EMBEDDED BASED SMART CITY APPLICATIONS

USING IOT
 ABSTRACT

The Internet of Things (IoT), as an expected infrastructure for the

envisioned concept of a Smart City, brings new possibilities for the
city manager. IoT vision introduces promising and economical
solutions for massive data collection and its analysis which can be
applied in many domains and so make them operate more efficiently.
The smart city concept represents a compelling platform for IT-
enabled service innovation. It offers a view of the city where service
providers use information technologies to engage with citizens to
create more effective urban organizations and systems that can
improve the quality of life. The emerging Internet of Things (IoT)
model is foundational to the development of smart cities. The
integrated cloud-oriented architecture of networks, software, sensors,
human interfaces, and data analytics are essential for value creation.
IoT smart-connected products and the services they provide will
become essential for the future development of smart cities.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVATION

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview of the Project
1.2 Motivation for the Problem
1.3 Objective of Project
1.4 Usefulness To The Society
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1 Existing System
3.2 Proposed system
3.3 Block Diagram
4. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Software Specification
4.2 Hardware Specification
5. SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
5.1 Components
5.2 Working of Components
6. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
7. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
8. CONCLUSION
9. FUTURE WORK
10. REFERENCES
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT

Smart cities, as the name indicates, are the smart control of the
cities by the use of various electronic methods, sensors, advanced
communication techniques, etc. Here is where IoT (Internet of
Things) plays a major role. IoT is used in creating smart cities to set
up a firm connection between the sensors, devices, and networks that
are used in setting up a smart city. Any IoT system contains Unique
Identifiers (UIDs) that are used to transfer any information to any
required network.

Using the IoT technologies, new insights can be created and

information that can be made into action from massive streams of data
in real-time can be obtained. The human efforts in controlling and
monitoring the system are also reduced extensively by the use of IoT
in smart cities. Smart City is always considered as a standout amongst
the most encouraging and noticeable Internet of Things (IoT)
applications. Over the past few years, smart city idea plays a vital role
in both academia and industry, with the improvement and
arrangement of different middleware stages. To stay pertinent, the
urban communities are required to wind up smarter, slender, and
increasingly associated.
 IoT helps to build the world's largest urban communities at a
sensational rate. And there will be no need for human-to-human or
human-to-computer interaction for monitoring and controlling the
systems. Smart City is a platform created by the use of information
and communication technologies to improve the quality of life with
reduced cost. The applications of the smart city include smart grid,
smart roads, smart lighting, smart public transport and safety, smart
environmental monitoring, smart parking, and smart waste
management.
Making a city "smart" is emerging as a strategy to mitigate the
problems generated by urban population growth and rapid
urbanization. In the smart city concept, the various aspects of citizens'
life can be facilitated with the design of smart transport, smart parks,
smart homes, smart healthcare, etc. The various components of smart
city architecture are designed as a large network and data
management can be provided with all types of privacy to citizens.

1.2 MOTIVATION OF PROJECT

Smart cities are an important domain that is reaching great
heights nowadays. IoT plays an important role in the implementation
of smart cities. The people of the country which contains smart cities
will be well developed socially, economically and the quality of their
knowledge and living will also be developed a lot. The human efforts
and time that are spent on doing the works manually will be reduced
by bringing up smart cities.
 The people can be protected from any disaster, natural
calamities, and any difficult situations by smart city ecosystem. The
construction of smart cities will avoid time wastage in our day-to-day
lives by all means. This paper mainly describes on what a smart city
is, how it is created, uses, challenges, real-time applications, future
scope for smart cities, etc. The IoT technologies used in implementing
smart cities, the devices used to implement them are also discussed.

1.3 OBECTIVE OF PROJECT

The primary goal of IoT in smart cities is to entice business
firms to locate their operations in our country. Moreover, the quality
of living of the people of our country and the living standards of our
country can be improved a lot. It is an initial step toward elevating
India from developing countries to the ranks of developed countries.

IoT in smart cities also brings about sustainable development.

By implementing smart cities with the help of IoT, a solution can be
brought to the day-to-day issues that the people of a country face,
such as air pollution, noise pollution, traffic collapse, garbage piling
up in the streets, guidance on roads for physically challenged people,
and so on.
1.4 USEFULNESS TO THE SOCIETY

1. More effective, data-driven decision-making

Advancements in “big data” and connected devices have allowed

cities access to information that’s never been available before. A well-
designed data analytics strategy gives city officials the ability to
access and analyze a massive amount of information — and easily
glean meaningful, actionable insights. When a city can monitor
desired metrics in real-time, service levels quickly rise.

