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ABCD PARAMETERS OF SHORT, MEDIUM AND LONG LINES
AIM
To determine the ABCD parameters of short , medium and long transmission line.

APPARATUS
S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 ABCD Parameters trainer kit 1
2 Voltmeter Digital (0 – 20) V 1
3 Ammeter Digital (0 – 5) A 1
4 Connecting Wires
5 Patch cord
THEORY
ABCD parameters (also known as chain or transmission line parameters) are generalized
circuit constants used to help model transmission lines. More specifically, ABCD parameters are used
in the two port network representation of a transmission line. The circuit of such a two-port network is
shown below.

A major section of power system engineering deals in the transmission of electrical power from
one place (eg. generating station) to another (e.g. substations or residential homes) with maximum
efficiency. So it’s important for power system engineers to be thorough with the mathematical modelling
of how this power is transmitted. ABCD parameters and a two-port model is used to simplify these
complex calculations. To maintain the accuracy of this mathematical model, transmission lines are
classified into three types: short transmission lines, medium transmission lines, and long transmission
lines. The formula for these ABCD parameters will change depending on the length of the transmission
line. This is necessary since certain electrical phenomena – such as corona discharge and the Ferranti
effect – only come into play when dealing with long transmission lines.

ABCD Parameters of a Two Port Network

As the name suggests, a two-port network consists of an input port PQ and an output port RS. In
any 4 terminal network, (i.e. linear, passive, bilateral network) the input voltage and input current can
be expressed in terms of output voltage and output current. Each port has 2 terminals to connect itself
to the external circuit. Thus it is essentially a 2 port or a 4 terminal circuit, having:

PQ is the input port. VS is the sending end voltage and IS is the sending end current.

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RS is the output port.VR is the reciving end voltage and IR is the receiving end current. Thus, the
relation between the sending and receiving end specifications is given using ABCD parameters by the
equations below.
𝑽𝑺 = 𝑨𝑽𝑹 + 𝑩𝑰𝑹
𝑰𝑺 = 𝑪𝑽𝑹 + 𝑫𝑰𝑹
Now in order to determine the ABCD parameters of the transmission line let us impose the
required circuit conditions in different cases.

ABCD Parameters When Receiving End is Open Circuited

The receiving end is open-circuited meaning the receiving end current IR = 0. Applying this condition
to equation (1) we get

𝑽𝑺 = 𝑨𝑽𝑹 + 𝑩 ∗ 𝟎
𝑽𝑹
𝑨=
𝑽𝑺 |𝑰𝑹 =𝟎

Thus it’s implied that on applying open circuit condition to ABCD parameters, we get parameter
A as the ratio of sending end voltage to the open circuit receiving end voltage. Since dimension-wise A
is a ratio of voltage to voltage, A is a dimensionless parameter.

Applying the same open circuit condition i.e., IR = 0 to equation (2)

𝑰𝑺 = 𝑪𝑽𝑹 + 𝑫 ∗ 𝟎
𝑰𝑺
𝑪=
𝑽𝑺 |𝑰𝑹 =𝟎

Thus it’s implied that on applying open circuit condition to ABCD parameters of a transmission
line, we get parameter C as the ratio of sending end current to the open circuit receiving end voltage.
Since dimension wise C is a ratio of current to voltage, its unit is mho.

ABCD Parameters When Receiving End is Short Circuited

Receiving end is short circuited meaning receiving end voltage VR = 0

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Applying this condition to equation (1) we get,

𝑽𝑺 = 𝑨 ∗ 𝟎 + 𝑩𝑰𝑹
𝑽𝑺
𝑩=
𝑰𝑹 |𝑽𝑹 =𝟎

Thus it’s implied that on applying short circuit condition to ABCD parameters, we get parameter
B as the ratio of sending end voltage to the short circuit receiving end’s current. Since dimension wise
B is a ratio of voltage to current, its unit is Ω. Thus, B is the short circuit resistance.

Applying the same short circuit condition i.e., VR = 0 to equation (2) we get

𝑰𝑺 = 𝑪 ∗ 𝟎 + 𝑫𝑰𝑹
𝑰𝒔
𝑫= |
𝑰𝑹 𝑽𝑹=𝟎
Thus it’s implied that on applying short circuit condition to ABCD parameters, we get parameter
D as the ratio of sending end current to the short circuit receiving end current. Since dimension wise D
is a ratio of current to current, it’s a dimensionless parameter.

