Speaking

1 Have you ever visited a place that is famous for being beautiful or
interesting and been disappointed when you arrived? What sort of
problems do tourists cause?
Student A: Look at photos 1 and 2. Compare the photos and say what
you think tourists will feel when they visit these places.
Student B: Look at photos 3 and 4 . Compare the photos and say what
you think the local people feel about the tourists who visit these
places. Vocabulary
Topic set - the natural world
Listening 3 It is a good idea to learn words in
meaning categories and check you
2 2_.m You will hear a woman talking about problems faced by the
know the differences in meaning.
Grand Canyon National Park Service. Complete the sentences with a
In the recording, you heard the
word or short phrase.
following words that are all
The Grand Canyon is located in the (1) ........................................................ . connected with water. Do you know
part of Arizona. what they mean?
northwestern
The canyon is (2) ......................................................... deep from top to dam floods rapids
2.1,6km bottom .
reservoir river
3.1919 The Grand Canyon National Park was opened in
4. (3) ·························································· In pairs, write a sentence which
5.buses (4) ......................................................... people a year visit the Grand explains the difference between each
6.airpulotion Canyon National Park. of the two words below.

7.water The park provides visitors with (5) ......................................................... to a pond I lake
8. 7 degrees help solve the problem of parking . b stream I river
In the summer the park is affected by (6) ................................................... , c canal I river
9. fishes brought by southwesterly winds.
d waterfall I rapids
10. The park also suffers from a lack of (7) .........................................................
and this sometimes has to be brought in by truck.
Word formation
The temperature of the Colorado river is now 4 Make nouns, adverbs and verbs from
(8) ......................................................... all year round. these adjectives.
Some types of (9) ......................................................... have now totally
long weak deep strong
disappeared .
wide short warm
The Grand Canyon is often said to be one of the
(10) ......................................................... in the world.

~ UNIT15
5 For questions 1-8, read the text below. Use the word 7 2.JI!lYou need to be able to say numbers correctly.
given in capitals below to form a word that fits in the Practise saying the following numbers and then
gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). listen to the recording to check your pronunciation.
Measurement 'O'
POLLUTING THE ENVIRONMENT
13 km 'O' can be pronounced
Vehicle exhaust fumes , litter and many other waste
30 cm in different ways in
(0) .. ?.El?.P.?.1.(Jf... are called pollutants. Pollutants
can affect our health and harm animals and plants. 0.5 km NOUGHT POINT FIVE English.
CHEMICAL
Releasing (1) ........................................ waste from factories 2.5m Telephone number:
and power stations is one of the main ways in 153 kilos 012-323-66778 OU LIKE THE LETTER
SORROUNDINGS . These
which we pollute our (2) ........................................ 1m 53 cm Football score: 3-0 NIL
UNWANTED .
waste substances are the (3) ....................................... Yi Tennis score: 40-0 LOVE
results of modern living . 1;4 Science and ZERO

Pollution itself is not new - a hundred years 2h temperature: 0 degrees

ago factories sent out great clouds of Celsius
Dates
POISONOUS smoke, and pollution has
(4) ........................................
1st May 1899 Telephone numbers
now spread to every corner on Earth . Our
3rd August 2000 01256-311399
SCIENTISTS have much to learn , but we
(5) ........................................
do know more about how to control pollution. 12th February 2004 00-44-324-667012
The use of solar energy will help in the fi ght as 6th September 2016
Maths
it is much cleaner than fossil fuels . We can also 25th December 1990
2+6=8 PLUS
REDUCTION in pollution by
ach ieve some (6) ........................................ the 15th century
3-2=1 MINUS
recycling waste. 4/5/11
4 x 4 = 16 TIMES
EQUALS
ELECTRICITY .
The use of cars which run on (7) ....................................... Money lQ-;-2=5 DIVIDED BY
instead of petrol is also a key feature in the fight 10p 20% PERCENT
against pollution. It is up to everyone to be as £1.45 30 DEGREES
ECONOMICAL as they can with the Earth 's
(8) ........................................
~ 16
$50 THE SQUARE ROOT OF
limited resources.
€20.30
0 PRODUCE 5 SCIENCE
8 Now ask and answer the following questions.
1 CHEMIST 6 REDUCE
2 SURROUND 7 ELECTRIC a What's your date of birth?
3WANT 8 ECONOMY b What's your telephone number?
4 POISON c What's your address?
d How tall are you?
Speaking e How much did you weigh when you were born?
6 How environmentally friendly are you? f When did man first walk on the moon?
a How can people recycle household rubbish? g What's the average temperature in summer
b What could your town do to reduce pollution? where you live? In winter?
c What do you think about wearing second-hand h What's the population of your country?
clothes? i How many people are there in a football team?
d What can be done to stop people dropping litter j In which century was your house or flat built?
on the streets of your town? k What was the score of the last sports match
e Are you economical about using water and you saw?
electricity? Why? I Why not?
f How would you feel if you had to walk or cycle
everywhere?
g What's your opinion of food that has been
imported from thousands of miles away?

