ave
2. Convert to rms value:
a. 20 V p
b. 15 V pp
c. 9 V ave
3. Convert to ave value:
a. 10 V p
b. 8 V rms
c. 12 V pp
VII. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Problem Solving. Solved what is ask. Show your complete solution and box your final
answer.
1. What is the frequency in MHz of the following:
a. 0.345 nanoseconds
b. 50 nanoseconds
2. What is the frequency in kHz?
a. 45 microsecond
b. 33.65 microsecond
3. What is the frequency in Hz?
a. 12.43 ms
b. 36.71 ms
4. What is the period in milliseconds?
a. 245 Hz
b. 500 Hz
5. Convert the following voltages to peak value.
a. 50 V pp
b. 25 V rms
6. Convert to peak value for the following currents:
a. 16.3 A rms
b. 24.6 A pp
7. A 2, 300 ohm resistor in series and a 9 V rms source (see figure below). Find the current in rms.
8. A 400 and 600 ohm resistors in parallel and a 10 V pp source (see figure below). Find the current in
rms.
9. A 500 ohm and a 1000 ohm resistor in parallel, a 4 volt peak to peak value. What is the resulting current
in root-mean-square value?

10. A 450 ohm, 340 ohm, and a 200 ohm resistor are in parallel with each other, with a 600 ohm
resistor in series (see figure below). If a 6 volt rms was applied, what would the resulting current be
in peak value?
11. A voltage wave has the equation 𝑒 = 170𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼. Calculate the instantaneous values of voltage for the
following angles: 30⁰. 75⁰, 105⁰, 280⁰ and 330⁰.
12. A current wave has the equation 𝑖 = 21.2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼. At what angles be the instantaneous current be equal to
7.25 A, 13.6 A, -13.6 A and -7.25 A.
13. A 25 cycle sinusoidal emf wave has a maximum value of 340 V. Determine the instantaneous values of
emf a) 0.007 sec after the wave passes through zero in a positive direction, b) 0.01 sec after the wave
passes through zero in a negative direction.
14. The following information is given in connection with an ac source that delivers the current to three loads
in parallel. Ia= 20 A; Ib= 12 A and lags behind Ia by 30 electrical degrees; and Ic= 32 A and leads Ia by
60 electrical degrees. Using Ia as the reference phasor, determine the resultant current phasor.
15. The current in a given conductor is represented by the geometric sum of two current whose equations
are 𝑖1 = 25 𝑠𝑖𝑛377𝑡 and 𝑖2 = 15 𝑐𝑜𝑠377𝑡. What is the rms value of the current in the conductor?
𝜋
16. The equations of the currents in two parallel connected electric devices are 𝑖1 = 11.3 sin (377𝑡 + )
4
And 𝑖2 = 8.5𝑠𝑖𝑛(377𝑡 − 𝜋/4). What is the rms value of the resultant current.
REFERENCES
B. L.Theraja, A.K. Theraja, Textbook of Electrical Technology Volume I –, S. Chand & Co.
Charles k. Alexander & Matthew N. Sadiku. (2000). Fundamentals of Electric Circuits. New York: Mc
Graww Hill Companies Inc.
Siskind, C. S. (1982). Electrical Circuits. Johannesburg: Mc- Graw Hill International Book Company.


EE2-M1 Finals 1st Sem

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

II. LESSON TITLE

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Identify a sinusoidal waveform and measure its characteristics

GENERATION OF ALTERNATING EMF

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 1 of 21

1. By changing the flux through a coil

The induced emf can be calculated as

N- number of turns in the coil

1 weber= 108 Maxwells

If there is a physical motion of coil or magnet, generated voltage is equal to

𝑑𝜑 = 250, 000 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠 − 20, 000 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠 = 230, 000 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠

𝑑𝛷 230,000 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠 1 𝑊𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 2 of 21

GENERATION OF A SINE WAVE OF A VOLTAGE

The emf generated is equal to

𝒆 = 𝑬𝒎𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 = 𝑬𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 = 𝑬𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒕)

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 3 of 21

Period (T): The time of a periodic waveform.

Cycle: The portion of a waveform contained in one period of time.

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 4 of 21

The unit of measure for frequency is the hertz (Hz), where

Given the period T= 1 s what is the frequency?

Practice Problem 1.1

1. Calculate the period if frequency is:

Frequency And Electrical Degrees

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 5 of 21

or if the rotating speed is in revolution per minute(rpm)

Sinusoidal Alternating Currents

The Sinusoidal Waveform

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 6 of 21

Determine the angular velocity of a sine wave having a frequency of 60 Hz.

𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇 = 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 60 𝐻𝑧 = 377 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 7 of 21

𝑟𝑎𝑑 180 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

Practice Problem 1.2

Find the angular velocity when the angle is covered in .5 seconds.

GENERAL FORMAT FOR THE SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE OR CURRENT

The basic mathematical format for the sinusoidal waveform is

Given 𝑒 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼, determine e at 𝛼 = 40° and 𝛼 = 0.8𝜋

a. 𝑒 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 5 sin(40) = 3.2139 𝑉

b. 𝑒 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 5 sin(0.8𝜋) = 2.93 𝑉

Given 𝑖 = 6 𝑥10−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1000𝑡, determine i at 𝑡 = 2 𝑚𝑠.

𝒊 = 6 𝑥10−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1000𝑡 = 6 𝑥10−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1000(2 𝑥10−3 ) = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝑨

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 9 of 21

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 10 of 21

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛼 + 90°)

What is the phase shift between wave Y and Z

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 11 of 21

i leads v by 80⁰, or v lags i by 80⁰.

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 12 of 21

c. 𝑖 = 2 cos (𝜔𝑡 + 10°)

𝑖 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜔𝑡 + 10°) = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑡 + 10° + 90°)

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 13 of 21

𝒗𝟏 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 = 𝟐∠𝟎 and 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 = 𝟑∠𝟎

𝒗𝒕 = 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐∠𝟎 + 𝟑∠𝟎 = 𝟓∠𝟎

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 14 of 21

𝒗𝟐 = 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 + 𝟗𝟎) = 𝟒∠𝟗𝟎 𝑽