lkekU; vè;;u

Paper-III

foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh

 Immunology
™™izfrj{kk ra=k dk vè;;u
™™'kCn dk izfriknu&:lh oSKkfud Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov }kjk fd;k x;k] ftlds fy;s mUgs 1908 esa Nobel Prize fn;k x;kA

(Human Immune System)

Innate Immunite [In-nate-Inborn Adaptive Immune or Acquired Immunity

tUetkr@lgt izfrj{kk mikftZr izfrj{kk

fo'ks"krk,¡
fo'ks"krk,¡
™™tUe ds i'pkr~ jksx dkjdksa ls varfØZ;k
™™tUetkr
ds ifj.kkeLo:i fodflr
™™lnSo fØ;k'khy
™™vko';drkuqlkj fØ;kUo;u
™™Rofjr fØ;kUo;u@vuqfØ;k'khyrk
™™foyfEcr vuqfØ;k'khyrk
™™vfof'k"V (Non-Specific)
™™fof'k"V
 (Innate Immunity)

(Physical Barrier) Cells

™™Skin-Sweat ™™Neutrophils-Phagocytosis
™™vkgkjuky&Enzymes, Mucus, HCl, Bile ™™Eosinophils-Allergy
™™'olu ra=k&Mucus ™™Mast cells and Basophils
™™NK-cells (Natural killer)
™™Eye lashes – Mucus, tears
™™Macrophages
™™Cilia
™™Dendritic cells
™™Gut Flora
Neutrophils
jksx dkjdkas] fo'ks"k :i ls lw{e thok.kqvksa] dodksa] fo"kk.kqvksa bR;kfn dk
Hk{k.k (Phagocytosis)
Eosinophils
fo'ks"k :i ls cgqdksf'kdh; ijthfo;ksa dks u"V djus ds fy;s jlk;uksa dk
lzko.k djrh gS] ftuls allergy mRiUu gksrh gSA
Mast cell and Basophils
;s Hkh cgqdksf'kdh; ijthfo;ksa dks yf{kr djrh gSaA
buds }kjk Histamine dk lzko.k fd;k tkrk gS ftlls lwtu mRiUu gksrh gSA

;s Heparin ,df=kr djds jDr Ldanu (Blood clotting) jksdrh gSaA
Mast cell ?kkoksa dks Hkjus dh n`f"V ls vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gSaA
Natural Killer (NK Cells)
;s
 izR;{k :i ls jksx dkjdksa dks u"V ugha djrha] buds }kjk laØfer
dksf'kdkvksa dks u"V fd;k tkrk gSA
Macrophages rFkk Dendritic cells
buds }kjk cM+s jksx dkjdksa dk Hk{k.k dj mUgsa fo[kf.Mr fd;k tkrk gSA
Note: Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)& ,slh dksf'kdk,¡ Innate rFkk
Adaptive Immune System ds chp lsrq (Bridge) dk dk;Z djrh gSaA
Macrophages rFkk Dendritic Cells, APC ds varxZr j[kh tkrh gSaA
 (Adaptive Immunity)

Humoral Immunity Cell mediated Immunity

Humor → Extracellular Body fluids
xSj&dksf'kdh; 'kkjhfjd nzo
;g laØe.k xzLr dksf'kdkvksa dh
igpku rFkk muds fouk'k ij vk/kfjr
esa mifLFkr o`gr~ v.kqvksa
Humors izfrj{kk gSA
(Macromolecular) ij vk/kfjr izfrj{kk

eq[; dksf'kdk & T-Lymphocytes

bls Antibody vk/kfjr izfrj{kk Hkh dgrs gSA

eq[; dksf'kdk&B-Lymphocytes
Note: mikftZr izfrj{kk iz.kkyh dh dksf'kdk,¡&
‰‰Antigen Presenting cells (APCs)-Macrophages rFkk Dendritic
dksf'kdk,¡
‰‰T-Lymphocyte
‰‰B-Lymphocyte
 izfØ;k

jksxdkjd

Macrophage dksf'kdkvksa }kjk

Hk{k.k rFkk fo[k.Mu

Macrophages fo[kf.Mr jksxdkjd ds 'kkjhfjd Hkkxksa dks lrg ds ckgj

iznf'kZr djrh gSA
jksxdkjd ds 'kkjhfjd Hkkx Antibody ds fuekZ.k dks izsfjr djrs gSaA vr%
bUgsa Antibody Generator (Antigen) dgrs gSaA
Macrophages rFkk Dendritic cells bu Hkkxksa dks iznf'kZr djrh gSaA blhfy;s
bUgsa APCs dgrs gSaA
 Cell Mediated
Humoral APCs Immunity
Immunity
lfØ; djrh gS

