Standard

Sampling
Procedure
Analitycal Methods for Biology

Ivy Mae C. Ulep

Bachelor of Science in Biology
Major in Medical Biology 2B2
Standard Sampling
Procedure of Water
for Coliform Testing
Coliform testing
Testing for bacteria is the only reliable way to know if your
water is safe. You cannot tell by the look, taste, or smell of the
water if disease-causing organisms are in it. The New York
State Department of Health recommends that well owners test
their water for coliform bacteria at least once a year. If you
have experienced bacteria problems in the past, it is
recommended that you test your well more frequently.
Frequently Asked Questions About
Coliforms and Drinking Water
What
are
coliforms?
Coliforms are a group of bacteria
found in plant material, water, and
soil. Coliforms are also present in
the digestive tracts and feces of
humans and animals. Most of the
time, these bacteria are not harmful.
Why does a water
system test for
coliforms?
Water systems test for indicators
such as total coliforms, fecal
coliforms, or E. coli to monitor
water quality. If the water system
has a positive test for one of these
indicators, it can mean recent
contamination with soil or human
feces.
What does a positive
coliform test result
mean?
A positive coliform test means possible
contamination and a risk of
waterborne disease. A positive test for
total coliforms always requires more
tests for fecal coliforms or E. coli. A
confirmed positive test for fecal
coliforms or E. coli means you need to
take action as advised by your water
system.
Will coliform bacteria
make me sick?
Most coliform bacteria are a normal part
of the environment. They do not cause
disease but do indicate the water might
be contaminated by soil or feces. Some
rare types of coliforms, such as E. coli
O157:H7, can cause serious illness.
Although most E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks
are from eating raw or undercooked
food, cases from contaminated drinking
water can occur, but are rare.
Why test for indicator organisms?
Why test for indicator
organisms?
A biological pathogen is any organism,
such as a bacteria, virus, protozoa, or
parasite, that causes a disease. Biological
pathogens are commonly called “germs.”
There are many different possible
pathogens. It is not possible to test for
every type of pathogen in every water
sample, so water systems use indicators
instead.
Water systems test for indicator
organisms, like coliforms, to check for
possible contamination by biological
pathogens. Most coliforms are not
harmful, but they come from the same
sources as other bacteria and organisms
that could make you sick.
 lif
Co ingo rm
Sam p l
Pro ced ure

Step 1
Follow your Coliform Monitoring Plan to collect
routine, repeat, and raw source samples from sites
throughout the distribution system. You must collect
raw source samples from sites prior to all treatment
and close to the source while the source pump is
running.
Sample taps should represent the water in your
distribution system. Avoid poor sample sites such as
swivel faucets, hot and cold mixing faucets (with a
single lever), leaky or spraying faucets, drinking
fountains, janitorial sinks, frost-free hose bibs, and
faucets below or near ground level.
Step 5
To avoid contamination while taking the sample, hold
the bottle near the bottom with one hand, hold the top
of the cap with the other, and then unscrew the cap
analysis must begin within 30 hours after you collect
Coliform Sampling
Procedure
Step 2
Remove any attachments from the faucet, including
aerators, screens, washers, hoses, and water filters. If
you choose to disinfect the sample site before
collecting the sample, be sure to flush the site
thoroughly to remove all disinfectant.
the lab slip.
Step 6
Hold the bottle under the stream of water. Be careful
not to let the bottle touch the sample tap. Fully fill the
bottle to the neck or indicated fill line. Don’t allow it to
overflow. Remove the bottle from the water flow and
carefully screw the cap back on.
Step 3 Step 4
Turn on the cold water only and let it run with a steady There may be some liquid or powder in the sample
stream for at least five minutes. Before collecting the bottle to neutralize chlorine. Do not rinse it out.
sample, turn the water down to a thin stream (about
the width of a pencil), then let the water run one
minute. If you chlorinate your system, measure the
free chlorine residual and note the measurement on
Step 7 Step 8
Complete the lab slip. If there was anything unusual Secure the lab slip to the bottle with the rubber band.
about the sample collection, note it on the lab slip. Lab Deliver the sample to a certified lab or a designated
forms vary. drop-off location for the lab as soon as possible. Lab
It is important to include at least the following your sample.
information: Collection date and time, System type
(Group A or B), Water system ID number, Water
system name, Contact information, Sample location
(street address or other location identifier), Type of
sample (check ONLY ONE Type: Routine, Repeat, Raw,
or For Information Only), and Chlorine residual—
even if it’s zero.
Standard Sampling
Procedure for blood
test
Blood tests can be used for many different things, including
to check cholesterol and blood glucose levels. These help
monitor your risk of heart and circulatory diseases and
diabetes, or how your condition is being managed. Tests for
different chemicals and proteins can indicate how your liver
or kidneys are working.
What You Need What are blood tests?
to Know About Blood tests are used to measure or examine cells,

Blood Testing chemicals, proteins, or other substances in the blood.