TOO MANY PEOPLE?

Countable and Using determiners with countable and uncountable nouns
With plural countables or uncountables, e.g. coins or money, we
uncountable nouns use
Many English nouns can be countable and plenty of, a lot of, lots of
uncountable according to their different With uncountables, e.g. money, we use
meanings. For example: much, little
You really should take more exercise. a great/good deal of, a large/small amount of
(uncountable) With plural countables, e.g. coins, we use
I do my exercises every morning. (countable) many, (a) few, several
1 Decide which words in the following pairs a great/good/small number of
are countable. All verbs, determiners and pronouns referring to uncountable
Which words can be both countable and nouns are singular:
uncountable? What is the difference in A great deal of research has been done into the pollution
meaning? produced by cars in cities. Unfortunately, very little of it is
a information note taken seriously by politicians.
b spaghetti meal
c recommendation 2 Use the information above to correct the following sentences
advice
where necessary.
d travel journey
MANY
e job work a How much of the tourists actually realises the problems
f money coin they cause?
g lightning storm b Little of the soils can be used for cultivation now the trees
h weather temperature have been cut down.
i English verb c A large number of equipment are needed to camp at the
j vehicle traffic bottom of the Canyon.
k seat furniture d Only few luggages can be
l hair hairstyle carried on the back of a
mluggage suitcase donkey down the dirt tracks.
n mountain scenery e A large amount of rainforest are being cut down every year.
o land country f The amount of traffic are causing too many congestions in
major cities.
g Much governments believes that nuclear power are the key
rpus spot to future energy problems.
Be careful with uncountable nouns - the h The Park Ranger gave me several good advices about
Cambridge Learner Corpus shows that exam camping in the national park.
candidates often make mistakes with these. i Little people nowadays wear fur coats.
I need to find alternative accommodation .
NOT I need to find alternative accommodations.