Effective big data applications and strategies provide a city with

information to identify and staff police in high-risk areas, for
example, as well as forecast and plan for expansion in citywide
population growth and identify trends in citizen interests, concerns,
and needs. Big data and the Internet of Things (IoT) offer endless
possibilities to enable stronger decision-making. This in turn enhances
the lives of residents by cutting costs and improving services.

2. Enhanced citizen and government engagement

Citizens today expect their cities to deliver robust, user-friendly

digital services. Collaboration tools, modern and intuitive websites,
mobile applications, self-service portals, and convenient online
accounts have become the standard in many facets of life, and citizens
expect no less from their city. Expanding digital services in
communities make smart cities a more attractive place for residents to
live and promote a connected citizen experience.
Accessible government data, interactive maps, government
performance dashboards, transparency into budgeting, live-streamed
city hall meetings, and a strong social media presence all assist smart
cities in creating closer relationships with citizens. These smart
technologies help increase civic engagement and trust in city officials.

3. Safer communities

A smart city is a safer city. Leveraging technology advances and

pursuing private/public partnerships help reduce criminal activity.
Technologies such as license plate recognition, gunshot detectors,
connected crime centers, next-generation 911, and body cameras all
give law enforcement an edge while on the job.

Many cities have already started investing in smart technologies to

help promote a safer community. The City of Detroit has recently
teamed up with local businesses to develop a connected cloud video
platform that gives law enforcement the ability to access footage from
business’ security cameras in real-time. The results to date have been
significant. According to Police Chief James Craig, violent crimes
have dropped by 50 percent in areas that have partnered with law
enforcement to use the city’s platform.

4. Reduced environmental footprint

With the rise of greenhouse gases, debris in our oceans, and trash in
our streets, smart cities are fighting back to reduce negative effects on
the environment. Energy-efficient buildings, air quality sensors, and
renewable energy sources are providing cities with new tools to
shrink their ecological impact.

Deploying air quality sensors around a city, for instance, can provide
data to track peak times of low air quality, identify pollution causes,
and deliver data analytics officials need to develop action plans.
These sensors can help lay a foundation for reducing air pollution in
even the most populated cities, something that is sure to save lives
since medical problems related to pollution claim millions of lives
each year.

5. Improved transportation

Smart city transportation investments are expected to rise over 25

percent annually over the next five years, according to
SmartCity.Press. Connected transportation systems have some of the
greatest potential to drastically enhance efficiencies throughout a city.
From enhanced traffic management to public transit riders' ability to
track bus or train locations, smart technologies allow cities to better
serve citizens despite often rapidly growing populations.

Technologies such as intelligent traffic signals optimize traffic flow,

relieving congestion during peak travel times. Other smart
transportation technologies, such as smart parking management, allow
cities to capitalize on additional revenue streams. Reduced
congestion, growth in autonomous vehicles, and efficient vehicle
routing all reduce vehicle-related space needs in urban areas,
potentially expanding the land use for development.

Recently, the City of Chicago launched a mobile application to allow

citizens to make online payments, view updated bus and train
schedules, and track vehicles in real-time. The app works across all
city public transit options and has made using the city's transportation
systems easier for Chicago residents.

6. Increased digital equity

Smart city technology has the ability to create a more equitable

environment for citizens. To ensure digital equity, individuals must
have access to high-speed internet services and to affordable devices.
The adoption of public Wi-Fi hotspots strategically placed throughout
a city can offer reliable internet services to all residents.

Take the City of Seattle, for example, which has developed a plan to
deliver skills training, ensure availability of affordable devices, and
provide accessible and low-cost internet connections.

7. New economic development opportunities

The public investment in smart city technology has a large potential

multiplier effect — up to 10 times, according to a recent report, which
means massive expansion in gross domestic product growth when
cities innovate. Many large private sector companies are also teaming
up with local governments to invest millions of dollars in smart city
infrastructure and initiatives. Smart city investments are playing an
increasingly important role in enhancing cities' regional and global
competitiveness to attract new residents and businesses. Providing an
open data platform with access to city information, businesses are
better able to make informed decisions through data analytics from
integrated smart city technologies.