Cytokines dk lzko.k Cytokines dk lzko.k NK cells ;k Cytotoxic

B-cells lfØ; gksrh gSA Helper T Cells T-cells lfØ; gksrh gSa

buds }kjk laØe.k xzLr

Antibody dk fuekZ.k Memory B-cells dk fuekZ.k Memory T Cells dk fuekZ.k dksf'kdkvksa dks u"V
fd;k tkrk gSA

buds }kjk eqDr Antigen dks

u"V fd;k tkrk gSA
 mikftZr izfrj{kk dk oxhZdj.k

lfØ; O;fDr ds }kjk fuf"Ø; vU; lzksrksa

(Active) Lor% vftZr (Passive) ls izkIr

izkÑfrd Ñf=ke izkÑfrd Ñf=ke

jksx dkjdksa ds Vhdkdj.k ™™ekrk }kjk vtUes cPps dks Antibody vk/kfjr Vaccines
laØe.k dh ds
(Vaccination) vijk (Placenta) ds ekè;e dh vuqfØ;k esa fodflr
vuqfØ;k esa ekè;e ls fodflr ls iznÙk [IgM rFkk IgG] Ex. Rh– efgyk dks igys
fodflr cPps ds tUe ds i'pkr~
™™uotkr dks ekrk ds nw/
fn;k tkus okyk
esa mifLFkr Colestrum Rh– Immunoglobulins
Protein ls izkIr [IgA] Injection
Cytokines
  [Cyto-Cell]
  [Kinos-Movement]
;g y?kq izksVhuksa (vkf.od Hkkj 5 – 20 Kilo Dalton) dk foLr`r lewg gS
tks dksf'kdkvksa ds chp fof'k"V ladsrksa ds izlkj ds lanHkZ esa egÙoiw.kZ gSA
Cytokines fo'ks"k :i ls izfrj{kk ra=k dh dksf'kdkvksa dks fdlh laØe.k ;k
?kko dh fn'kk esa xfr'khy gksus ds fy;s izsfjr djrs gSaA
mnkgj.k& Interferon, chemokine, Interleukins bR;kfn
Cytokines Humoral Immunity rFkk Cell Mediated Immunity ds chp
larqyu o lkeatL; LFkkfir djrs gSaA
Interferons
;s fof'k"V Cytokines gSa ftudk lzko.k fo"kk.kq laØe.k xzLr dksf'kdk }kjk
fd;k tkrk gSA
;s laØe.k xzLr dksf'kdk dks lqj{kk iznku djus ds lkFk&lkFk vU; LoLFk
dksf'kdkvksa dks laØe.k dh lwpuk iznku djrs gSaA
 oxhZdj.k

Type-I
a rFkk b Interferon
budk fuekZ.k rFkk lzko.k fdlh
Hkh fo"kk.kq laØe.kxzLr dksf'kdk
}kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Type-II
g Interferon
budk lzko.k dsoy NK Cells
(Natural Killer cells) rFkk
T-Lymphocyte }kjk fd;k tkrk
gSA
Cytokine Storm
;g izfrj{kk ra=k vfr&izfrfØ;k (Over reaction) ls mRiUu leL;k gS] ftlesa
Cytokines dk lzko.k vR;f/d c<+ tkrk gSA
;g lkekU;r% fdlh iw.kZr% uohu rFkk vifjfpr jksx dkjd ds laØe.k ls
mRiUu gksus okyh fLFkfr gSA
‰‰tSls& Covid-19 ds laØe.k ls fo'ks"k:i ls ;qokvksa esa ;g n'kk mRiUu
gks tkrh gSA
izHkko&

‰‰ykfld ioka ('kjhj ds tksM+ksa) rFkk Ropk esa lwtu rFkk ykfyek
‰‰rst cq[kkj
 ‰‰Kidney Failure, Lungs failure, ân; laca/h leL;k,¡
‰‰Autoimmune Diseases
‰‰Sepsis-vaxksa dh foiQyrk ls e`R;q
lkeqnkf;d izfrj{kk (Herd Immunity)
Herd Immunity laØked (Contagious) jksxksa ls lacaf/r ladYiuk gS ftlds
varxZr fdlh leqnk; fo'ks"k dh cM+h tula[;k fdlh laØe.k fo'ks"k ds
lanHkZ esa Lor% Bhd gksus ;k Vhdkdj.k (Vaccination) ds dkj.k izfrjks/h
gks tkrh gSA
bls lkekU;r% vizR;{k izfrj{kk vuqfØ;k ekuk tkrk gS tks fdlh laØe.k
fo'ks"k ds izlkj dks mYys[kuh; :i ls vo#¼ dj nsrh gSA
Convalescent Plasma Therapy
Convalescent period og le; gS ftlesa dksbZ O;fDr fdlh laØe.k ls eqDr
gksus ds i'pkr~ vFkok fdlh ltZjh ds i'pkr~ LokLF; ykHk (Recovery)
izkIr djrk gSA tSls&COVID-19 ds lanHkZ esa ;g le; fjiksVZ ds fuxsfVo
vkus ds i'pkr nks lIrkg (14 fnu) gksrk gSA
Convalescent dky ds lekIr gksus ds i'pkr~ O;fDr ds jDr IykTek dk
iz;ksx fdlh vU; O;fDr ds mipkj ds lanHkZ esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA D;ksafd
jDr IykTek esa fdlh fof'k"V jksx dkjd ds fo#¼ fufeZr gqbZ Antibodies
mifLFkr gksrh gSaA
mi;qZDr izfØ;k dks Convalescent Plasma Therapy dgrs gSaA
bl Therapy ds lanHkZ esa jDr lewgksa ds feyku dh vko';drk ugha gksrh
D;ksafd jDr lewg ds fy;s mÙkjnk;h ,.Vhtu RBC dh lrg ij ik, tkrs
gSa u fd IykTek esaA
uksV%
‰‰,d O;fDr dh jDr IykTek ls vkn'kZ :i esa nks ls rhu O;fDr;ksa dk
mipkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
‰‰Convalescent Plasma Therapy dk iz;ksx ,d lgk;d fpfdRlk ds
:i esa fd;k tkrk gS] eq[; fpfdRlk ds :i esa ughaA
lekIr
/kU;okn