•
These uncountable nouns are the ones which
candidates make most mistakes with.
information
advice
transport 3 Both these pairs of sentences are correct, but there is a
homework difference in meaning. What is it?
knowledge
furniture I make few mistakes with English grammar.
work I make a few mistakes with English grammar.
equipment
research I have little time to watch the TV at the weekend.
damage
I have a little time to watch the TV at the weekend.
( Grammar g)i$foj§fl
UNIT 15
 5 Using the information in this unit, complete the following sentences.
rammar extra a Would you like ................................... chocolate to take on your trip?
some and any and no - Yes, could you put in a couple of ................................... ?
b Did you have ................................... bad weather over the weekend?
Look at the following sentences and
decide what the rule is for using some and - Yes, heavy rain and enormous ................................... of lightning.
any and no. c ................................... of the football hooligans spent Saturday night
a At lunchtime the Prime Minister smashing all the ................................... of glass in the local school.
announced some of the government's
plans for reducing congestion in cities. d I used to have short ................................... , but I've decided to grow it.
b I haven't been able to see any stars e Could you give me ...................................................................... about
in the sky recently because of light travelling in India?
pollution.
c Would you like me to give you some f My bank always refuses to change ..................................................................... .
information on ways you can cut down that I bring back from abroad.
on using water?
g You can only take one small ................................... on board the flight
d Have you any idea of the amount of
food that is wasted each day in the and all other items of ... ................ .............. must be checked in.
developed world?
e No amount of persuasion wi ll make 6 For questions 1- 8, read the text below and think of the word which
some people use public transport best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an
rather than private cars. example at the beginning (0).
f Have you got any/ some change for the
parking meter?
g Any of the students could have
answered the question. The Pyramids
.•,•;•;111.g•
rr~G~ra".'.'.m~m'."'.'a'.'."'r•e•¥J!ll .1
On (0) ....Tlff: ... great rocky
plain of Giza in Egypt, stand
Vocabulary some of the world 's most
remarkable buildings - three
Expressions of quantity pyramids. There are quite a
(1) ................................... other
4 Expressions like a piece of or
pyramids in Egypt, but these
a bit of are often used to limit an three are the largest and most
uncountable noun. However, these famous. They were erected more
words aren't very precise and it is than 4,000 years (2) ..........................
better to use the right expression. and still stand today.
EXAMPLE: In a shop you ask for As the Egyptians believed
a loaf of bread; at home (3) ................................... life after
y ou ask for a slice of death, each ruler had a great ( 4) ................................... of his treasure buried
bread. with him. (5) ................................... the pyramids are enormous, the rooms
inside are very small, because the pyramids themselves consist chiefly
Which of the words on the left are
of solid stone. The largest, the Great Pyramid at Giza, was built by King
used with the uncountable nouns on Khufu in about 2500 BC.
the right?
The pyramids were made out ( 6) ................................... huge blocks of stone
shower clothing (7) ................................... were quarried, transported to the construction
slice lightning site and then piled on top of (8) ........................................... another with
item rain astonishing precision. It is believed that over 10,000 men were needed
glass cake to build the pyramids.
clap string
pane people
ball glass
flash chocolate
crowd water
bar thunder

TOO MANY PEOPLE?