8. Efficient public utilities

With a limited supply of natural resources available to meet human

demand, smart technologies are giving cities the tools needed to
effectively conserve and reduce the inadvertent waste of water and
electricity. Smart sensors now allow cities to quickly identify leaks in
pipes and fix damaged segments in a shortened time frame, reducing
the amount of water lost. Smart electric grids also allow for two-way
communication between electricity providers and consumers to help
better identify times of peak usage and outages.

9. Improved infrastructure

Aging roads, bridges, and buildings often require massive investments

to maintain and repair over their service lives. Smart technology can
provide cities with predictive analytics to identify areas that need to
be fixed before there is an infrastructure failure.

Smart sensors can transmit data showing adverse structural changes,

identify tilts or cracks in buildings and bridges, and send messages to
notify personnel of the need for inspections or maintenance. These
capabilities present a massive opportunity for cities to save tax dollars
and lives on preventable infrastructure failures.

10. Increased workforce engagement

A highly effective workforce is an essential criterion for realizing an

efficient smart city. Deploying smart technologies helps alleviate the
burden of manual tasks that many city employees face every day. The
advancement in autonomous agent capabilities, mobile devices, bots,
and sensors allow city employees to steer their efforts towards more
strategic initiatives, reducing time spent on the day-to-day manual
operations.

Smart cities can transform the work environment by streamlining

manual processes and giving employees greater opportunities to reach
their full potential while also providing citizens with improved
services.

It's hard to ignore the many benefits connected cities offer. As with
any significant citywide technology initiative, though, implementation
takes vision, investment, and careful planning to ensure adoption and
success. Taking the first steps toward picturing what your smart city
might look like is, well, the smart thing to do.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Knowledge Discovery in Smart City Digital Twins

Author: Mohammadi, N. and Taylor, J;

Methodology: Despite the abundance of available urban data and the

potential for reaching enhanced capabilities in the decision-making
and management of city infrastructure, current data-driven approaches
to knowledge discovery from city data often lack the capacity for
collective data exploitation. Loosely defined data interpretation
components, or disciplinary isolated interpretations of specific
datasets make it easy to overlook necessary domain expertise, often
resulting in speculative decision-making. Smart City Digital Twins
are designed to overcome this barrier by integrating a more holistic
analytics and visualization approach into the real-time knowledge
discovery process from heterogeneous city data. Here, we present a
spatiotemporal knowledge discovery framework for the collective
exploitation of city data in smart city digital twins that incorporates
both social and sensor data, and enables insights from human
cognition. This is an initial step towards leveraging heterogeneous
city data for digital twin-based decision-making.
2. Federated Learning with Cooperating Devices: A Consensus
Approach for Massive IoT Networks

Author: Savazzi, S., Nicoli, M. and Rampa, V;

Methodology: FL can be applied to power-constrained Internet of

Things (IoT) devices with slow and sporadic connections. In addition,
it does not need data to be exported to third parties, preserving
privacy.  This has the drawback of a single point of failure and scaling
issues for increasing network size. This article proposes a fully
distributed (or serverless) learning approach: the proposed FL
algorithms leverage the cooperation of devices that perform data
operations inside the network by iterating local computations and
mutual interactions via consensus-based methods. The approach lays
the groundwork for integration of FL within 5G and beyond networks
characterized by decentralized connectivity and computing, with
intelligence distributed over the end devices. The proposed
methodology is verified by the experimental data sets collected inside
an Industrial IoT (IIoT) environment.
3. Pods – A novel intelligent energy efficient and dynamic
frequency scalings for multi-core embedded architectures in an
IoT environment

Author: Tamilselvan, K., and P. Thangaraj;

Methodology: This paper proposes a new methodology

PODS(Predictors for Optimized Dynamic Scaling) which integrates a
powerful machine learning algorithm for scaling the clock frequencies
by the input workloads and allocation of the core depending based on
the workload. The proposed framework PODS has different phases of
working namely workload extraction, characterization, and
optimization using BAT algorithms and prediction extreme Machine -
Learning. The algorithm was tested on ARM/Cortex architectures
(Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+), an evaluated algorithm using
the IoMT benchmarks and various parameters that include energy
consumption, accuracy of detection/prediction was determined and
analyzed. It is found that the implementation of the proposed
framework in the test is seen resulting between 35 and 40% reduction
in the consumption of the power.
4. FPGA based acceleration of game theory algorithm in edge
computing for autonomous driving

