Name: Sean Andrex G.

Martinez Degree: BALIT

Date: August 25, 2022 Teacher: Doc. Lito Diones

Research on the ideas of diaspora according to Adam Ewing and Marcus Garvey. In essay form, answer
the question below. In what ways do you think Stuart Hall’s use of the term diaspora is similar to and/or
different from Adam Ewing’s or Marcus Garvey’s use of the term?

Diaspora, in its simplest term, refers to the dispersion of certain communities where they are native to
a host country and/or settle in another geographic location from an indigenous place of origin. Examples of
diasporas in history are as follows: Jewish diaspora, African diaspora, and Armenian diaspora.

In this essay, we focus on how African immigrants to the Americas were victimized and how hybrid,
mixed, and multiple identities and cultures were created. In this scenario, the diaspora was seen as a kind of
representation, a discourse, and a protest rather than a human activity and a cultural community.

Marcus Garvey was a Jamaican political activist who primarily founded Garveyism, a black nationalist
movement that advocated for "Africa for the Africans." Garveyism's widespread popularity resulted from both
its political platform and a diasporic awareness that persuaded individuals of African origin to believe that they
were bonded and tied to those who lived overseas. Furthermore, in order for liberation or behavior
modification to occur, the group would be required to restructure their socio-political, cultural, spiritual, and
intellectual consciousness. Adam Ewing would then concur, in his published book, "Age of Garvey," that
Garvey's political platform evolved to represent a comprehensive program of mass mobilization and political
action that molded responses to all types of subjugation and discrimination perpetrated against people of color
throughout the world.

While Garvey and Ewing explored on the historical dynamics of power and identity in the African
diaspora, Stuart Hall’s views on the cultural identity of the African diaspora. According to Hall, colonial control
and slavery combined to obscure and suppress African culture, language, art, music, and religion. Hall stated
that because of centuries of slavery, Africa has also altered and cannot return to its former cultural form. Hall
contends that today's European presence has become an essential component of their history and cultural
identity. The influences of America, Asia, Europe, and the rest of the globe are continuously blending,
reinventing, and hybridizing among black people living in the diaspora. Their everyday lives and cultural
traditions have both been impacted by this. Cultural identities, according to Hall, are never established or
finished in any way.

While their ideas give emphasis to the dispersion of African people, their oppression, and cultural
challenges, it is clear that Ewing and Garvey had a more reassuring concept of linked cultural identity no matter
the scattering of the African population. Hall, on the other hand, argued that cultural identities are never fully
furnished and owned due to the influence of host countries.