 Eat to live
Listening
1 Make a list of what you normally eat in
a day for breakfast, lunch and dinner.
Compare your list with a partner.
2 What do you think people eat in Japan,
Alaska and California?
3 2...m Now you are going to hear these
three women talking about the food
they normally have for breakfast, lunch
and dinner. Listen and make brief notes.
Whose diet would you like to try?
4 Would you eat any of the following?
Why? I Why not?
• a very red apple?
•
•
a green banana?
a soft biscuit?
• blue bread?
• flat lemonade?
• very red meat?
Reading
S You are going to read an article about
the taste of food. Six sentences have
been removed from the article. Choose
from the sentences A- G the one which
fits each gap (1- 6). There is one extra
sentence which you do not need to use.
~ UNIT16
L
How sound and colour
influence the taste offood
The sound diners hear while they are eating food can change
the way they think it tastes, scientists have discovered. In
fact, researchers have also found that changing the colour of
a food can influence the flavour experienced by consumer;s.
Food manufacturers are now hoping to exploit the findings
in an attempt to make their foods more appealing.
Previously it was thought that the sense of taste and
smell were the only human senses that played a role in
experiencing flavour. Professor Charles Spence, a sensory
psychologist at Oxford University, is a leading expert in his
field. I 1 l IFor example, listening to waves hitting the sea
shore can make diners detect seafood flavours, while the
sound of chickens clucking brings out the taste o~ eggs.
Professor Spence has also discovered that simply changing
the colour of a food can influence the way it tastes. I 2 I IHe
said: 'This colour has strong associations with very ripe fruit.
Another example is the colour orange, which has such strong
flavour associations that just changing the amount of orange
on the packaging can make the flavour seem more acidic:
For some foods sound is incredibly important, particularly
ifthe food makes a sound itself when it is consumed. With._
carbonated drinks, for example, a lot of the fizzy flavour
comes from the sound of bubbles popping. Scientists have
found that boosting certain high frequency sounds when
volunteers bite into crisps and biscuits couldmake them
appear to taste crunchier. I 3 I IAnotheii study has use
. --
0 He found that by changing a drink from yellow to a deep red, it is
possible to make it taste up to 12 per cent sweeter than it really is.
[[) Indeed, much research has been done on all four of these.
lIJ In that setting, everything appeared to be a normal colour.
[[) They seemed to become softer once the sounds were lowered.
II] By melting, it changes its physical characteristics and creates
contrasts that continually keep your senses interested.
[I] He believes that it is possible to change the flavour of food simply
by exciting people's sense of hearing.
@) If they are too green, that is also undesirable as people think they
don't taste ripe even though they are.
brain scanning equipment to identify the parts of Vocabulary
the brain that are stimulated by frozen foods. It
found that the change in texture that, for example, Collocations - food
ice cream undergoes in the mouth as it melts, is
part of what makes it so enjoyable. 7 Choose the correct adjective or adverb to complete each
Flavour is not just as simple as the way sentence.
something tastes, as all the other senses come into
EXAMPLE : This tastes like~/ dairy soup - I
play and some can dominate the way the brain
much prefer soup that is freshly made.
interprets a food. Ice cream activates a part of the
brain which is just behind the eyes and is where a Silvio's on a diet - he has to give up all bitter I rich
emotions are processed. I 4 I I foods for a month.
Another study has found that the colour of food b When I opened the fridge, I realised the milk had
has a significant effect on people's appetites.
gone rotten I off
Test subjects were placed in a room with special
c The meat that the local supermarket sells is often
coloured lighting installed, and then given a steak
tough I rich.
I I I
and French fries to eat. 5 However, when it
d I always buy yellow lemons because I know they are
was revealed that the steak was blue and the fries
were green, some participants became ill. strong I ripe.
Recently, one firm held a special taste e I like curry, as long as it tastes quite mild I weak.
conference in Brussels to demonstrate how the f The last apple in the bowl had to be thrown away
colour of tomatoes can effect how consumers because it was juicy I rotten.
enjoy them. Ian Puddephat, a leading scientist, g The coffee in the cafe was a bit bad I weak for my
said: 'Amazingly, we have found that there is such taste, with too much milk in it.
I I I
a thing as tomatoes that are too red. 6 h When I opened the pack of meat, I realised from the
How they feel is also particularly important
smell that it had gone bitter I bad.
for consumers. Some prefer a firm skin, while
others want something that is softer and more
associated with ripe juiciness:
So next time you are in a restaurant or a Speaking
supermarket, or just sitting down at home to eat 8 Your college is thinking of opening a new relaxation
something, think about whether your choices
area for students. There is only a certain amount of
have been influenced by sound or colour. You
money available for the project. In pairs, decide which
may be surprised!
two things would be the most popular to include. Then
change partners and explain your previous choices.

comfortable free newspape rs

6 In groups, discuss these questions. seating and magazines
a What do you think about the
scientists' findings?
b Do you trust the food industry to Which two things would be the
provide you with safe, healthy food? most popular to include in the new
c Do you think you have a healthy diet? relaxation area?
d Are you, or could you become, a
vegetarian?
e Is there anything you can't stand or computers food
aren't allowed to eat?
a large-screen
TV