Author: Du, Sen, Tian Huang, Junjie Hou, Shijin Song, and Yuefeng
Song;

Methodology:  In this paper, we explore the possibility of adopting

game theory for decision making to obtain win-win between
autonomous vehicles. The Lemke-Howson algorithm in game theory
is the best known combinatorial algorithm that computes a Nash
equilibrium of a bimatrix game. More importantly, we implement the
Lemke-Howson algorithm on FPGA to accelerate the computation
process. We explain the design challenges of solving the performance
bottleneck and how to make optimizations. We implement the
Lemke-Howson accelerator on a KCU116 board and obtain a speedup
of about 2.4 times versus that running on a CPU.
5. A review of Internet of Things (IoT) embedded sustainable
supply chain for industry 4.0 requirements

Author: Manavalan, E., and K. Jayakrishna

Methodology: The objective of this research paper is to review the

various aspects of SCM, ERP, IoT and Industry 4.0 and explore the
potential opportunities available in IoT embedded sustainable supply
chain for Industry 4.0 transformation. In this review, a comprehensive
study on various factors, that affects the sustainable supply chain were
analyzed and the results recorded. Based on the review, a framework
for assessing the readiness of supply chain organization from various
perspectives has been proposed to meet the requirements of the fourth
Industrial Revolution. The conceptual framework model has been
formulated from five important perspectives of supply chain
management namely Business, Technology, Sustainable
Development, Collaboration and Management Strategy. This study
furnishes the criteria that can be assessed by companies to realize the
readiness for industry 4.0 transformation.
 CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 Existing System

 In the existing system, garbage is collected by the corporation

weekly once or for 2 days once.
 Though the garbage strikes and overflows the garbage bin and
spreads over the roads and pollutes the environment which
produces air pollution causes several diseases.
 Traffic systems are not managed in an intelligent way, the
current system gives a pre-pre-defined system for traffic control.
Does this lead to unwanted congestion.

3.1.1 Disadvantages of Existing system

• The data collected from various sensors is not tested for future
urban planning and designing.
• Therefore, the architecture can guarantee better services in one
environment but may show poor performance in another
environment. 
3.2 Proposed System

 The shifting intelligence to embedded IoT, edge and fog

technologies with intelligent device analytics leads to embedded
intelligence (EI) which is a key research area and also part of the
focus of this proposed system.
 Another identified enabling technology is towards secure and
energy efficient technologies for routing and implementation in
sensor-based systems.
 This proposed aims for the convergence of all these
technologies for application in smart cities.
 In this system, an IoT-based smart city is realized for integrating
all needed services into a single system. This system consists of
an environmental monitoring system with different gas
monitoring sensors.
 Traffic control system for modulating signal delay time for
controlling traffic congestion. Different waste dumpsters in the
city are monitored using level sensors.

3.2.1 Advantages

 Effective decision-making based on data.

 Creation of safer communities.
 Improved urban transportation.
 Evolution towards the Internet of Things (IoT).
3.3 Block Diagram

Traffic Light Board

3.3.1 Block Diagram Explanation

The Internet of Things (IoT) is currently considered as a basic

communication infrastructure for smart cities, where machines
communicate automatically with each other. The biggest advantage is
the cooperation of many different communication technologies and
devices within one functional system, where a big amount of
information and data are shared and used in a secure and smart way.
 CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM REQUIREMETS

4.1 Software Specification

The software requirements document is the specification of the

system. It should include both a definition and a specification of
requirements. It is a set of what the system should do rather than how
it should do it. The software requirements provide a basis for creating
the software requirements specification. It is useful in estimating cost,
planning team activities, performing tasks and tracking the teams and
tracking the team’s progress throughout the development activity.

Software Requirements:

 OS - Windows 7 32bit

 Arduino IDE
4.2 Hardware Specification

The hardware requirements may serve as the basis for a contract

for the implementation of the system and should therefore be a
complete and consistent specification of the whole system. They are
used by software engineers as the starting point for the system design.