Blood testing, also known as blood work, is one of the
most common types of lab tests. Blood work is often
included as part of a regular checkup. Blood tests are
also used to:
Help diagnose certain diseases and conditions
Monitor a chronic disease or condition, such as
diabetes or high cholesterol
Find out if treatment for a disease is working
Check how well your organs are working. Your
organs include your liver, kidneys, heart, and
thyroid.
Help diagnose bleeding or clotting disorders
Find out if your immune system is having trouble
fighting infections
What are the different types of blood tests?

There are many different types of blood tests. Common ones include:

Complete blood count (CBC). This test measures different parts of your blood, including red and
white blood cells, platelets, and hemoglobin. A CBC is often included as part of a regular checkup.

Basic metabolic panel. This is a group of tests that measure certain chemicals in your blood,
including glucose, calcium, and electrolytes.

Blood enzyme tests. Enzymes are substances that control chemical reactions in your body. There
are many types of blood enzyme tests. Some of the most common types are troponin and creatine
kinase tests. These tests are used to find out if you've had a heart attack and/or if your heart
muscle is damaged.

Blood tests to check for heart disease. These include cholesterol tests and a triglyceride test.

Blood clotting tests, also known as a coagulation panel. These tests can show if you have a
disorder that causes too much bleeding or too much clotting.
 o
Bl iono d
le
Col ess:ct
Proc cture
ip
Ven
un
ROUTINE
VENIPUNCTUR
E
GUIDELINES
MATERIALS

1. Safety Needles, 22g or less

2. Butterfly needles. 21g or less
3. Syringes
4. Vacutainer tube holder
5. Transfer Device 6. Blood Collection Tubes.
The vacuum tubes are designed to draw a
predetermined volume of blood.
Tubes with different additives are used for collecting blood
specimens for specific types of tests.
The color of cap is used to identify these additives.
7. Tourniquets. Single use, disposable, latex-free tourniquets
8. Antiseptic. Individually packaged 70% isopropyl alcohol wipes.
9. 2×2 Gauze
10. Sharps Disposal Container. An OSHA acceptable, puncture
proof container marked “Biohazardous”.
11. Bandages or tape
SAFETY
1. Observe universal (standard) safety precautions.
2. Observe all applicable isolation procedures.
3. PPE’s will be worn at all times.
4. Wash hands in warm, running water with a appropriate hand washing product,
5. If hands are not visibly contaminated a commercial foaming hand wash product may be used before and after each
patient collection.
6. Gloves are to be worn during all phlebotomies, and changed between patient collections.
7. Palpation of phlebotomy site may be performed without gloves providing the skin is not broken.
8. A lab coat or gown must be worn during blood collection procedures.
9. Needles and hubs are single use and are disposed of in an appropriate ‘sharps’ container as one unit.
10. Needles are never recapped, removed, broken, or bent after phlebotomy procedure.
11. Gloves are to be discarded in the appropriate container immediately after the phlebotomy procedure.
12. All other items used for the procedure must be disposed of according to proper biohazardous waste disposal
policy.
13. Contaminated surfaces must be cleaned with freshly prepared 10% bleach solution. All surfaces are cleaned daily
with bleach.
14. In the case of an accidental needlestick, immediately wash the area with an antibacterial soap, express blood from
the wound, and contact your supervisor.
VENIPUNCTURE PROCEDURE USING A SYRINGE:

1. Place a sheathed needle or butterfly on the syringe.

2. Remove the cap and turn the bevel up.

3. Pull the skin tight with your thumb or index finger just below the puncture site.

4. Holding the needle in line with the vein, use a quick, small thrust to penetrate the skin and vein in one motion.

5. Draw the desired amount of blood by pulling back slowly on the syringe stopper. Release the tourniquet.

6. Place a gauze pad over the puncture site and quickly remove the needle.

7. Immediately apply pressure. Ask the patient to apply pressure to the gauze for at least 2 minutes.

8. When bleeding stops, apply a fresh bandage, gauze or tape.

9. Transfer blood drawn into the appropriate tubes as soon as possible using a
Blood Transfer Device, as a delay could cause improper coagulation.

10. Gently invert tubes containing an additive 5-8 times.

11. Dispose of the syringe and needle as a unit into an appropriate sharps container.
Standard Sampling
Procedure for
Urine test
 PROCEDURE
A. The patient is given a large container (approximately 1 gallon) that is labeled with the
patient’s name and date. Space is provided to write the time the collection begins and ends.