EAT TO LIVE
The article 3 Read through this article and decide whether to use
a/an, the or nothing in the gaps. Some gaps can have
1 Look at these nouns from the listening in 16.1: more than one answer.
waiter noodles fish cheese lunch
Which of these nouns are
• singular countable?
• plural?
• uncountable?
Which of them take
• al an (the indefinite article)?
• the (the definite article)?
• nothing?
2 Match sentences a-j with rules 1-11. Some sentences
match more than one rule. The rules can be used
more than once.
a He's a waiter.
b The Earth is egg-shaped.
c The United States exports wheat.
d The British love curry.
e He's the best chef in Bangkok.
f I usually go to a restaurant that overlooks the
River Thames. 'I'll have what he's having: That's what
g The Rocky Mountains are great for skiing.
(1) ....................... diners sometimes tell (2) .......................
h I hate fast food.
waiters when another customer is served
There's a restaurant next to our house - it's the
(3) ....................... meal that looks delicious. Wouldn't it be
restaurant with a red sign.
simpler if you could see every dish on (4) .......................
j Football always makes me hungry.
menu before making up your mind? In (5) .......................
1 the is used with rivers, oceans, seas, mountain Japan, that's exactly what diners can do. There,
ranges ( 6) ....................... restaurant displays of real-looking fake
2 no article is used with most streets, villages, food, called sanpuru, serve as (7) ....................... three-
towns, cities, countries, lakes, single mountains dimensional menu.
3 the is used with national groups
At one time, restaurants in Japan used to display
4 al an is used with jobs
real food to advertise (8) ....................... restaurant's
5 no article is used with sports
specialities, and to allow customers to 'preview' their
6 the is used when there is only one of something
meal. (9) ....................... displays also meant that
7 the is used for countries in the plural, e.g. The
Netherlands ( IO) ....................... foreigners unable to read (11) .......................
8 the is used with superlatives Japanese menu could figure out (12) ....................... best
9 no article is used when a noun is used generally thing to order. In the 1930s (13) ....................... first fake
IO al an is used when something is mentioned for foods were made from (14) ....................... wax. Eventually
the first time such fake foods replaced (15) ....................... real foods.
11 the is used when a noun has already been Today sanpuru are made from vinyl, (16) .......................
mentioned kind of plastic.

UNIT 16
4 Decide whether you need to use an article or not in these
sentences.
a I went to ................ hospital to see a friend who was ill.
b I went to ................ hospital when I was knocked off
my bike.
c I go to ................ library once a week.
d She always goes to ................ bed early.
e I often get hay fever in ................ summer.
f The shops in my town always close for ............... .
lunch.
g My father used to go to work by ................ bike.
h When are you going on ................ holiday?
Tom never gets to ................ work on time.
j He earns £800 ................ week.
k I'll visit you in ................ October.
I can't play ................ football very well.
m George Washington once held ................ office of US
President.
n My uncle goes to ................ prison to teach the
prisoners computer skills.
o I've played ................ flute ever since I was a child.
( Grammar C¥l!li@fl
5 Correct the following sentences where necessary.
a The father of my husband works in an
Italian restaurant.
b I looked through the restaurant's window
but couldn't see anyone.
c He was sitting at the front of the terrace.
d I bought a magazine of cookery.
e I'm sure we all always look forward to pay
day.
f Most waiters get tips to help supplement
their day's pay.
g The boss of my company is having a big
party to celebrate his birthday.
h Can I have a coffee cup and a piece of that
delicious cake, please?

Possession
I When we are talking about people we use s or s':
my sisters boyfriend, the visitors' cars
In the first example there is only one sister, so the
apostrophe is before the s. In the second example,
the apostrophe is after the s because there is more
than one visitor. pus spot
2 's is also used when we are talking about time or The Cambridge Learner Corpus shows that exam
distance: candidates often have problems with expressions of
a months holiday, a days drive time. A common problem is whether or not to use an
article or preposition.
3 We usually use of when we are talking about objects
I received your letter last week.
or position: NOT I received your letter the last week.
the back of the room , the film of the book In the afternoon we're going to have tea in the Plaka.
also for when a container has something in it: NOT At the afternoon we're going to have tea in the Plaka.
a bottle of milk, a box of chocolates Correct the mistakes candidates have made in the
4 Quite often we use a noun to describe another noun following sentences.
on
a I am coming at 24th June.
when it describes either the kind, use or place: in
b So cycling at the rush hour is nearly as fast as driving
a pear tree, a coffee cup, a shop window a car. at
c Young people have a nice time in the weekend.
a
d We had to wait long time for lunch.
e Duringthe evening she made a cake.
f At the first day of my holidays, I was afraid because I
was alone.
g Intheafternoon we could go for a burger.
have
h I played tennis during seven years.
on
i The man is coming
at
in Tuesday morning.
j I should arrive on 3 am in London.

EAT TO LIVE