Hardware Requirements:

 Arduino with NodeMCU

 Mq 6 Sensor

 Mq 7 Sensor

 Ultrasonic sensor

 Vibration sensor

 Traffic board
 CHAPTER 5

SYSTEM ORGANIZATION

5.1 Components Description

5.1.1 MQ6 Sensor

The MQ6 (LPG Gas Sensor) is a simple-to-use liquefied petroleum

gas (LPG) sensor. It can be used in gas leakage detecting equipment
in consumer and industry applications,this sensor is suitable for
detecting LPG, iso-butane, propane, LNG. Avoid the noise of alcohol,
cooking fumes and cigarette smoke. The sensitivity can be adjusted
by the potentiometer.

Fig 5.1.1 MQ6

Specification:

 Power supply needs: 5V

 Interface type: Analog
 Pin Definition: 1-Output 2-GND 3-VCC
 High sensitivity to LPG, iso-butane, propane
 Small sensitivity to alcohol, smoke
 Fast response
 Stable and long life
 Simple drive circuit
 Size: 40x20mm

5.1.2 MQ7 Sensor

MQ7 Gas sensor is another one of Metal Oxide Semiconductor

(MOS) type Gas Sensor of MQ Gas Sensors family involving MQ
2, MQ 4, MQ 3, MQ 8, MQ 135, etc. It is mainly used to
detect Carbon Monoxide. This sensor contains a sensing element,
mainly aluminum-oxide based ceramic, coated with Tin dioxide
(SnO2), enclosed in a stainless-steel mesh. Whenever CO gas comes
into contact with the sensing element, the resistivity of the element
changes. The change is then measured to get the concentration of the
gases present. The MQ7 Sensor has a small heating element present
which is needed to preheat the sensor to get it in the working window.
It can detect Carbon Monoxide Gas in the range of 20 PPM to 2000
PPM in the air. It finds uses in Alarm application in case of CO gas
concentration build-up in the home or your car as CO is a very
harmful gas and can kill a person if present over 300PPM.

Fig 5.1.2 MQ7 Sensor

Specifications:

 Temperature: 20°C ± 2°C
 Humidity: 65% ± 5% RH
 Standard Test Circuit: Vc: 5.0V ± 0.1V; Vh(high):5.0V±0.1V
 Vh(low): 1.5V±0.1V 

Features:

 The analog output voltage, the higher the concentration the

higher the voltage.
 The carbon monoxide detection with better sensitivity.
 With a long service life and reliable stability.
 Rapid response and recovery characteristics
5.1.3 Ultrasonic Sensor

An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to

an object using ultrasonic sound waves.

An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and receive

ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object’s
proximity.  

High-frequency sound waves reflect from boundaries to produce

distinct echo patterns.

Fig 5.1.3 Ultrasonic Sensor

Specification:

 The sensing range lies between 40 cm to 300 cm.

 The response time is between 50 milliseconds to 200
milliseconds.
 The Beam angle is around 50.
 It operates within the voltage range of 20 VDC to 30 VDC
 Preciseness is ±5%
 The frequency of the ultrasound wave is 120 kHz
 Resolution is 1mm
 The voltage of sensor output is between 0 VDC – 10 VDC
 The ultrasonic sensor weight nearly 150 grams
 Ambient temperature is -250C to +700C
 The target dimensions to measure maximum distance is 5 cm ×
5 cm

5.1.4 Vibration Sensor

The vibration sensor is also called a piezoelectric sensor. These

sensors are flexible devices which are used for measuring various
processes. This sensor uses the piezoelectric effects while measuring
the changes within acceleration, pressure, temperature, force
otherwise strain by changing to an electrical charge. This sensor is
also used for deciding fragrances within the air by immediately
measuring capacitance as well as quality.
 Fig 5.1.4 Vibration Sensor

Features:

 Non-directional

 High sensitivity

 Respond to vibration, tilt

 Waterproof

 Compression resistance

Specification:
Operating voltage 3.3V / 5V
Interface Digital
Size L: 40mm W: 20mm H: 10mm
Weight 4.3g
Package size L: 140mm W: 85mm H: 10mm
Gross Weight 10g
5.1.5 Power Supply

A power supply is an electronic circuit designed to provide various ac

and dc voltages for equipment operation.
Proper operation of electronic equipment requires a number of source
voltages. Low dc voltages are needed to operate ICs and transistors.
High voltages are needed to operate CRTs and other
devices. Batteries can provide all of these voltages.