PROCEDURE

SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE

Open Circuit Test

1. Connect the circuit on trainer kit as shown in the circuit diagram.

(Connect the terminals (P1 ,P3) , (P2 ,P6) , (P7,C1) and (P10,C3) using patch cord .Terminals (C2 and C4)
are kept open circuited while determine the parameters A,C)

2.Connect Vs to digital phase angle meter input-1. Connect Zero crossing detector to digital phase angle
meter ground.

3. Switch on the power supply and apply rated voltage using varic.

4.Noted down the values of sending end voltage (Vs) , sending end current (IS), receiving end voltage
(VR) and receiving end current (IR).

5. In succession connect (VR,IS and IR) to the input-2 of digital phase angle meter and note the
readings.

Short Circuit Test

1. Connect the circuit on trainer kit as shown in the circuit diagram.

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(Connect the terminals (P1 ,P3) , (P2 ,P6) , (P7,C1) and (P10,C3) using patch cord .Terminals (C2 and C4)
are kept short circuited while determine the parameters B,D)

2.Repeat the above steps (open circuit test) and noted down the readings.

MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE

NOMINAL T NETWORK

Open Circuit Test

1. Connect the circuit on trainer kit as shown in the circuit diagram.

(Connect the terminals (P1 ,P4) , (P2 ,P6) , (P8,C1) and (P10,C3) using patch cord .Connect Xc capitance
to line at the centre. Terminals (C2 and C4) are kept open circuited while determine the parameters A,C).

2.Repeat the above steps and noted down the readings.

Short Circuit Test

1. Connect the circuit on trainer kit as shown in the circuit diagram.

(Connect the terminals (P1 ,P4) , (P2 ,P6) , (P8,C1) and (P10,C3) using patch cord .Connect Xc capacitance
to line at the centre. Terminals (C2 and C4) are kept short circuited while determine the parameters B,D).

2. Repeat the above steps and noted down the readings.

NOMINAL PI NETWORK

Open Circuit Test

1. Connect the circuit on trainer kit as shown in the circuit diagram.

(Connect the terminals (P1 ,P4) , (P2 ,P6) , (P8,C1) and (P10,C3) using patch cord .Connect Xc1 capacitance
to line at the terminals at P4 and capacitance XC2 at P8 . Terminals (C2 and C4) are kept open circuited
while determine the parameters A,C).

2.Repeat the above steps and noted down the readings.

Short Circuit Test

1. Connect the circuit on trainer kit as shown in the circuit diagram.

(Connect the terminals (P1 ,P4) , (P2 ,P6) , (P8,C1) and (P10,C3) using patch cord .Connect Xc1 capacitance
to line at the terminals at P4 and capacitance XC2 at P8 . Terminals (C2 and C4) are kept short circuited
while determine the parameters B,D).

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2.Repeat the above steps and noted down the readings.

LONG TRASMISSION LINE

Open Circuit Test

1. Connect the circuit on trainer kit as shown in the circuit diagram.

(Connect the terminals (P1 ,P5) , (P2 ,P6) , (P9,C1) and (P10,C3) using patch cord .Connect Xc1 capacitance
to line at the terminals at P4 and capacitance XC2 at P8 . Terminals (C2 and C4) are kept short circuited
while determine the parameters A, C).

2.Repeat the above steps and noted down the readings.

Short Circuit Test

1. Connect the circuit on trainer kit as shown in the circuit diagram.

(Connect the terminals (P1 ,P5) , (P2 ,P6) , (P9,C1) and (P10,C3) using patch cord .Connect Xc1 capacitance
to line at the terminals at P4 and capacitance XC2 at P8 . Terminals (C2 and C4) are kept short circuited
while determine the parameters B, D).

2.Repeat the above steps and noted down the readings.

PRECAUTIONS

Avoid Loose connections

RESULT

MIRACLE EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING :: SCHOOL OF COMPUTING :: SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
MIRACEL CITY, BHOGAPURAM COLLEGE CODE : MRCL www.edulokam.com