B. Before issuing the 24 hour urine container the type of testing ordered is checked for
preservative requirements. This information can be found in the BVH Laboratory
specimen collection manual and any required preservatives addition is done by a tech.
Cautionary labels are also often applied to caution patients that the added preservative
may be caustic. 24 hour urine specimens are also usually required to be refrigerated
during the collection period. This information should be recorded on the label applied to
the 24 hour container.

C. The test usually begins in the morning. The patient is told to empty their bladder and
discard the urine in the toilet and record the time on the label of the urine container. For
the next 24 hours, all urine must be collected in the container. The next day at the same
time the test began the patient empties their bladder, collects the urine in the container,
and records the time the test ended. The patient should be instructed to avoid fecal
contamination of the specimen.

D. The 24 hour urine specimen is brought to the laboratory as soon as possible as the 24-
hour period is over.
For FEMALE patients:
1. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water, rinse and dry.

2. Open the collection package but DO NOT TOUCH INSIDE OF CUP OR RIM. Open the package of 3
towelettes. While seated on the toilet spread labia major (outer folds). With the first towellete, wipe one
side of the labia minora (inner fold) using a single downward stroke. Discard towellete. With the second
towellete repeat the procedure on opposite side using a single downward stroke. Discard towellete. With
the third towelette, cleanse meatus (center area) with a single downward stroke. Discard towellette.

3. Remove lid carefully from the collection container, DO NOT TOUCH the inside of the container or rim.
Gently grasp the container.

4. Begin to void urine, letting the first 20-25 ml pass into the toilet. Position the cup in the
stream of urine until the container is about one-half to two-thirds full. Finish voiding
into the toilet.

5. After obtaining the urine specimen, screw the lid on tightly again being careful
to avoid touching inside the container or lid.

6. Bring the specimen to the lab within 1 hour of collection or store refrigerated for up
to 24 hours.
For MALE patients:
1. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water, rinse and dry.

2. Open the collection package but DO NOT TOUCH INSIDE OF CUP OR RIM.
Open the package of 3 towelettes. Retract foreskin if present. With the first
towelette, cleanse the urinary opening of the penis starting at the center and
work outward. Repeat the cleansing in the same manner with the two
remaining towelletes.

3. Remove lid carefully from the collection container, DO NOT TOUCH the
inside of the container or rim. Gently grasp the container.

4. Begin to void urine, letting the first 20-25 ml pass into the toilet. Position the
cup in the stream of urine until the container is about half to two-thirds full.
Finish voiding into the toilet.

5. After obtaining the urine specimen, screw the lid on tightly again being
careful to avoid touching inside the container or lid. LTR27570 3

6. Bring the specimen to the lab within 1 hour or collection or store refrigerated
for up to 24 hours.
Standard Sampling
Procedure for
Stool examination
A stool analysis is a series of tests done on a stool (feces) sample to help
diagnose certain conditions affecting the digestive tract. These
conditions can include infection (such as from parasites, viruses, or
bacteria), poor nutrient absorption, or cancer.

For a stool analysis, a stool sample is collected in a clean container and

then sent to the laboratory. Laboratory analysis includes microscopic
examination, chemical tests, and microbiologic tests. The stool will be
checked for colour, consistency, amount, shape, and the presence of
mucus. The stool may be examined for hidden (occult) blood, fat, meat
fibres, bile, white blood cells , and sugars called reducing substances.
The pH of the stool also may be measured. A stool culture is done to find
out if bacteria may be causing an infection.
Collection of stool sample procedure

Urinate before you collect the stool so that you do not get any urine in the stool sample.
Put on gloves before handling your stool. Stool can contain germs that spread infection. Wash
your hands after you remove your gloves.
Pass stool (but no urine) into a dry container. You may be given a plastic basin that can be
placed under the toilet seat to catch the stool.
- Either solid or liquid stool can be collected.
- If you have diarrhea, a large plastic bag taped to the toilet seat may make the collection
process easier; the bag is then placed in a plastic container.
- If you are constipated, you may be given a small enema.
- Do not collect the sample from the toilet bowl.
- Do not mix toilet paper, water, or soap with the sample.
Place the lid on the container and label it with your name, your doctor's name,
and the date the stool was collected. Use one container for each day's collection.
Collect a sample only once a day unless your doctor gives you other directions.
Standard Sampling
Procedure of
Sputum
SPUTUM COLLECTION INSTRUCTIONS
General Information

Sputum is mucous or phlegm coughed from deep in the lungs.