However, electricity for electrical and electronic devices are

commonly supplied by the local power company. This power comes
out of an outlet at 115-volt ac, with a frequency of 60 Hertz. Different
voltages are needed to operate some equipment.
5.2 Working of Components

5.2.1 MQ6 Sensor Work

The MQ-6 module is used in gas leakage detecting equipment in

family and industry, This module has high sensitivity to LPG, iso-
butane, propane and LNG. It can also be used to detect the presence
of alcohol, cooking fumes, and cigarette smoke.The module gives out
the concentration of the gases as a analog voltage equivalent to the
concentration of the gases. The module also has an onboard
comparator for comparing against an adjustable preset value and
giving out a digital high or low.

This is a simple-to-use MQ-6 Liquefied Petroleum, iso-butane,

propane gas Sensor module, suitable for sensing LPG (composed of
mostly propane and butane) concentrations in the air. The MQ-6 can
detect gas concentrations anywhere from 200 to 10000ppm.This
sensor has a high sensitivity and fast response time. The sensor’s
output is an analog resistance. The drive circuit is very simple; all you
need to do is power the heater coil with 5V, add a load resistance, and
connect the output to an ADC.

Sensitive material of MQ-6 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower

conductivity in clean air. When the target combustible gas exist, The
sensor’s conductivity is more higher along with the gas concentration
rising. Please use simple electrocircuit, Convert change of
conductivity to correspond output signal of gas concentration.MQ-6
gas sensor has high sensitity to Propane, Butane and LPG, also
response to Natural gas. The sensor could be used to detect different
combustible gas, especially Methane, it is with low cost and suitable
for different application.

5.2.2 MQ7 Sensor Work

The ability of an MQ7 Gas sensor depends on the chemiresister. The

chemiresistor is Tin Dioxide (SnO2) which that has free electrons
(donors). The oxygen molecules attract the free electrons present in a
tin dioxide that pushes them to the surface of the tin dioxide. When
there are no free electrons available output current would be zero. The
oxygen molecules attract the free electrons inside the tin dioxide
(SnO2) and prevent it from having free electrons to conduct current.

5.2.3 Ultrasonic Sensor Work

Ultrasonic sensors work by sending out a sound wave at a

frequency above the range of human hearing.  The transducer of the
sensor acts as a microphone to receive and send the ultrasonic
sound. Our ultrasonic sensors, like many others, use a single
transducer to send a pulse and to receive the echo.  The sensor
determines the distance to a target by measuring time lapses
between the sending and receiving of the ultrasonic pulse.

The working principle of this module is simple.  It sends an

ultrasonic pulse out at 40kHz which travels through the air and if
there is an obstacle or object, it will bounce back to the sensor.   By
calculating the travel time and the speed of sound, the distance can
be calculated.

Ultrasonic sensors are a great solution for the detection of clear

objects.  For liquid level measurement, applications that use
infrared sensors, for instance, struggle with this particular use case
because of target translucence.

For presence detection, ultrasonic sensors detect objects regardless

of the color, surface, or material (unless the material is very soft
like wool, as it would absorb sound.) 

To detect transparent and other items where optical technologies

may fail, ultrasonic sensors are a reliable choice. 

5.2.4 Vibration Sensor Work

The working principle of vibration sensor is a sensor which operates

based on different optical otherwise mechanical principles for
detecting observed system vibrations. The sensitivity of these sensors
normally ranges from 10 mV/g to 100 mV/g, and there are lower and
higher sensitivities are also accessible. The sensitivity of the sensor
can be selected based on the application. So it is essential to know the
levels of vibration amplitude range to which the sensor will be
exposed throughout measurements.

5.2.5 Power Supply Work

Power Supply Components:

A block diagram illustrating these functions is shown in Figure 1.

Note that certain functions are not found in every power supply. See
Figure 2 for a typical commercial power supply components.

Figure1. Block diagram for power supply components.

 Input is 117 volts ac. Processes used in a typical power supply are
shown below the blocks. The output of the power supply can be dc or
ac. The output of this supply is five volts dc.
Power Supply Functions:

The complete power supply circuit can perform these functions:

1. Step voltages up or step voltages down, by transformer action,
to the required ac line voltage.
2. Provide some method of voltage division to meet equipment
needs.
3. Change ac voltage to pulsating dc voltage by either half-wave or
full-wave rectification.
4. Filter pulsating dc voltage to a pure dc steady voltage for
equipment use.
5. Regulate power supply output in proportion to the applied load.
 CHAPTER 6

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

6.1 Arduino IDE

The arduino software (IDE) is an open source software, which is used

to programme the Arduino boards, and is an integrated development
environment, devlopped by arduino.cc. Allow to write and upload
code to arduino boards. And it consiste of many libraries.

arduino software (IDE) is compatible with different operating systems

(Windows, Linux, Mac OS X), and supports the programming
languages (C/C++)

The Arduino software is easy to use for beginners, or advanced users.

It uses to get started with electronics programming and robotics, and
build interactive prototypes.

So Arduino software is a tool to develope new things. and create new

electronic projects, by Anyone (children, hobbyists, engineers,
programmers, … etc).
Arduino software interface:

Menus section:

Menus are the main menus of the program, and they are 5 menus
(File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, Help), and they are being used to add or
modify the code that you are writing.
Toolbar section:
The toolbar is the most important section in the Arduino software,
because it contains the tools that you will use continuously while
programming the Arduino board. These tools are:

1. Verify: this button use to review the code, or make sure that

is free from mistakes.
2. Upload: this button is use to upload the code on the arduino
board.
3. New: this button use to create new project, or sketch ( sketch
is the file of the code).
4. Open: is use when you want to open the sketch from
sketchbook.
5. Save: save the current sketch in the sketchbook.
6. Serial monitor: showing the data which have been sent from
arduino.
Code editor section:

Code editor is liberator of codes, is the white space in the program, in

which codes are been writting, and modifying on it.

Status bar section:
Status bar is a space can be found down the code editor, through it
showing the status of operation’s completion (compiling, uploading,
etc)

Program notifications section:

Program notifications this program showing you the mistakes of

codes, and some problems that can be face you during the
programmation process. And clarifies to you the type of the mistake
or the problem which happened and it reason.
And it presents some instruction through it, which you have to apply
to process the mistake or the problem.

Serial port & Board selections:

Serial ports selections is a space in which the program showing you

the type of the port which is used to connect the arduino by computer.
Board selections is a space in which the program showing you the
type of the arduino board.
How to use Arduino software:

After installation of electronic components by using input/output pins

on arduino board. We connect arduino board with computer by usb
cable, then we open arduino software.

 First thing: in the menu we click on “Tools”, then we click

on “Board” and we select arduino board which you are using.

 Second: in the menu we click on “Tools” again, we click

on “Port” and we select Serial port that we connected arduino
board with.

 Third: in “Code editor” we write the programming code, then

we click on “Verify” to verify it correctness.

 Fourth: we click on “Upload” to upload the code on the

arduino board.

Thus, we have programmed the Arduino board using the Arduino

program
 CHAPTER 7

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

7.1 NodeMCU ESP8266

7.1.1 Introduction
The ESP8266 is, the name of a microcontroller designed by
Espressif Systems. It is a self-contained WiFi networking solution
offering as a bridge from the existing microcontroller to WiFi and is
also capable of running self-contained applications. For less than $3,
it can monitor and control things from anywhere in the world
– perfect for just about any IoT project.

7.1.2 Pinout and description

Pin out
 The NodeMCU_ESP8266 has 30 pins in total out of which
there are 17 GPIO pins. GPIO stands for General Purpose Input
Output. There are the 9 digital pins ranging from D0-D8 and there is
only one analog pin A0, which is a 10 bit ADC. The D0 pin can only
be used to read or write data and can’t perform other options. The
ESP8266 chip is enabled when the EN pin is pulled HIGH. When
pulled LOW the chip works at minimum power. The board has a 2.4
GHz antenna for a long-range of network and the CP2102 is the USB
to TTL converter. The development board equips the ESP-12E
module containing ESP8266 chip having Tensilica Xtensa® 32-bit
LX106 RISC microprocessor which operates at 80 to 160
MHz adjustable clock frequency and supports RTOS.