It is not saliva from the mouth or mucous from the back of the throat.
Sputum specimens should be collected in the early morning if possible.
Collect 3 sputum specimens on 3 consecutive days unless otherwise
instructed.
Specimens should be kept in the refrigerator until they are submitted to
the laboratory.
To reduce the likelihood of transmission, patients are encouraged to
collect sputum specimens outdoors when possible and away from other
people.
 Sample Collection
Procedure
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
The container is clean. Do not The mouth should be free of Take deep breaths through
open until ready to use. foreign matter and may be your mouth and cough up the
rinsed with filtered or sterile mucous from deep in your
water prior to collection. lungs. Breathing deeply over a
pan of boiling water may help
raise sputum

Phase 4 Phase 5
Open the container and hold it 1-2 teaspoons of specimen is
close to your mouth. Cough the adequate. The container
mucous into the container should not be more than ½ full
 Sample Collection
Procedure
Phase 6 Phase 7 Phase 8
Once collected, screw the lid Write patient name, date of Write patient name, date of
on tightly. birth and collection date on birth and collection date on
specimen bottle laboratory slip.

Phase 9 Phase 10 Phase 11

Specimen should be double
bagged in the plastic bags
provided.
Store specimen in the Notify Department of Health
refrigerator until transported. staff to arrange for transport
of specimen to the laboratory.
Specimens should be
transported the same day as
collected unless otherwise
instructed
 p u
S le tu m
a m p
S tion
le c
Col dure
pro c e

Standard Sampling
Procedure for
Skin test
What is the
skin test for?
A skin prick test, also called a puncture or scratch test, checks
for immediate allergic reactions to as many as 50 different
substances at once. This test is usually done to identify
allergies to pollen, mold, pet dander, dust mites and foods.
What are types
There are two types of skin
of skin test? tests:

Prick or scratch test:

In this test, a tiny drop of a possible allergen—something

you are allergic to— is pricked or scratched into the skin. ...

Intradermal test:

This test shows whether someone is allergic to things such

as insect stings and penicillin.
How th e Te st is
Per fo rm ed ?
The skin prick
test involves:

Placing a small The skin is then The health care Several allergens
amount of pricked so the provider closely can be tested at the
substances that allergen goes under watches the skin for same time. Allergens
may be causing the skin's surface. swelling and are substances that
your symptoms on
redness or other cause an allergic
the skin, most often
signs of a reaction. reaction.
on the forearm, Results are usually

upper arm, or back. seen within 15 to 20

minutes.

The intradermal
skin test involves:

Injecting a small The provider then This test is more likely to

amount of allergen watches for a be used to find out if
into the skin. reaction at the site. you're allergic to bee


venom or penicillin. Or it

may be used if the skin

prick test was negative
and the provider still
thinks that you're
allergic to the allergen.

Patch testing is a method to

diagnose the cause of skin
reactions that occur after
the substance touches the
skin:

Possible allergens The provider will

are taped to the skin look at the area in
for 48 hours. 72 to 96 hours.

Skin tes t
proced ur es
References:
https://doh.wa.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/Documents/Pubs//331-225.pdf
https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/medical/tests/blood-tests
https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/what-you-need-to-know-about-blood-testing/
https://www.genieur.eu/Downloads/PhenotypingTool/SOP_Blood_Sampling.pdf
https://pathlabs.ufl.edu/client-services/specimen-shipping/blood-collection-process-venipuncture/
http://www.medical-labs.net/the-equipment-necessary-to-perform-a-venipuncture-702/
https://www.medicinenet.com/urinalysis/article.htm
https://images.medicinenet.com/images/urinalysis-2.jpg
https://pathlabs.ufl.edu/client-services/specimen-shipping/specimen-collection-procedures-urology/
https://www.bvhealthsystem.org/media/file/General%20Urine%20Specimen%20Collection.pdf
https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/infections/how-should-i-collect-and-store-a-urine-sample/
https://genieur.eu/Downloads/PhenotypingTool/SOP_Stool_Sampling.pdf
https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/Pages/conditions.aspx?
hwid=aa80714#:~:text=Sometimes%20a%20stool%20sample%20is,to%20the%20lab%20right%20away.
https://doh.sd.gov/documents/diseases/infectious/SputumCollection.pdf
https://sites.google.com/site/ahlt4805healthmediaproject/
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/allergy-tests/about/pac-20392895
https://acaai.org/allergies/testing-diagnosis/
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/tests/allergy-testing-
skin#:~:text=With%20a%20skin%20test%2C%20your,are%20placed%20under%20your%20skin.
Submitted by:
IVY MAE C. ULEP
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGY
MAJOR IN MEDICAL BIOLOGY 2B2