There’s also 128 KB RAM and 4MB of Flash memory (for

program and data storage) just enough to cope with the large strings
that make up web pages, JSON/XML data, and everything we throw
at IoT devices nowadays. The ESP8266 Integrates 802.11b/g/n HT40
Wi-Fi transceiver, so it can not only connect to a WiFi network and
interact with the Internet, but it can also set up a network of its own,
allowing other devices to connect directly to it. This makes the
ESP8266 NodeMCU even more versatile.
7.1.3 Power Requirement
As the operating voltage range of ESP8266 is 3V to 3.6V, the
board comes with an LDO (low dropout) voltage regulator to keep the
voltage steady at 3.3V. It can reliably supply up to 600mA. It has
three 3v3 pins along with 4 GND pins. The power supply is via the
onboard MicroB USB connector. Alternatively, if you have a
regulated 5V voltage source, the VIN pin is used to directly supply
the ESP8266. Moreover, it requires 80mA Operating Current and 20
µA during Sleep Mode.

7.1.4 Various Peripherals and I/O

The ESP8266 supports UART, I2C, SPI communication protocols. It

also has 4 PWM channels which can be used to drive motors, the
brightness of the LED, etc. Moreover, there are 2 channels of the
UART protocol. The ADC (A0) can be used to control any analog
device. The CMD is the Chip select pin used in the SPI protocol.

7.1.5 On-Board buttons and LED

ESP8266 has 2 onboard buttons along with an on-board LED

which connects with the D0 PIN. The two buttons are FLASH and
RST.
 FLASH pin– It is to download new programs to the board
 RST pin – It is to reset the ESP8266 chip

The LED On-board of ESP8266

7.1.6 Development Platforms

The prominent platforms include the Arduino IDE and the
ESPlorer IDE. Other development platforms that can be equipped to
program the ESP8266 are the Espruino – JavaScript SDK and
firmware closely emulating Node.js, or  Mongoose OS – An operating
system for IoT devices.
7.1.7 Applications of ESP8266
The NodeMCU_ESP8266 is basically a WIFI module integrated
with a Microcontroller, which makes it a very useful device in the
field of IoT.
It’s 17 GPIO pins are the prime example of this. The main use of
ESP8266 is in home automation which is so much trending these
days. This is due to its low power consumption in Sleep mode. Apart
from it, some other examples where the ESP8266 can be used are:
 Making a web server using ESP8266

 Controlling DHT11 using the NodeMCU

 ESP8266 weather station-using BMP280

 OTA programming

 ESP8266 NTP server for fetching time

7.1.8 Nodemcu ESP8266 Specifications & Features
Microcontroller: Tensilica 32-bit RISC CPU Xtensa LX106

Operating Voltage: 3.3V

Input Voltage: 7-12V

Digital I/O Pins (DIO): 16

Analog Input Pins (ADC): 1

UARTs: 1

SPIs: 1

I2Cs: 1

Flash Memory: 4 MB

SRAM: 64 KB

Clock Speed: 80 MHz

USB-TTL based on CP2102 is included onboard, Enabling Plug n

Play

PCB Antenna

Small Sized module to fit smartly inside your IoT projects

7.1.9 Nodemcu ESP8266 Pinout:

For practical purposes ESP8266 NodeMCU V2 and V3 boards

present identical pinouts. While working on the NodeMCU based
projects we are interested in the following pins.
 Power pins (3.3 V).
 Ground pins (GND).
 Analog pins (A0).
 Digital pins (D0 – D8, SD2, SD3, RX, and TX – GPIO XX)

Most ESP8266 NodeMCU boards have one input voltage pin (Vin),
three power pins (3.3v), four ground pins (GND), one analog pin
(A0), and several digital pins (GPIO XX).
 7. CONCLUSION

This paper has given a survey of the research area of embedded

intelligence (EI) and smart sensing device analytics towards
deployment in smart cities and its related applications. The paper
has discussed the technologies and challenges for EI research
through use-cases, representative studies and other research from
different perspectives including EI platform technologies, EI and
device analytics for machine learning and multimedia analytics, EI
applications for smart cities. The paper aims to be useful and
motivate researchers to develop practical EI devices and platforms
towards deployment in smart city environments and their related
applications.
 8. FUTURE WORK

In this study, we conceptually proposed the threefold smart city

architecture for real-time decision-making.

In future, we plan to carry out a simulated experiment to confirm the

accuracy and efficiency of the proposed framework. Moreover, we
plan to evaluate the generalizability of the proposed model, in order to
standardize this smart city architecture.
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